Water has the following composition: pH = 7.8 HCO32 = 85 mg/L as CaCO3 Ca²+ = 32 mg/L as CaCO3 Mg2+ = 40 mg/L as CaCO3 The following three questions pertain to this water. What is the highest theoretical concentration of Ca2+ (M) that can be dissolved at this pH in equilibrium with Ca(OH)₂(s) assuming no other calcium solids will form? Note: Don't be alarmed - it will be a large number! Ca(OH)(s) <--> Ca²+ + 2OH Kp-10:53

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Answer 1

The first step in solving this problem is to calculate the activity product of calcium ions in the water to determine the saturation state of calcium with respect to Ca(OH)₂ (s).Then, using the solubility product (Ksp) of calcium hydroxide, we can calculate the theoretical maximum concentration of calcium ions in the water.

For Ca(OH)₂(s), the equilibrium expression is Ca(OH)(s) <--> Ca²+ + 2OH Kp-10:53The equilibrium constant, Kp-10:53, for this reaction is equal to the solubility product of Ca(OH)₂ (s) because it is an ionic solid. The Ksp of Ca(OH)₂ (s) is given as Ksp= [Ca²+][OH]². Using this, we can calculate the activity product, Q, for calcium ions in the water at equilibrium with Ca(OH)₂ (s):Q = [Ca²+][OH]²

the activity product of calcium ions in the water is:Q = [Ca²+][OH-]²= [Ca²+](1.58 x 10-8)²= 3.97 x 10-17The equilibrium constant, Kp-10:53, is equal to Ksp= [Ca²+][OH-]², so we can write:Ksp = [Ca²+](1.58 x 10-8)²Ksp/(1.58 x 10-8)² = [Ca²+]= (10-10.53)/(1.58 x 10-8)² = 3.24 x 10-6 mol/LThis is the theoretical maximum concentration of calcium ions that can exist in the water without precipitation of calcium solids. Note that this is an extremely high concentration of calcium ions.

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Related Questions

QUESTION 7 What is the pH of water? O pH12 O pH9 O pH7 O pH5 QUESTION 8 What is the pH when fish die from pollution? O pH12 O pH9 O pH7 O pH4 QUESTION 9 A solution with a pH less than 7 is basic. O True O False

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7. The pH of water is pH7.

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. It ranges from 0 to 14, with pH7 considered neutral. Water has a pH of 7, indicating that it is neither acidic nor basic. It is important to note that the pH of pure water can vary slightly due to the presence of dissolved gases and minerals, but it generally remains close to pH7.

8. When fish die from pollution, the pH is typically around pH4.

Pollution can introduce harmful substances into water bodies, leading to a decrease in pH. Acidic pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can cause the pH of water to drop significantly. When fish are exposed to highly acidic water, their physiological processes are disrupted, and they may die as a result. A pH of around pH4 is considered highly acidic and can be detrimental to aquatic life.

9. A solution with a pH less than 7 is acidic.

This statement is false. A solution with a pH less than 7 is actually considered acidic, not basic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with pH7 being neutral. Solutions with a pH below 7 are acidic, indicating a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. On the other hand, solutions with a pH above 7 are basic or alkaline, indicating a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution.

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Question 12 of 24 Submit What is the correct common name for the compound shown here? methyl iso propyl ether ether

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The correct common name for the compound shown below is Methyl isopropyl ether. So, the option "methyl iso propyl ether" is correct.

Common names are not standardized names, and they may differ from one place to another. The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system is the standard way of naming chemical compounds. UPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but IUPAC has publications in many science fields including chemistry, biology and physics. Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science The names can be long, but they are precise and identify the chemical compound exactly. The IUPAC name for the compound shown below is 1-methoxy-2-methylpropane or alternatively methyl 2-methoxypropane.

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Provide the key fragment structures of the mass spectrometry
data. The possible molecular formula is:
C5H9O2Br
Relative Intensity 100 80 40 20- o fim 20 40 60 80 Titr 100 120 m/z 140 160 180 200 15.0 28.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 42.0 43.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 77.0 89.0 90.0 91.0 91.5 1

Answers

Mass spectrometry is a scientific technique used for the identification of unknown compounds, determination of isotopic composition, and determination of the structure of compounds, among others. The fragments generated in mass spectrometry can help in determining the molecular formula of the compound. In this case, the key fragment structures of the mass spectrometry data with a possible molecular formula of C5H9O2Br are as follows:

15.0, 28.0, 37.0, 38.0, 39.0, 42.0, 43.0, 49.0, 50.0, 51.0, 52.0, 61.0, 62.0, 63.0, 73.0, 74.0, 75.0, 76.0, 77.0, 89.0, 90.0, 91.0, 91.5

The relative intensity of each of the fragments is also given as 100, 80, 40, 20, and so on. The relative intensity of each fragment provides information about the abundance of that fragment in the sample.

The molecular formula C5H9O2Br indicates that the compound has 5 carbon atoms, 9 hydrogen atoms, 2 oxygen atoms, and 1 bromine atom. By analyzing the fragment structures and their relative intensity, we can propose the following possible fragment structures:

- 15.0: CH3O2Br
- 28.0: C2H5Br
- 37.0: C2H5O2
- 38.0: C2H6Br
- 39.0: C2H6O
- 42.0: C3H5OBr
- 43.0: C3H5O
- 49.0: C4H9Br
- 50.0: C4H10O2
- 51.0: C4H9O2Br
- 52.0: C4H10O
- 61.0: C5H9O
- 62.0: C5H10Br
- 63.0: C5H10O
- 73.0: C5H9BrO2
- 74.0: C5H10O2Br
- 75.0: C5H9O2
- 76.0: C5H10BrO
- 77.0: C5H9BrO
- 89.0: C5H9BrO2
- 90.0: C5H10O2Br
- 91.0: C5H9O2Br
- 91.5: C5H10BrO

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Select the following terms to describe the relative concentrations of the molecules listed below if TAC cycle is completely inactive: assuming there is no electron shuttle and no other metabolic ways involved. 00 [mitochondrial FADH2] [cytosolic NADH] [pyruvate] [mitochondrial ATP] Acetyl-CoA [mitochondrial ADP] 1. Normal 2. Higher than normal 3. Lower than normal 4. None

Answers

For the given relative concentrations of the molecule we have: option 1, Normal, option 2, Higher than normal, option 3, Lower than normal and option 4, None, is the correct answer.

Given terms are: [mitochondrial FADH2] [cytosolic NADH] [pyruvate] [mitochondrial ATP] Acetyl-CoA [mitochondrial ADP].

The relative concentrations of the molecules listed below if TAC cycle is completely inactive are:

None [mitochondrial FADH2][cytosolic NADH][pyruvate]Higher than normal [mitochondrial ATP]

Lower than normal Acetyl-CoA[mitochondrial ADP]

The TAC cycle is responsible for the production of high energy ATP molecules.

If the TAC cycle is inactive, then there will be no energy generated. Therefore, the concentration of mitochondrial ATP will be None, and the concentration of mitochondrial FADH2 and cytosolic NADH will be higher than normal.

However, without the TAC cycle, the concentration of Acetyl-CoA will be lower than normal and the concentration of mitochondrial ADP will also be lower than normal.

Thus, the relative concentrations of the molecules listed below if the TAC cycle is completely inactive will be: None [mitochondrial FADH2] [cytosolic NADH] [pyruvate]Higher than normal [mitochondrial ATP]

Lower than normal Acetyl-CoA[mitochondrial ADP].

Therefore, option 1, Normal, option 2, Higher than normal, option 3, Lower than normal and option 4, None, is the correct answer.

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