The net yield of ATP from glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in muscle when glycogen is used as a starting material is 2ATP.
Under anaerobic conditions, two molecules of ATP are generated from the oxidation of glucose to lactate via anaerobic glycolysis. Hexose sugar, or a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms, is what glucose is. The first carbon has an aldehyde group attached to it, and the other five carbons each have a hydroxyl group. During glycolysis, glucose is ultimately broken down into pyruvate and energy; A total of 2 ATP are produced in the process. Once pyruvate is formed, pyruvate will have different fates in different organisms depending on the availability of oxygen. In animals, where there is an adequate oxygen supply, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. In the absence of oxygen, it enters anaerobic respiration where it is converted to lactate. Under anaerobic conditions, NADH is not converted to ATP; Therefore, the net production of ATP is only 2 ATP.
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what is the process that involves an end product acting as an inhibitor of an earlier step in a metabolic pathway called
The process that involves an end product acting as an inhibitor of an earlier step in a metabolic pathway is called feedback inhibition.
Sometimes, in a process known as feedback inhibition, the byproducts of a metabolic pathway act as inhibitors of their own synthesis. For instance, hexokinase, the enzyme that creates glucose-6-phosphate, is inhibited by the first intermediate in glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate. Cells can either increase the amount of a required (rate-limiting) enzyme or use activators to change that enzyme into an active conformation in order to support a certain process.
Cells can also use inhibitors to render an enzyme inactive or reduce the amount of an enzyme present in order to slow down or stop a pathway. Changes in the concentrations of important metabolites in the cell frequently cause such up- and down-regulation of metabolic pathways.
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Complete the sentences to review the process of T-cell activation. Then move the sentences into the correct order. T-cell activation begins when an ____________ delivers antigen to a CD4 or CD8 T cell. In contrast, ____________ T-cell activation requires the action of ____________ cells in order to differentiate into memory CD8 cells and activated CD8 cells. In the case of a ____________ cell, it can differentiate into T helper ____________ cells which will activate ____________ cells. Activated CD8 cells will mount a direct attack on target cells through the action of ____________ , which punch holes in membranes, and ____________ , which then enter through these passageways. It may also differentiate into a T helper ____________ cell for B-cell activation, or T helper ____________ or T regulatory cells for modulation of the ____________ response.
1. Antigen presenting cell (APC)
2. inflammatory (Cytotoxic)
3. TC (CD8)
4. CD4+ () cell
5. II (TH1)
6. T-cytotoxic (TC, cytotoxic T cells)
7. perforins
8. granzymes
9. I (TH1) cell
10. immune
The development of both cellular and humoral immunity depends on T cell antigen activation, a critical stage in the adaptive immune response. In addition to helping B cells and producing cytotoxic T cell responses, activation is necessary for efficient CD4 T cell responses. In the two signal paradigm, T cells might be activated by concurrently receiving signals from cytotoxic T cells costimulatory molecules and T-cell antigen recognition, or signal-1 and signal-2.
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which of the following is least associated with the others? a. horizontal gene transfer b. transformation c. binary fission d. conjugation
The correct option for the give question is option C. Binary fission is the all separation of the body into some two new bodies. , a process by which the single cell splits are into two cells to multiply
Binary fission, sexual reproduction by separating the body into two new bodies. In binary fission, an organism replicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving a copy of the DNA. Mutilation in biology is the division of one entity into two or more parts, and the reproduction of those parts into separate entities that resemble the original. Usually the dividing body is a cell, but the term can also refer to how an organism, body, population, or species divides into separate parts. Binary fission means "divided in two". This is the simplest and most common method of as-xual breeding.
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12. what other techniques might be used to identify organisms once the morphological, cultural, and physiological characteristics have been determined?
Genetic, antimicrobial resistance and immunological tests
What is organisms?The scientific approach of classifying and naming living things by putting them in groups based on qualities or characteristics in common is called taxonomy. This covers the organism's genetic make-up, morphological (structural) traits, and evolutionary connections to other species.
The Five I's are used to control and describe microbes (inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection and identification).
Microscopic methods like optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are crucial for assessing these features.
Using behavioral, ecological, and molecular information, researchers were able to distinguish between two species of ants, Camponotus renggeri and Camponotus rufipes, that are closely related.
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which of the statements is accurate? the same amount of oxygen enters the blood through diffusion as is transported by circulation. larger, more complex animals and smaller, simpler animals rely on bulk flow and diffusion to deliver oxygen to their cells only oxygen, not carbon dioxide, moves across the respiratory surface by diffusion. circulation requires a pump to generate pressure to drive flow, whereas ventilation does not. circulation requires a pump to generate pressure to drive flow, whereas ventilation does not.
The same amount of oxygen enters the blood through diffusion as is transported by circulation. This statement is accurate.
Circulation requires a pump to generate pressure to drive flow, whereas ventilation does not. This statement is false. Atmospheric pressure drive pulmonary ventilation. The same amount of oxygen enters the blood through diffusion as is transported by circulation. This statement is true. Larger, more complex animals and smaller, simpler animals rely on bulk flow and diffusion to deliver oxygen to their cells only oxygen, not carbon dioxide, moves across the respiratory surface by diffusion. This statement is false, since carbon dioxide also move across by diffusion.
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there are 24 species of hornbills that live in africa, all descended from a common ancestor. there are differences in nesting behavior, feeding morphology, and the habitats in which they are found, which include forests, woodlands, and savannahs. which statement best reflects how ecology and competition could have played a role in diversification of the hornbill lineages?
During the evolution of hornbills, resource partitioning between various groups may have led to competitive exclusion and speciation.
Origin and diversification of hornbill:A remarkable group of Palaeotropical birds known for their unusual morphology (casque) and behaviour are hornbills. Significant interspecific variation may be seen in hornbill food, habitat utilisation, distribution, and social structure. Their mutualistic interactions with tropical fruits also contribute significantly to environmental services. Conflicting theories exist regarding hornbills' origin, rate of diversification, and biogeography, but their evolutionary history is still unknown. Although a gradual accumulation of molecular data has revealed intriguing phylogenetic relationships, methodological restrictions and inadequate sampling have left gaps and led to inconsistent results. This is true even though a thorough cladistic analysis of phenotypic data has revealed unresolved taxonomic uncertainties within the family.
As a result, the evolutionary paradigm used to analyze the group's variety is insufficient.
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true or false the lymphatic system circulates lymph fluid through vessels and lymph nodes to filter out pathogens
Yes, the statement is True, the lymphatic system circulates lymph fluid through vessels and lymph nodes to filter out pathogens.
Additionally, the lymphatic system aids in the body's defense against dangerous germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungus). These germs are eliminated via the lymph nodes, which are tiny tissue clusters dispersed throughout the lymphatic system. T-cells and B-cells, two types of lymphocytes found inside lymph nodes, are used by the body to combat infection. To stop the spread of diseases, B cells produce antibodies, which are unique proteins that bind to and destroy disease-causing microorganisms. Most of our lymph nodes are found in the groin, armpit, and neck regions. They are located in the pelvis, chest, and lymphatic pathways and serve as blood filters as well. An infected person's lymph nodes develop into a bacterial haven. For instance, if the throat is sick, the lymph nodes in the neck may expand. For this reason, when a patient complains of a sore throat, medical professionals check the neck for enlarged lymph nodes, often known as enlarged "glands." It's known as lymphadenopathy.
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A mutation occurs in a population of rabbits affecting ear length. After multiple generations, 30% of the population exhibit the new recessive phenotype for short ears. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine the genotypic frequencies of the rabbit population. Show all work in your answer.
We'll align the following generation of multi-state scientific standards with two alleles in a population of wild rabbits represented by dried beans. Hardy-Weinberg Allele frequencies in a given population over time can be compared using equilibrium.
In Hardy-Weinberg, what are P and Q?P stands for population prevalence of the dominant allele. In the population, q equals the frequency of the recessive allele. p2 = homozygous dominant individuals as a percentage. the proportion of homozygous recessive people (q2). Individuals with heterozygotes are represented by 2pq.
How do you calculate Hardy-Weinberg with 3 alleles?Hardy Weinberg Calculations for Multiple Alleles at a Single Locus. For a gene locus segregating more than two alleles, the frequency of each allele is the frequency of its homozygote plus 1/2 the sum of the frequencies of all heterozygotes in which it can occur.
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assume that you have a summer fellowship to study vaccine production for an agent of an emerging infectious disease. you infect several animals with the agent and watch the animals get sick and recover within three to four days. three months later, you try to reinfect the same animals with the same agent with no success. what can you conclude about the animals' defense to this new agent?
The animals get sick and recover within three to four days. three months later, try to reinfect the same animals with the same agent with no success. To conclude about the animals' defense to this new agent is a pathogen
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease and is able to trigger an immunological response in other creatures. Viruses, bacteria, and nematodes are examples of organisms that can behave as pathogens.Various tests have been run to identify the infectious agent. The animals are protected against illness through trypsin digestion. Given that protein digestion interferes with an organism's ability to spread disease, the infectious agent must therefore be a protein
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what kinds of carbohydrates are found in whole-grain bread, pasta, cereal, wild rice, legumes, sweet potato, butternut squash, beets, beans, and nuts? simple carbohydrates simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are found in whole-grain bread, pasta, cereal, wild rice, legumes, sweet potato, butternut squash, beets, beans, and nuts.
Carbohydrates are classified as simple and complex. Depending on the food's chemical structure and how fast the sugar is digested and absorbed. Complex carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules. That are strung together in long, complex chains. They are found in whole-grain bread, pasta, cereal, wild rice, legumes, sweet potato, butternut squash, beets, beans, and nuts. Simple carbohydrates are broken down quickly by the body to be used as energy. This carbohydrates are found naturally in foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products.
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Now that you have seen the difference in the smear preparation after simple methylene blue staining, which of the following is correct regarding your smear now?
The addition of methylene blue helps show helps show the intact appearance and localization of the cells, compared with no staining
The addition of methylene blue makes visualization some bacterial cell characteristics more apparent, compared to no staining
Addition of methylene blue highlights the bacterial cell nucleus and organelles that were difficult to discern without stain
The addition of methylene blue helps visualize the shape and arrangements of bacterial cells that were difficult to discern without stain.
The addition of methylene blue: helps show the intact appearance and localization of the cells, compared with no staining, helps visualize the shape and arrangements of bacterial cells that were difficult without stain
It can be added to a solution to dye RNA and DNA for visual analysis. Wine Microbiology Application: Methylene blue staining can be used to determine cell mortality. When methylene blue stain is applied to a sample, a healthy cell causes the stain to become colorless. Methylene blue acts as an alternative electron acceptor, reversing NADH inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibiting the transformation of chloroethylamine into chloroacetaldehyde, as well as inhibiting multiple amine oxidase activities, preventing the formation of chloroacetaldehyde.
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which one is the best ans
D porque es la mas marcada que esta
Answer:
A. and D.
Explanation:
The spleen is responsible for producing leukocytes, which are white blood cells that help fight infection. When the spleen is swollen, it means that there is an increased number of leukocytes in the body. This can lead to a higher risk of infection and disease.
In addition, the spleen filters the blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. When the spleen is swollen, it is not able to filter the blood as effectively, which can lead to blood clots.
gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones are all mechanisms by which cells do what?
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones are all communicate through each other.
A neuron produces a chemical signaling substance called a neurotransmitters, which can affect another cell across a synaptic gap. Any important gland, target cell, muscle cell, or organ that receives the signal may also be a neuron. In the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles and can interact with receptors on the target cell. The receptor to which the neurotransmitter binds determines its effect on the target cell. Numerous neurotransmitters are produced from straightforward, abundant precursors like amino acids, which are routinely converted in a restricted number of biosynthetic steps. For intricate neural systems to function correctly, neurotransmitters are crucial. There are more than 100 neurotransmitters that are unique to humans, while the precise number is unknown. Glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, glycine, and norepinephrine are examples of common neurotransmitters. In neurons, neurotransmitters are frequently synthesized from precursor molecules, which are plentiful in the cell. Among the several classes of neurotransmitters are peptides, monoamines, and amino acids. One amino acid is changed to create monoamines.
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true or false: one way to help conserve coastal areas and the organisms that live there is through the inclusion of marine protected areas (mpas)
You look at 80 black and tan sordoria asci under the microscope and count 45 non-recombinantasci. What is the distance, in map units of the color gene from the centromere? Round to the nearest whole number, OOO QUESTION 4 What are the steps in a single PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) cycle? 1. Elongation II. Annealing III. Amplification IV. Denaturation V. Extension LILY IV, INI, LII IV. II. V IV,
The distance in map units of the color gene from the centromere is 22. The steps in single PCR are IV, II , V,
Calculations for the distance in map units can be calculated as follows:
Total no. of asci = 80
Number of non-recombinant asci = 45
Number of recombinant asci = 35
Recombination frequency = (35/80) x 100 % = 43.75%
Distance in map units = Recombination Frequency / 2
= 43.75/2 = 21.875
= 22
Polymerase chain reaction shortened as PCR is a laboratory method for hastily producing (amplifying) tens of thousands and thousands to billions of copies of a particular phase of DNA, which could then be studied in more detail. The 3 sequential steps of PCR are
a. Denaturation
b. Annealing
c. Extension
There are no steps in PCR called elongation and amplification.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why our bodies needs trillions of small cells:
1] Cells die and we need replacements.
2] Cells are specialized so we need different types.
3] Cells are small so they can move materials in and out easily.
4] Cells have need to be able to reproduce faster and faster.
Answer: the correct option would be number 1!
Explanation:
la structure des mitochondries
Answer:
this is the answer
my hombre
Explanation:
in the molecule below, which atom has the largest partial negative charge? category:bromochlorofluoroiodomethane - wikimedia commons group of answer choices cl br f i c\
In the molecule below, the atom that has the largest partial negative charge is F which is Flourine.
Electronegativities of halogens :
F = 4.0
Cl = 3.16
Br = 2.96
I = 2.66
Cl, Br opposite bonds result = 3.16 -2.96 = 0.2 on Cl atom
F , I opposite bonds result = 4.00 - 2.66 = 1.34 on F
So more negative charge on F.
Electronegativity is a compound property that portrays the property of an atom or a functional group to draw electrons toward itself. The electronegativity of a molecule is impacted by the two nuclear numbers and the distance its valence electrons dwell from the charged cores.
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which of the following statements about west nile virus and the current epidemic (zika virus) is true? group of answer choices zika is spread to humans by mosquitos while west nile is spread by crows there is no vaccine or treatment for both zika virus and west nile virus both zika and west nile are endemic to the middle east
option C. Is true. The Middle East is home to both West Nile and Zika. The Middle East is home to both West Nile and the Zika virus.
Although the Zika, dengue, and yellow fever virus all belong to the same genus as the West Nile virus, the majority of infected individuals show no signs of the illness. Those who do exhibit symptoms may have fever, body aches, vomiting, and diarrhea, although they often fully recover. Zika is one of the mosquito-transmitted virus that can have devastating effects on pregnancy and childbirth, and about 1 in 150 infected individuals get a serious sickness that can occasionally be deadly. Zika can cause newborns to be born with microcephaly, which is a smaller-than-normal head size, and other congenital deformities, even though most infected individuals have no symptoms and those that do are typically mild. Along with other pregnancy issues, it can potentially result in miscarriage and preterm birth.
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two species are not likely to live together in the habitat for a prolonged period of time if they have the same manner of using resources. this is : (mark all that apply)
Two species are not likely to live together in the habitat for a prolonged period of time if they have the same manner of using resources, this is because of interspecific competition.
Any resources in a habitat are limited hence if species share common limited resources in a habitat they have to compete with others, this will be negative for both species at last only one species can survive in that habitat another one will go extinct. If two species need to occupy a habitat by sharing common resources they have to undergo resource partitioning. In this method, two species will form small microhabitats to share limited resources without competition. Microhabitats of one species will not be inhabited by other species. Resource partitioning can also be done by having different feeding times.
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based on genetic and genomic analysis, what percentage of each genome is thought to be lineage-specific?
Surprisingly, these genes make up only about 1-2% of the 3 billion base pairs of DNA. That means 98-99% of our entire genome has to do something other than code for proteins. Scientists call this non-coding DNA.
Her DNA in humans is 99.9% identical to his, and a 0.1% difference actually represents that mutations can occur at millions of different locations in the genome. The human genome is the complete set of human nucleic acid sequences encoded as DNA in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cell nucleus and in small molecules of DNA found in individual mitochondria. These are the usually treated and be separately as the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes. DNA is made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks consist of her three parts:A phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. To form a DNA strand, nucleotides are attached to the strand with alternating phosphate and sugar groups.
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what is the significance of diffusion and osmosis in the transport of materials across a cell membrane? include a discussion of water potential in your answer.
While osmosis aids in the absorption of water and other liquids by the plants, diffusion aids in the passage of other molecules, and both thus aid in the process of photosynthesis. Both procedures aid in the production of vital nutrients and energy for plants.
Over a semipermeable membrane, osmosis is the process by which solvent particles are transferred from a diluted solution into a concentrated solution. The solvent travels in order to dilute the concentrated solution and balance the concentration on each side of the membrane. Diffusion is the movement of particles from one area of higher concentration to another of lower concentration. Overall, the medium's focus is equalized for all participants. A higher water potential area always has a flow of water to a lower water potential area. Osmosis rate and water potential are thus tightly related. If a solution has a large water potential, osmosis will happen (low solute concentration). When temperature and pressure are held constant, water potential is the system's water's potential energy when compared to pure water.
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the first fossils of animals with hard parts appeared about 541 million years ago. what percentage of geologic time does the fossil record represent? express your answer as a percentage with two significant figures
The percentage of geological time is 20%.
What are fossil records?
Fossils are the remains or signs of extinct living things. Examples include fossilized bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, amber-preserved artifacts, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA traces.
The collection of all known and undiscovered fossils during a period of time is known as the fossil record. Scientists can learn more about the Earth's past through fossil records. To understand the evolution of living things, fossil records are used. Understanding how life has evolved over time is useful.
Hence the answer is the geological time that has been mentioned in the question represents 20%.
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latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. which of the following best explains her difficulty?
The rod cells in Latisha's eyes are not functioning properly and she is not able to see the colors as a result.
Our eyes have a lot of important substituent organs as well. In these, the cone and rod cells are extremely important as they are the ones that detect colors. Cone cells and rod cells are both cells that respond to the different wavelengths of different cells.
Cone cells respond to colours in bright light. Rod cells work in dim light. In the given question, we have been told that latisha faces the problems during early evening. This is when the lights are dim. This means that her rod cells are not working properly.
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How many times does a restriction enzyme cut a double stranded piece of dna at a given restriction site?.
Only one or a few restriction sites can be recognized by each restriction enzyme. A restriction enzyme will cut a double strand of DNA when it locates its target sequence.
A restriction enzyme cuts how many times?According to statistics, an enzyme makes an average of one cut per 4n base pairs, where n is the length of the recognition site. As a result, a DNA molecule's likelihood of containing one or more restriction sites increases with length.
Do restriction enzymes digest DNA with two strands?Restrictions enzymes often cleave DNA that is double-stranded. Different DNA sequences are recognized by different restriction enzymes, and depending on the enzyme, cleavage can take place either close to or far from the recognition region.
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a predatory spider that feeds exclusively on herbivorous ants, in a food web, would be an example of a(n) that is part of the trophic level.
A predatory spider that feeds exclusively on herbivorous ants, in a food web, would be an example of a(n) Carnivore that is part of the Third trophic level.
An herbivore is a structure that generally feeds on plants. Herbivores range in breadth from tiny bugs to degree aphids to big, awkward mastodons. In a food web, a predatory spider that only eats herbivorous ants is an example of a carnivore.
The trophic level of a structure is the position it keeps in a feeding relationship among organisms. The trophic level of a creature is the number of steps it is from the start of the food chain. Monitoring the trophic levels is essential so concerning gain an understanding of the interrelationships middle from two points animals in addition to the environmental processes that happen inside an environment.
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Match the region of the spinal cord with the number of spinal nerve pairs that are associated with it.
i) Five
ii) One
iii) Eight
iv) Twelve
a) Cervical
b) Lumbar
c) Coccygeal
d) Thoracic
The given regions of the spinal cord are matched with the associated number of spinal nerve pairs.
The spinal cord of the human body is protected by the vertebral column and helps the body stay upright by providing proper support. It consists of five sections, the component regions, which are the cervical, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal, and thoracic. It is the main pathway of communication between the body and the brain.
This is how it will get matched.
a) Cervical - iii) Eight
b) Lumbar - i) Five
c) Coccygeal - ii) One
d) Thoracic - iv) Twelve
Hence, this is how it works out.
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5. what gas were you measuring with the labquest that was being produced by the plant in photosynthesis? how did this result change over time?
Infrared spectroscopy using an infrared gas analyzer is used to measure the entering and exiting CO2 from the leaf chamber. The difference provides us the amount of CO2, from which we can compute the rate of photosynthesis.
How does the volume of gas created in a process become measured?A chemical reaction's volume of gas can be evaluated by collecting it in an inverted container filled with water. The gas pushes water out of the container, and the amount of liquid displaced is proportional to the amount of gas.
Enclosing a leaf in a closed, transparent container and monitoring the drop in carbon dioxide content as a function of time is how the photosynthetic rate of a leaf is assessed.
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48) incandescent light bulbs, which have high output of red light, are least effective in promoting a) photosynthesis. b) seed germination. c) phototropism. d) flowering. e) entrainment of circadian rhythms.
Incandescent light bulbs, which have high output of red light, are least effective in promoting c) phototropism.
In the field of biology, phototropism can be described as the movement of parts of plants towards or away from light. Generally, the shoots of a plant are considered to be positively phototrophic as they move toward the light. On the other hand, roots are considered to be negative phototropic as they move away from light.
The red light that is present in incandescent light bulbs is the light that shows the least amount of effect of phototropism. This is because the pigments present inside the plant cells do not have a signal for the red light. Yellow light is the most favorable for plants to show phototropism.
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for a lateromedial view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette shoud be placed in which position?
For a lateromedial view of the tarsal joint of a horse, Position should be on the medial surface
What is Tarsal joint?
The transverse tarsal joint, also known as the midtarsal or Chopart's joint, connects the hindfoot and midfoot by spanning the foot horizontally in an S-shape. The talonavicular and calcaneocuboid articulations, two synovial joints with a narrower range of motion, make up this composite joint. The talus (talo-) and the navicular bone come together to form the talonavicular joint, which is the most movable of the two (-navicular). The calcaneus (calcaneo-) and the cuboid bone are joined by the calcaneocuboid joint.
Depending on where the foot is positioned, the transverse tarsal joint's specific mobility pattern allows a number of different functions. The navicular and cuboid bones become locked and immovable during weight bearing, allowing the talus and calcaneus to move relative to them.
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