A short hedge using futures is a risk management strategy where market participants take a short position in futures contracts to offset potential losses in the value of an asset or portfolio; the six-month forward prices are approximately $1712.53 for the stock index and $22.033 for the share.
a) A short hedge using futures is a strategy used by market participants to protect against the potential decline in the value of an asset or portfolio. It involves taking a short position in futures contracts that are based on the same underlying asset as the one being hedged. By doing so, any losses incurred in the cash market can be offset by gains in the futures market, thus reducing the overall risk exposure.
b) To compute the six-month forward prices:
i) For the stock index, the forward price can be calculated using the formula:
Forward Price = Spot Price * e^((r - q) * t)
where r is the risk-free rate and q is the continuous dividend yield.
Forward Price = $1840 * e^((0.02 - 0.07) * 0.5)
Forward Price = $1840 * e^(-0.025)
Forward Price ≈ $1798.85
ii) For the share with a dividend, the forward price can be calculated as:
Forward Price = (Spot Price - Present Value of Dividend) * e^(r * t)
where the Present Value of Dividend is the dividend discounted at the risk-free rate.
Present Value of Dividend = $2 * e^(-0.02 * (2/12))
Forward Price = ($23 - Present Value of Dividend) * e^(0.02 * (2/12))
Forward Price = ($23 - $1.9934) * e^(0.0333)
Forward Price ≈ $23.134
c) The lower bound for the price of a three-month European put option on a non-dividend-paying stock can be determined using the put-call parity relationship. The put option price should be at least equal to the difference between the strike price and the present value of the stock price. In this case:
Lower Bound = Strike Price - (Stock Price * e^(-r * t))
Lower Bound = $385 - ($340 * e^(-0.10 * (3/12)))
Lower Bound ≈ $36.35
d) The marking-to-market process for futures contracts involves the daily settlement of gains and losses. At the end of each trading day, the futures contract is revalued based on the current market price. The difference between the initial price and the new price is settled in cash. If the position has gained value, the profit is credited to the account, and if it has lost value, the loss is debited. This process continues until the contract's expiration or when the position is closed.
e) Futures prices cannot become negative. According to the concept of arbitrage, if the futures price were negative, it would create an opportunity for risk-free profit by simultaneously selling the underlying asset and buying the futures contract. This would lead to market participants exploiting the price discrepancy and driving the futures price back to a non-negative value. This applies to all types of underlying assets, as the absence of negative futures prices is a fundamental principle in financial markets.
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A short hedge using futures is a risk management strategy where market participants take a short position in futures contracts to offset potential losses in the value of an asset or portfolio; the six-month forward prices are approximately $1712.53 for the stock index and $22.033 for the share.
a) A short hedge using futures is a strategy used by market participants to protect against the potential decline in the value of an asset or portfolio. It involves taking a short position in futures contracts that are based on the same underlying asset as the one being hedged. By doing so, any losses incurred in the cash market can be offset by gains in the futures market, thus reducing the overall risk exposure.
b) To compute the six-month forward prices:
i) For the stock index, the forward price can be calculated using the formula:
Forward Price = Spot Price * e^((r - q) * t)
where r is the risk-free rate and q is the continuous dividend yield.
Forward Price = $1840 * e^((0.02 - 0.07) * 0.5)
Forward Price = $1840 * e^(-0.025)
Forward Price ≈ $1798.85
ii) For the share with a dividend, the forward price can be calculated as:
Forward Price = (Spot Price - Present Value of Dividend) * e^(r * t)
where the Present Value of Dividend is the dividend discounted at the risk-free rate.
Present Value of Dividend = $2 * e^(-0.02 * (2/12))
Forward Price = ($23 - Present Value of Dividend) * e^(0.02 * (2/12))
Forward Price = ($23 - $1.9934) * e^(0.0333)
Forward Price ≈ $23.134
c) The lower bound for the price of a three-month European put option on a non-dividend-paying stock can be determined using the put-call parity relationship. The put option price should be at least equal to the difference between the strike price and the present value of the stock price. In this case:
Lower Bound = Strike Price - (Stock Price * e^(-r * t))
Lower Bound = $385 - ($340 * e^(-0.10 * (3/12)))
Lower Bound ≈ $36.35
d) The marking-to-market process for futures contracts involves the daily settlement of gains and losses. At the end of each trading day, the futures contract is revalued based on the current market price. The difference between the initial price and the new price is settled in cash. If the position has gained value, the profit is credited to the account, and if it has lost value, the loss is debited. This process continues until the contract's expiration or when the position is closed.
e) Futures prices cannot become negative. According to the concept of arbitrage, if the futures price were negative, it would create an opportunity for risk-free profit by simultaneously selling the underlying asset and buying the futures contract. This would lead to market participants exploiting the price discrepancy and driving the futures price back to a non-negative value. This applies to all types of underlying assets, as the absence of negative futures prices is a fundamental principle in financial markets.
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The table provides factor risk loadings and factor risk premia for a two-factor model for a particular portfolio where factor portfolio 1 tracks Inflation and factor portfolio 2, IR, tracks unexpected changes in interest rates. The risk-free rate is 3%. If a trader estimates the expected / average return of the Portfolio XYZ to be 3.5% and believes that he is correct, what is the arbitrage strategy?
Portfolio XYZ
Inflation-Factor loading of 0.5, Risk premium of 8%
IR-Factor loading of -1.5, Risk premium of 2%
1. Long XYZ, Short Inflation, Long IR, Buy Risk-Free
2. Short XYZ, Long Inflation, Long IR, Buy Risk-Free
3. Short XYZ, Short Inflation, Short IR, Buy Risk-Free
4. Short XYZ, Long Inflation, Short IR, Buy Risk-Free
5. Short XYZ, Long Inflation, Short IR, Borrow Risk-Free
The correct answer is option 2:Short XYZ, Long Inflation, Long IR, Buy Risk-Free, where the investor shorts Portfolio XYZ and goes long on the Inflation factor portfolio and long on the IR factor portfolio. The investor can borrow at the risk-free rate to finance this position.
By doing this, the investor can take advantage of the difference in expected returns to generate risk-free profits.
Portfolio XYZ
Inflation-Factor loading of 0.5, Risk premium of 8%
IR-Factor loading of -1.5, Risk premium of 2%
Risk-free rate = 3%
Expected / average return of the Portfolio XYZ to be 3.5%
Arbitrage strategy can be calculated as follows:
Portfolio XYZ expected return = Risk-free rate + Beta 1 * (Inflation Risk Premium) + Beta 2 * (IR Risk Premium) + Error,
where Beta 1 is the loading of the inflation factor and Beta 2 is the loading of the IR factor. Error is the unpredictable portion of the return.For Portfolio XYZ, the expected return can be calculated as follows:
3.5% = 3% + 0.5 * 8% + (-1.5) * 2% + Error
3.5% = 3% + 4% - 3% + Error
3.5% = 4% + Error
Error = -0.5%
Since the expected return on the Portfolio XYZ is 3.5% but the calculated expected return is only 3%, this difference in expected returns leads to an arbitrage opportunity. If the expected return was lower than 3%, the arbitrage strategy would involve a short position. If the expected return was higher than 3%, the arbitrage strategy would involve a long position.
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On January 1, 2025, GBC Ltd. had the following account balances:
Accounts Receivable $124,500
Less Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 6,400
During 2025, GBC Ltd. had the following transactions relating to accounts receivable.
1. Sales on account $450,000
2. Collections 490,000
3. Write-offs of specific customer accounts 50,000
4. Recovery of accounts previously written off 4,500
Required:
Prepare the journal entries for the above 4 items.
1. Sales on account:
Sales on account are recorded as an increase in accounts receivable and an increase in sales revenue. This means that the accounts receivable balance and the sales revenue balance should be increased by $450,000.
Accounts Receivable $450,000
Sales Revenue $450,000
2. Collections:
When a company collects on accounts receivable, it decreases the accounts receivable balance and increases cash. In this case, the company collected $490,000.
Cash $490,000
Accounts Receivable $490,000
3. Write-offs of specific customer accounts:
If a company determines that a customer's account is uncollectible, it must write off the amount owed by debiting the allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting accounts receivable.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $50,000
Accounts Receivable $50,000
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You are promised a $28,000 bonus to be received three years from now. At that time, you invest it in a fund that yields an 8% annual return. Assuming that you add nothing more to the account, what will it be worth 27 years from now, assuming annual compounding
pv
fv
nper
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rate
The formula for the Future Value of a single amount is; FV = PV(1 + i)n Where; PV = Present Value i = Interest Rate n = Number of periods FV = Future Value For this problem,
Present Value (PV) = $28,000Future Value (FV) = ?Interest Rate (i) = 8%Number of Periods (n) = 27 years
We know that FV = PV (1 + i)n
Thus, the Future Value (FV) of the $28,000 in 27 years, assuming annual compounding is; FV = $28,000 x (1 + 0.08)27FV = $28,000 x (4.5634)FV = $127,681.20
Therefore, the investment account will be worth $127,681.20 after 27 years if you invest the $28,000 and assume annual compounding at an 8% annual rate of return.
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Tosh has a chance to go to a resort that offers two plans. The deluxe plan offers full use of all its recreational classes (such as yoga and spinning) and free access to the neighboring golf course and horse-riding facilities, as well meals and a nice room. The basic plan also offers a nice room and meals, but he must play for these fine athletic amenities.
Assume to offer each of these amenities to any patron cost the resort $45, which is what the resort charges anyone on the basic plan (those on the deluxe plan do not incur an extra charge to use the facilities.
Tosh is planning to stay for 2 weeks, and his demand for these facilities over the course of his stay is P = 420 – 15 Q. Also assume that Tosh’s preferences for the facilities are similar to the typical person staying at the resort. Finally, the resort must cover all costs, so the additional charge for the deluxe plan will reflect the extra costs the resort incurs by offering these niceties with the deluxe plan.
If Tosh purchases the deluxe plan, he will use the fine facilities ____ times.
If Tosh purchases the basic plan, he will use the fine facilities ____ times.
Since the resort must cover all costs, it will charge Tosh _ dollars more for the deluxe plan.
Tosh should purchase the basic plan since it offers him ___ dollars more in economic surplus than the deluxe plan
Given, P = 420 – 15 Q Where, P is the price of the amenities Q is the number of amenities used per week The demand function can be rewritten as; Q = 28 – (P/15)
If Tosh purchases the deluxe plan
The deluxe plan offers free access to the fine facilities.
Thus, Tosh will use the fine facilities 2 × 28 = <<2*28=56>>56 times.
If Tosh purchases the basic plan,
For the basic plan, Tosh will pay for each fine amenity at a cost of $45.
Thus,
Q = (14 days) × (1/7 week/day) × 3 amenities/day
Q = 18 fine amenities Tosh will use the fine facilities 18 times.
If Tosh purchases the deluxe plan, the resort will charge Tosh _ dollars more than the basic plan.
Since the resort charges $45 for each amenity, Tosh will pay $0 more for the deluxe plan.
Therefore, there is no additional charge. He only gets free access to the fine amenities.
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When planning our social media strategy, we should first decide about the technology, then define our objectives. True False According to the principle, social interactions can take place in many formats flexibility "jab, jab, jab, right hook" replication interactivity openness
The statement, "When planning our social media strategy, we should first decide about the technology, then define our objectives," is False. While technology is an essential aspect of social media, it should not be the first consideration when planning a social media strategy. The first step should be to identify your goals and objectives, then determine which social media channels and tools are best suited to achieve those objectives.
When planning a social media strategy, it is essential to define clear goals and objectives. The goals and objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. Once the goals and objectives are clear, you can then determine which social media channels and tools are best suited to achieve those objectives.
The principle of "jab, jab, jab, right hook" is a social media strategy that involves providing value to your audience before making an offer or asking for something in return. The principle emphasizes the importance of building a relationship with your audience before asking them to take action.
Social interactions can take place in many formats, including text, images, video, and audio. Flexibility, interactivity, and openness are essential aspects of social media that allow for a variety of formats and types of social interactions.
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Suppose you run a pension fund and you have the following liability: you will have to pay retirees $1,000,000 in 15 years. Suppose interest rates are equal to 1% forever and that there are only two bonds available in the market: a 2 year zero coupon bond, and a 20 year zero coupon bond.
(a) What is the present value of your liability at t = 0?
(b) Suppose you start at t = 0 with an amount of cash equal to the present value of the liability. What portfolio of 2 year and 20 year zero coupon bond should you buy at t = 0 in order to be immunized against change in interest rates?
(c) Suppose that the interest rate increases from 1% to 1.25% at t = 0. Suppose that you have bought the portfolio that you found in question (b). What is the approximate change in the value of your asset and liability? What is the exact change in the value of your asset and liability?
(d) Re-do the calculation of question (c) assuming that, instead of the portfolio of question (b) you have bought a portfolio composed of 30 year bonds only. Explain the
difference in results.
a) We have to find the present value of the liability at t = 0. For this, we need to use the formula for present value of a lump sum which is given as:PV = FV / (1 + r)nHere, FV = $1,000,000, r = 1% and n = 15 yearsTherefore, PV = $1,000,000 / (1 + 1%)15 = $670,012.80b) In order to be immunized against changes in interest rates.
the value of the assets at time 0 should be equal to the present value of the liability which is $670,012.80. We can buy a combination of 2 year and 20 year zero coupon bonds to get this value.
Let the amount invested in the 2 year bond be x and the amount invested in the 20 year bond be y. The price of the 2 year bond is given by:Price of 2 year bond = $100 / (1 + 1%)2 = $98.04Therefore, x = ($670,012.80) / (98.04) = $6834.62 (approx)The price of the 20 year bond is given by.
Price of 20 year bond = $100 / (1 + 1%)20 = $55.95Therefore, y = ($670,012.80) / (55.95) = $11,966.88 (approx)Therefore, the portfolio should contain ($6834.62) of 2 year bond and ($11,966.88) of 20 year bond.c) The new interest rate is 1.25%. We need to calculate the approximate and exact change in the value of asset and liability. Let the new price of the 2 year bond be P2 and the new price of the 20 year bond be P20.
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a party who wishes to obtain personal jurisdiction over an individual who resides in her/her own state. is the meaning of?
The phrase "personal jurisdiction" refers to a court's authority to make decisions and enforce its rulings over a particular individual.
In this context, it means that a party wants the court to have the power to hear and decide a case involving an individual who resides in the same state as the party seeking jurisdiction.
Typically, personal jurisdiction is easier to establish when the defendant is located within the court's jurisdiction. The party seeking personal jurisdiction over the individual may need to demonstrate that the individual has sufficient contacts or connections with the state, such as owning property or conducting business there, in order for the court to assert authority over them.
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Becky purchased a new printing machine for $100,010, paid $10,000 for shipping, and paid $5,000 to have it installed in their plant. Based on an estimated salvage value of $25,000 and an economic life of six years, what is the difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life?
Expert Answer
The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life has been asked. The company has bought a new printing machine for $100,010, paid $10,000 for shipping, and paid $5,000 to have it installed in their plant.
The estimated salvage value of the machine is $25,000, and the useful life of the asset is six years. Straight-line depreciation method is a depreciation method in which an asset is depreciated at a uniform rate over the useful life of the asset.
The straight-line depreciation formula is:
Straight-line depreciation = (cost of asset - salvage value) / useful life of asset.
Using the straight-line method, the yearly depreciation expense will be:
($100,010 - $25,000) / 6 = $12,502.
The depreciation expense for the second year will be $12,502.
Double-declining balance (DDB) depreciation method is a depreciation method in which an asset is depreciated at twice the rate of straight-line depreciation.
The double-declining balance formula is:
DDB depreciation = (2 / useful life of asset) * book value at beginning of the year.
Using the double-declining balance method, the yearly depreciation expense will be:
(2 / 6) * $100,010 = $33,336.67.
The depreciation expense for the second year will be
($100,010 - $33,336.67) * (2 / 6) = $22,224.44.
The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life will be:
$22,224.44 - $12,502 = $9,722.44.
Answer: The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life is $9,722.44.
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You invest $16,425 today and you plan to keep this investment for 15 years. If you can earn 1.25% per quarter, how much will you have after 14 years?
Given that the principal amount is $16,425 and the rate of interest per quarter is 1.25%.
We need to find the amount after 14 years.
Step 1: Calculate the number of quarters in 14 years.There are 4 quarters in a year.Therefore, the number of quarters in 14 years = 14 × 4=56 quarters
Step 2: Calculate the amount of interest earned every quarter by the principal.Amount of interest earned every quarter = (1.25/100) × 16,425= $205.3125
Step 3: Calculate the amount after 14 years.Now we use the formula to calculate the amount after 14 years, which is,
A = P (1 + r/n)^(n*t)Where, P = $16,425r = 1.25% = 0.0125
(as we need to use it in the formula) for one quarter.
n = 4 (number of quarters in a year)t = 14 years = 56 quartersA = 16,425(1 + 0.0125/4)^(4×56)
After simplifying the above expression, we get,A = $21,474.39
Therefore, the amount after 14 years is $21,474.39.
Hence, the answer is $21,474.39.
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a proposal made by braxton, to his friend mike, indicating willingness to enter a contract to buy mike's old car for $4000, fulfills which element of the formalist theory of contract law?
The proposal made by Braxton to his friend Mike, expressing his willingness to buy Mike's old car for $4000, fulfills the element of the offer in the formalist theory of contract law.
The proposal made by Braxton to his friend Mike, indicating his willingness to enter a contract to buy Mike's old car for $4000, fulfills the element of the offer in the formalist theory of contract law.
In contract law, an offer is a proposal made by one party (the offeror) to another party (the offeree) expressing their willingness to enter into a legally binding agreement. An offer must contain specific terms and conditions, such as the price, quantity, and subject matter of the contract.
In this scenario, Braxton's proposal to buy Mike's old car for $4000 meets the requirements of an offer. Braxton clearly expresses his willingness to enter into a contract, and he specifies the terms of the agreement, including the price of the car.
It's important to note that for an offer to be valid, it must be communicated to the offeree. In this case, Braxton directly made the proposal to his friend Mike, indicating his intention to buy the car for $4000. By doing so, Braxton fulfills the element of the offer in the formalist theory of contract law.
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What is earnings management? (6pts)
Provide at least two examples of earnings management. Is earnings management always ‘bad’? Explain.
Earnings management is the process of utilizing accounting techniques to improve a company's financial statements by manipulating earnings.
Earnings management might entail tweaking revenue figures, reducing expenses, or both. By doing so, a firm can make its financial performance appear better or worse than it truly is, either to satisfy internal stakeholders (such as company executives) or to impress external stakeholders (such as investors or analysts).
Below are two examples of earnings management:1. Manipulation of Accruals:Accrual accounting is a technique used to record revenue and expenses as they happen, rather than when cash changes hands. Companies that use accrual accounting must use estimates and assumptions to record some transactions that have not yet been completed.
Earnings management can occur if a business intentionally manipulates its accruals by overestimating future revenues or underestimating future costs to improve current earnings.
2. Timing of Expenses:Companies might also use timing tactics to improve their financial statements. One example is to put off spending until the next accounting period, or to shift certain expenditures to different accounts to make them appear less significant.Earnings management may not always be bad.
There are circumstances where it is acceptable. It may be a result of errors in estimates that the company believes will be corrected in the future, or it may be a result of necessary actions taken by the company to restore its profitability. In certain instances, earnings management may also be legal and ethical, and it is frequently used to ensure that the firm complies with regulatory requirements and laws. Earnings management becomes illegal when it involves fraudulent accounting methods, such as recording non-existent transactions or concealing debt or expenses, in order to misrepresent the financial position of the business.
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Daphne works with Syed. Syed has a doctoral degree and is a subject matter expert in biomedical science. Daphne recalls that she learned about power in her labour relations course. What source of power does Syed exhibit? Define power, and describe the five sources of power. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac)
Power is the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events.
The five sources of power include legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power.
Legitimate power refers to the influence one possesses due to their position or title.
Reward power refers to the influence one possesses due to their ability to provide incentives for others.
Coercive power refers to the influence one possesses due to their ability to enforce punishments on others.
Expert power refers to the influence one possesses due to their knowledge, expertise, or special skills.
Referent power refers to the influence one possesses due to their ability to attract or charm others.
Due to Syed’s doctoral degree and his subject matter expertise in biomedical science, he exhibits expert power.
As per the scenario given in the question, Daphne works with Syed and Syed is an expert in his field.
Hence, he has the expertise required to direct or influence the behavior of others in the context of biomedical science.
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Which of the following is not a discretionary fiscal policy to ward off a recession? a. Increase government spending b. Decrease taxes c. Increase transfer payments d. Automatic Stabilizers e. All of the above are examples of discretionary fiscal policy
Discretionary fiscal policies refer to the measures taken by the government to control the economy. The government can make use of these policies to stabilize the economy by changing the rate of taxation, spending, and transfer payments. The goal of these policies is to reduce unemployment, boost economic growth and ward off a recession.
These policies are adopted in response to the economic situation and are not automatic like the automatic stabilizers.The correct answer is option D) Automatic stabilizers. Automatic stabilizers are not discretionary policies as they operate automatically based on changes in the economic conditions. Automatic stabilizers are the government expenditures and revenues that vary with changes in the economic activity.
These policies automatically increase the government spending when the economy is in a recession, which helps to reduce the severity of the recession, and they automatically decrease spending when the economy is booming to control inflation.
They do not require legislative approval, and the government does not have to take any further action to activate them. The other options, A, B, C, and E, are examples of discretionary fiscal policy as they require government intervention.
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Your firm: Lucky Charms Breakfast Lover, Inc. has the following information displayed on their balance sheet and income statement. The 2019 balance sheet showed net fixed assets of $6.1 million while the firm's 2018 balance sheet showed net fixed assets of $5.5 million. The company's 2019 income statement showed a depreciation expense of $360,000 What was net capital spending for 2019 ?
Net capital spending for 2019 can be calculated by using the formula given below: Net capital spending = (ending net fixed assets − beginning net fixed assets) + Depreciation expense.
Net capital spending can be defined as the difference between net fixed assets of the current year and the previous year along with the depreciation expenses incurred during the current year.
By using the formula given above, we can find the net capital spending of Lucky Charms Breakfast Lover, Inc. in 2019.The net fixed assets of Lucky Charms Breakfast Lover, Inc. in 2019 were 6.1 million and net fixed assets of the firm in 2018 were 5.5 million. Therefore, the change in net fixed assets for the year 2019 is:6.
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Suppose the first comic book of a classic series was sold in 1975.ln2020, the estimated price for this comic book in good condition was about $100.00. This represented a return of 10.0 percent per year. For this to be true, what was the original price of the comic book in 1975 ? a. $1.37 b. $1.98 c. $0.89 d. $1.77 e. $1.12
The answer to this question is option A $1.37. Let the original price of the comic book be 'p'.
The value of the comic book in 2020 would be given by 100 = p(1 + 0.1)^45,
where 45 is the number of years since 1975.
Solving for p, we get:
p = 100 / (1 + 0.1)^45p = 100 / 8.1384p = 12.28
Since the answer options are in dollars, we need to convert p to dollars. Therefore, the original price of the comic book in 1975 was $1.37.
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You invested $20,000 in the stock market at the beginning of the year 2018, added another $10,000 at the beginning of 2019, and withdrew all funds at the beginning of 2020. The returns on the stock market were + 10% in 2018 and -10% in 2019 what is the average return earned by your investments? What is the type of average (arithmetic geometric or IRR).
Given that,Initial investment in 2018 = $20,000,Additional investment in 2019 = $10,000,Return in 2018 = +10% = 10/100Return in 2019 = -10% = -10/100.The average return earned by the investments can be calculated using the below formula:
Average return = (Total earnings or returns / Total investment) × 100%
Total investment = Initial investment in 2018 + Additional investment in 2019
Total investment = $20,000 + $10,000 = $30,000
Return in 2018 = 10% of $20,000
Return in 2018 = (10/100) × $20,000 = $2,000
Return in 2019 = -10% of $30,000
Return in 2019 = (-10/100) × $30,000 = -$3,000
Total earnings or returns = Return in 2018 + Return in 2019
Total earnings or returns = $2,000 - $3,000
Total earnings or returns = -$1,000
Average return = (Total earnings or returns / Total investment) × 100%
Average return = (-$1,000 / $30,000) × 100%
Average return = -3.33%
The type of average in this case is the arithmetic average, as we have added the returns for two years, divided by 2 to get the average, and then converted it into a percentage.
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Case Study 425 marks Capstone Ltd plans to raise new capital for a copper mine in South Australia. The company will issue debt and equity instruments to fund for the project. The company's CFO has asked you to calculate he weighted average cost of capital for the company. The company intends to issue 10 years bonds that will pay 9% annual coupon with a total face value of $40,000,000 and a yield to maturity of 9% p.a. Capstone will also issue 1,500,000 shares at a price of $40 per share. Capstone equity has a beta of 1.22 and you determine that the risk free rate is 2.5% while the market is providing 10% return. The relevant corporate tax rate is 30%. Using the three step process calculate the weighted average cost of capital of Capstone Ltd. (Show all calculations, show final answer correct to two decimal places.)
The calculation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is important for the firm to determine the overall capital cost of the firm.
Here's how to calculate the WACC in three steps, given that Capstone Ltd intends to issue 10-year bonds paying an annual coupon of 9% with a total face value of $40,000,000 and a yield to maturity of 9% p.a. Additionally, the company will issue 1,500,000 shares at a price of $40 per share.
Capstone equity has a beta of 1.22, and the risk-free rate is 2.5%, while the market provides a 10% return.Step 1: Calculate the Cost of Debt For the cost of debt calculation, the formula is:k_d = (Annual Coupon/ Market Price of Bond) × (1- Corporate Tax Rate) Substitute the values and calculate:
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$270,000. If Nabil's MARR is 6 percent compounded monthly, should he buy the house? Use annual worth. Click the icon to view the table of compound interest factors for discrete compounding periods when i=6% compounded monthly. Nabil buy the house because the annual worth of the house is 9 per month. (Round to the nearest cent as needed.)
Nabil's is planning to purchase a house that costs 270,000. Nabil's should buy the house since the annual worth of the house is 2,430,000, which is greater than 270,000.
He would only buy the house if the annual worth of the house is 9 per month. Let's compute the annual worth of the house. Determine the monthly interest rate. The monthly interest rate is calculated using the annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods.
Since Nabil's MARR is 6% compounded monthly, the monthly interest rate is:[tex]i = r/m = 6%/12 = 0.5%[/tex]Nabil's is paying for the house over a period of 25 years, which is equal to 12 x 25 = 300 months. From the table of compound interest factors for discrete compounding periods, the annual worth factor is calculated to be 9.0409 using the formula:
[tex]AW,F = ((1 + i)^n * i)/((1 + i)^n - 1) = ((1 + 0.005)^300 * 0.005)/((1 + 0.005)^300 - 1) = 9.0409Step[/tex]
AW = 9 x 270,000 = 2,430,000.
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Design app concept about Hotel Management System in app.moqups and send link
You can start designing your hotel management system app concept.
The process of designing an app concept for a hotel management system on app.moqups.
Step 1: Sign up and log in to app.moqups
Step 2: Create a new project by clicking on the "New Project" button.
Step 3: Choose the type of project you want to create. Since you want to design an app concept, choose "Mobile App."
Step 4: Choose a template for your mobile app. You can either start from scratch or use one of the pre-designed templates.
Step 5: Start designing your hotel management system app concept. You can add various design elements such as buttons, images, and icons to your app. You can also customize the colors, fonts, and other design elements.
Step 6: Once you have finished designing your app concept, you can share it with others by clicking on the "Share" button and copying the link to your project. You can then send the link to others via email or social media.
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the nominal gdp of the u.s. in 2012 was approximately $16.2 trillion. this means that
The nominal GDP of the U.S. in 2012 was approximately $16.2 trillion. This means that the total value of goods and services produced in the U.S. during that year, without adjusting for inflation, was around $16.2 trillion.
Nominal GDP represents the economic output of a country at current prices, without accounting for changes in the price level over time. It reflects the market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of the country in a given year. The nominal GDP figure provides a snapshot of the overall economic activity and size of the economy during a specific period.
It is important to note that nominal GDP does not provide an accurate measure of economic growth when comparing across different years or adjusting for changes in purchasing power. For such purposes, economists often use real GDP, which adjusts for inflation and provides a more meaningful assessment of economic performance over time.
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Seventy-Two Inc, a developer of radiology equipment, has stock outstanding as follows: 60,000 shares of eumulative preferred 3% stock, $20 par and 400,000 shares of $25 par common. During its first four years of operations, the following amounts were distributed as dividends: finst year, $31,000; second year, $73,000; third year, $90,000; fourth year, $120,000. Determine the dividends per share on each class of stock for each of the four years. Round ail answers to two decimal places. If no dividends are paid in a given year, enter "0.00". 7resera in 4 Ceas Mr, thare is the preferred stock cumulative or non-cumulative stock? Determine what amount of current dividends that preferred stock should recelve pee year is the questen asking far a per-share amount or total amount per class of stock?
Seventy-Two Inc, developer of radiology equipment has stock outstanding as follows: 60,000 shares of cumulative preferred 3% stock, $20 par and 400,000 shares of $25 par common.
During its first four years of operations, the following amounts were distributed as dividends:
first year, $31,000;
second year, $73,000;
third year, $90,000;
fourth year, $120,000.
The dividends per share on each class of stock for each of the four years is given below:
Calculation of dividends per share on preferred stock for each of the four years
First Year dividends on preferred stock = 60,000 * $20 * 3%
= $36,000.
Dividend per share = $36,000 / 60,000
= $0.60.
Second Year dividends on preferred stock = 60,000 * $20 * 3%
= $36,000.
Dividend per share = $36,000 / 60,000
= $0.60.
Third Year dividends on preferred stock = 60,000 * $20 * 3%
= $36,000.
Dividend per share = $36,000 / 60,000
= $0.60.
Fourth Year dividends on preferred stock = 60,000 * $20 * 3%
= $36,000.
Dividend per share = $36,000 / 60,000 = $0.60.
Calculation of dividends per share on common stock for each of the four years
First Year dividend on common stock = ($31,000 - $36,000) / 400,000
= -$0.0125
Second Year dividend on common stock = ($73,000 - $36,000) / 400,000
= $0.0925
Third Year dividend on common stock = ($90,000 - $36,000) / 400,000
= $0.135
Fourth Year dividend on common stock = ($120,000 - $36,000) / 400,000
= $0.210
Hence, the dividends per share on each class of stock for each of the four years are as follows: Preferred stock dividends per share: $0.60 for all four years Common stock dividends per share:
-$0.0125 for the first year,
$0.0925 for the second year,
$0.135 for the third year,
and $0.210 for the fourth year.
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XL Co.'s dividends are expected to grow at a 20% rate for the next 3 years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 6% thereafter. If the required return is 14% and the company just paid a $3.10 dividend, what is the current price?
(Hint: Remember, paid dividends are already incorporated in the current price.)
P0 is the current price of the stockD1 is the expected dividend at the end of the year-1D2 is the expected dividend at the end of the year-2P3 the required rate of return g is the growth rate of dividend Substituting the values, we get;
Calculation: In order to calculate the current price of the XL Co., we will use the Dividend Discount Model as follows;
P0 = D1 / (r - g)
Where;P0 is the current price of the stockD1 is the expected dividend at the end of the year-1r is the required rate of return g is the growth rate of dividend.
P3 = D3 * (1 + g2) / (r - g2)
D2 = D1 * (1 + g1) = $3.10 * (1 + 0.20) = $3.72D3 = D2 * (1 + g1) = $3.72 * (1 + 0.20) = $4.46
Now, we can calculate P3:
P3 = D3 * (1 + g2) / (r - g2)= $4.46 * (1 + 0.06) / (0.14 - 0.06)= $56.22
Using Gordon Growth Model, we can find out the price of the stock today:
P0 = D1 / (r - g) + D2 / (r - g)^2 + P3 / (1 + r)^3
Where; P0 is the current price of the stockD1 is the expected dividend at the end of the year-1D2 is the expected dividend at the end of the year-2P3 is the price of the stock at the end of year-3r is the required rate of return g is the growth rate of dividend Substituting the values, we get;
P0 = $3.10 / (0.14 - 0.20) + $3.72 / (0.14 - 0.20)^2 + $56.22 / (1 + 0.14)^3
= $24.54 + $27.09 + $38.72= $90.35
Hence, the current price of the XL Co. stock is $90.35.
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The Average Total Cost (ATC) curve can be useful to firms in that it provides what information:
Question 9 options:
How much the next unit costs to produce if on average fixed costs were low.
How much consumers are willing to purchase at different prices.
How much firms are willing to produce at different prices.
How much the typical unit cost to produce if the total cost was spread out evenly among all units made.
The Average Total Cost (ATC) curve can be useful to firms in that it provides the information about how much the typical unit cost to produce if the total cost was spread out evenly among all units made.
So, the correct option is 4.
The average total cost (ATC) curve demonstrates the cost per unit of the output that a business would have to pay if the total cost was distributed evenly among all of the items that it produces, including variable costs and fixed costs.
In economic theory, the average total cost is the total cost per unit of the output, calculated as total cost divided by the number of goods produced.
By summing up all of the variable and fixed costs associated with producing a good and then dividing by the quantity generated, the ATC is determined.
The ATC represents the production efficiency of a business.
It provides the manufacturer with useful information on the relationship between costs and output, allowing them to make better choices in terms of production volume and price.
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Listed below are a number of statements relating to the timing of claim payment: 1. The insurer is obligated by provincial and territorial insurance law to pay a ciaim within 30 days of receiving evidence that satisfies that the claim is payable 2. Under the terms of the policy there is no entitlement to interest on an unpaid claim 3. Many insurers pay interest for at least some of the time after death and before the benefit is paid 4. The death benefit under a segregated fund (individual variable insurance contract (IviC)) must be calculated after death. 5. The death benefits under ivic contracts can go up or down in value depending on market performance and other variable factors Which of the above statements are correct? Select one: a. They are all correct b. 3,4&5 c. 1,28,5 d. 1,3&4
The answer is option is d. 1,3&4. Listed below are a number of statements relating to the timing of claim payment.
What are they?1. The insurer is obligated by provincial and territorial insurance law to pay a claim within 30 days of receiving evidence that satisfies that the claim is payable
2. Under the terms of the policy, there is no entitlement to interest on an unpaid claim.
3. Many insurers pay interest for at least some of the time after death and before the benefit is paid.
4. The death benefit under a segregated fund (individual variable insurance contract (IviC)) must be calculated after death.
5. The death benefits under ivic contracts can go up or down in value depending on market performance and other variable factors.
The statement 1, 3, and 4 are correct. The insurer is obligated by provincial and territorial insurance law to pay a claim within 30 days of receiving evidence that satisfies that the claim is payable.
Many insurers pay interest for at least some of the time after death and before the benefit is paid.
The death benefit under a segregated fund (individual variable insurance contract (IviC)) must be calculated after death.
Statement 2 is not correct as Under the terms of the policy, there is no entitlement to interest on an unpaid claim.
Statement 5 is not correct as The death benefits under ivic contracts can go up or down in value depending on market performance and other variable factors.
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What is quantitative easing? It is an example of contractionary monetary policy where the central bank sells longer-term assets that are not normally sold to commercial banks. It is an example of expansionary monetary policy where the central bank sells longer-term assets that are not normally sold to commercial banks. It is an example of expansionary monetary policy where the central bank purchases longer-term assets that are not normally purchased from commercial banks. It is an example of contractionary monetary policy where the central bank purchases longer-term assets that are not normally purchased from commercial banks.
Quantitative easing is an example of expansionary monetary policy where the central bank purchases longer-term assets that are not normally purchased from commercial banks.
What is quantitative easing?Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy where a central bank purchases securities, typically longer-term government bonds, from commercial banks and other financial institutions, in order to increase the supply of money and reduce interest rates. This results in an increase in the money supply, which makes it easier for consumers and businesses to borrow money in order to increase spending, which in turn, can help stimulate economic growth.
This is an example of expansionary monetary policy as it helps to expand the money supply. When interest rates are low, banks are more willing to lend, which can lead to increased spending by businesses and consumers. This increased spending can help to stimulate economic growth. Therefore, the central bank purchases longer-term assets that are not normally purchased from commercial banks in order to expand the money supply and increase economic activity.
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(PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT)
In a rush for growth, companies find themselves dealing with an increased volume of contracts. Poor contract management can lead to unnecessary procurement of risks accompanied by financial and reputational losses.
(a) Discuss the pitfalls of poor contract management.
Poor contract management can lead to an increased risk of financial and reputational losses. This is because contracts are the foundation of most business relationships, and poorly written or mismanaged contracts can lead to a wide range of legal and financial complications.
In addition, poorly managed contracts can lead to poor communication between business partners, which can lead to lost opportunities and damaged relationships. Other potential pitfalls of poor contract management include the inability to enforce contractual obligations, the inability to track contract performance, and the inability to identify contract risks.
Companies that fail to properly manage their contracts may also be exposed to a wide range of other risks, such as regulatory non-compliance, breach of contract, and legal disputes. This can lead to reputational damage and loss of customer confidence, as well as significant financial losses.
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what is the best market segmentation strategy for a new app
guide for vegetarians in Paris?
The best market segmentation strategy for a new app targeting vegetarians in Paris would be a combination of demographic and behavioral segmentation.
Demographic Segmentation: The app should primarily target individuals who identify as vegetarians or have a strong interest in vegetarianism. This includes people who follow a vegetarian diet for ethical, health, or environmental reasons.
Additionally, the app can consider age as a demographic factor, as younger individuals are more likely to adopt technology and use mobile apps.
Behavioral Segmentation: The app should focus on the specific needs and preferences of vegetarians in Paris. This includes providing information on vegetarian-friendly restaurants, cafes, and grocery stores in the city, as well as offering customized features like recipe recommendations, food delivery options, and reviews from other vegetarian users.
Targeting individuals who actively seek out vegetarian options and prioritize sustainable and healthy food choices will ensure the app meets the specific requirements of its target market.
By combining these segmentation approaches, the app can tailor its content, features, and marketing efforts to resonate with the unique needs and preferences of vegetarians in Paris. This targeted approach will increase the app's appeal and enhance its chances of success in capturing and retaining its target market.
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The following are selected 2020 transactions of Headland Corporation. Sept. Purchased inventory from Encino Company on account for $61,800. Headland records purchases gross and uses a 1 periodic inventory system. Oct. Issued a $61,800,12-month, 8% note to Encino in payment of account. Oct. Borrowed $61,800 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $66,160 note. (a) Prepare journal entries for the selected transactions above. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit occount titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement.) Saved work will be auto-submitted on the due date. Auto- submission can take up to 10 minutes. (b) The parts of this question must be completed in order. This part will be available when you complete the par (c) The parts of this question must be completed in order. This part will be available when you complete the part
(a) Prepare journal entries for the selected transactions above. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually.
Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement.)The date of purchase of inventory from Encino Company on account for $61,800 is September 1st.Account titleDebitCreditInventory61,800Accounts payable61,800The date of issuing a $61,800, 12-month, 8% note to Encino in payment of the account is October 1st.
Account titleDebitCreditAccounts payable61,800Notes payable61,800[Debt Cash with Interest Rate: $61,800 * 8% * 1/12 = $412]Accounts payable61,800Cash61,388Notes payable412The date of borrowing $61,800 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $66,160 note is October 1st.Account titleDebitCreditCash61,800Discount on notes payable4,360Notes payable66,160[(face value - amount received) = $66,160 - $61,800 = $4,360]
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A. Suppose you have the following information about a closed economy: (3 marks) C = 50 + 0.80 Yd , I =200, G = 100, Where C is consumption, I is investment, G is Government expenditure and Y is income. a) Find out the equilibrium level of income (Y=Yd as tax is zero) b) Suppose G increases to 125 what is the new equilibrium level of income? c) What level of G is needed to achieve a target income of 2000? B. List the determinants of propensity to consume.
A) A closed economy is one in which the goods and services produced are consumed entirely within that economy. If Y=Yd as tax is zero, then equilibrium occurs when the economy is in balance. In this problem, we are given the following information:
C = 50 + 0.80 Yd
I =200
G = 100
a) To find the equilibrium level of income (Y=Yd as tax is zero), we need to equate the total production with total income.
Y = C + I + G Y = (50 + 0.80 Y) + 200 + 100Y = 350 + 0.80 Y Y - 0.80 Y = 350 Y = 350/0.20 Y = 1750
The equilibrium level of income (Y=Yd as tax is zero) is 1750.
b) When G increases to 125, we can use the equation above to find the new equilibrium level of income.
Y = C + I + G Y = (50 + 0.80 Y) + 200 + 125 Y = 375 + 0.80 Y Y - 0.80 Y = 375 Y = 375/0.20 Y = 1875
The new equilibrium level of income is 1875.
c) To find the level of G needed to achieve a target income of 2000, we can use the equation above and solve for G. Y = C + I + G 2000 = 50 + 0.80 Yd + 200 + G G = 1550
The level of G needed to achieve a target income of 2000 is 1550.B) The determinants of propensity to consume are:
1. Disposable income: The more disposable income an individual has, the higher their propensity to consume.
2. Interest rates: Lower interest rates encourage borrowing, which can increase consumption.
3. Consumer confidence: High levels of consumer confidence can increase consumption.
4. Income distribution: Greater income equality can lead to higher levels of consumption.
5. Savings: Higher levels of savings can decrease consumption.
6. Expectations of future income: Positive expectations of future income can increase consumption.
7. Wealth: Greater wealth can increase consumption.
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Explain how trade imbalances in the global supply chain impact the trading activities of the countries in the world. What are the mitigation measures for addressing these trade imbalances? Which parties benefit from such and which ones lose out?
Trade imbalances in the global supply chain occur when countries import more goods than they export. This imbalance creates a negative trade balance and negatively impacts trading activities of the countries in the world. Trade imbalance can lead to a trade war between countries as they attempt to protect their domestic industries.
The impact of trade imbalances in the global supply chain is that it leads to a surge in imports which hurts the domestic industries. The increased imports lead to the loss of jobs in the affected industries.
They have a ready market for their goods and are able to generate income and create jobs within their domestic markets. Mitigation measures to address trade imbalances include encouraging exports, increasing domestic consumption, and implementing import substitution strategies.
For instance, countries can use tariffs or quotas to limit the amount of imports allowed into the country, while at the same time, increasing exports. Additionally, countries can engage in bilateral or multilateral trade agreements to create a fair trade environment, eliminate trade barriers, and create incentives to increase exports.
The parties that benefit from such measures are the exporting countries, the domestic industries in importing countries that are protected, and consumers in the importing countries that enjoy lower prices. The parties that lose out are the domestic industries in exporting countries that are not protected, and the consumers in importing countries that pay higher prices.
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