Option b is correct. Gas in a cylinder expands against a piston from point a to point b on the p-v plot at the right. in this process the temperature decreases.
Think about a gas that is firmly sealed inside a vessel that has a moveable piston. By depressing the piston downward, we may manipulate the gas, and we can heat the gas by exposing the container to a flame or immersing it in a pot of boiling water. The pressure and volume of the gas can alter when we apply it to certain thermodynamic processes.
Using a PV diagram, also known as a pressure volume diagram, is an easy way to see these changes in the pressure and volume. On a PV diagram, each point represents a distinct gas condition. While the volume is indicated on the horizontal axis, the pressure is given on the vertical axis.
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a 4-bit dac must have an 8.00-v output when all inputs are high. find the required reference voltage. (3 pts)
Depends on the input and the reference voltage. Voltage is 1.250V
What is the output of the 4-bit DAC?Given a 4-bit digital input d and a reference voltage r, output voltage will be roughly Vout=din16Vref
The digital input d will be a 4-bit binary number presented to the DAC as 4 1-bit digital signals connected to the 4 digital input pins. Each signal will be either “hi” (binary 1, typically 5 volts), or “lo” (binary “0”, typically 0 volts).
The digital input pins are typically labeled in the data sheet for the DAC as D0 (20
bit), D1 (21 bit), D2 (22 bit), D3 (23bit).
So if we consider each input pin, D0 through D3, to be a single-bit binary number (0 or 1), then the output voltage would be given by Vout=8D3+4D2+2D1+D016Vref
.For example, if D3D2D1D0 = 0100b
and Vref is 5V, then Vout=0100b16Vref=4165
V=1.250V
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a typical steel frame building needs to be stabilized so that it doesn't wrack. why does an unstabilized steel frame building wrack?
Steel-framed homes have insufficient insulation and poor energy efficiency. This is due to thermal bridging, which reduces the insulating characteristics of steel by 60%. Steel conducts heat more efficiently than wood.
The thing that gives a steel frame lateral stability is?Without bracing, the connections between the beam and column in steel frames typically break. They are lateral stable thanks to the action of the frames, specifically the flexure and shear forces in the beams and columns.To join bracing components to other structural members in the lateral force resisting system, gusset plates are utilized in steel buildings.Stainless steel, which is heat and corrosion resistant, is one of the most resilient ferrous metals and has a higher lifetime value than other steels. Several different shapes can be created with cast iron, which is simply formed.Steel-framed homes have insufficient insulation and poor energy efficiency. This is due to thermal bridging, which reduces the insulating characteristics of steel by 60%. Steel conducts heat more efficiently than wood. Higher energy bills could result from this.To learn more about Steel frames refer to:
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Compare the manner in which the aggregate particles become bonded together in clay-based mixtures during firing and in cements during setting.
Cement bond forms at room temperature, which is the primary difference.
What is room temperature?A range of air temperatures that most people favor for indoor settings is referred to colloquially as "room temperature." When wearing typical indoor clothing, it feels cozy to the wearer. Depending on factors such as humidity, airflow, and other variables, human comfort may go beyond this range. Food and drinks may be served either warm or cold, or at room temperature.
The term "room temperature" can refer to a variety of established ranges in some contexts and in some disciplines, such as science and engineering. The air (or another medium and surroundings) in a specific location's actual temperature, as determined by a thermometer, is known as the ambient temperature. An ideal room temperature and the ambient temperature can differ greatly. An example of this would be a room that is not heated in the winter.
Cement begins to set when combined with water. Various cement constituents hydrate during mixing, and mineral hydrates solidify as a result of a series of chemical reactions involving hydration. Some of these components function as a bonding phase, giving cement its structure and ultimately its strength. Additionally, the bonding phase for clay-based aggregates develops after cooling, when the glassy liquid that was formed during firing.
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a constant-volume thermometer measures 82.9 kpa at 500 k. what is the pressure at water's triple point? type your answer here
The pressure measured at the boiling point of water is 55K P a
How to calculate the pressure measured at the boiling point of water ?The amount of force applied to a certain region is referred to as pressure.
The definition of pressure is "force applied per unit area." It can be calculated mathematically using P=FA, where F is the force acting perpendicular to surface area A. The pascal (Pa), or one newton per square meter (N/m 2), is the common unit of pressure.
Given,
Pressure measured by a constant volume gas thermometer at the triple point of water,
[tex]P_{tr}[/tex]= 40KPa = 40*10³P a
The boiling point of water, T=100° C=373.16K
Let the pressure measured at the boiling point of water be P.
For a constant volume gas thermometer, temperature pressure relation is given below
T= P/[tex]P_{tr}[/tex] *273.16K
P =t * [tex]P_{tr}[/tex]/273.16
373.16×40×10 ³/ 273.16
=54620Pa
=5.42×10³ Pa≈55KPa
Therefore the pressure measured at the boiling point of water is 55K Pa
The complete question is : The pressure measured by a constant volume gas thermometer is 40kPa at the triple point of water. What will be the pressure measured at the boiling point of water (100°C)?
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What is a branch interval? Select one: A. Secondary drain of the waste water drainage system within a building B. A vent branch through the roof of a building C. Total length of pipe measured along the centerline of the pipe D. Section of soil or waste stack corresponding to one story in height
Section of soil or waste stack corresponding to one story in height is a branch interval. Thus the correct option is option D.
What is branch interval?Branch interval is a term used to describe the vertical distance between horizontal branches that connect to a drainage stack, which must be at least 8 feet (2438 mm) in developed length. From the highest horizontal branch connection, measurements are taken down the stack.
There are frequently additional requirements for allowable loading in addition to the fundamental FU loading; in this case, a "branch interval" may refer to the number of stories permitted to drain to a specific stack diameter. The criteria for a 6in stack only permits a maximum of 4 branches or stories to be drained to it, so a 6in stack may handle x FU from 5 stories.
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7.1 pspicemultisim the switch in the circuit in fig. p 7.1 has been closed for a long time before opening at t
A series of DC operating point simulations are carried out using DC sweep. It increases the voltage or current of a chosen source throughout a range of values in specified steps.
With any source that has a DC offset variable, DC sweep can be applied. A layered sweep can also be performed with an optional second source. The diode in the circuit below maintains a nearly constant breakdown or Zener voltage as the current flowing through it varies. The Zener voltage in this instance is 5 V. This circuit can be built, or you can open it from the Help Circuits user group and save a copy for yourself. This group is exclusive.
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A laminar boundary layer velocity profile is approximated by the two straight-line segments indicated in Fig. P9.30. Use the momentum integral equation to determine the boundary layer thickness, δ S(x), and wall shear stress, Ep-Fn(x). Compare these results with those in Table 9.2. δ/2 lu 2U U Figure P9.30
When a flow is accelerating and Ue(x) = (Uo/L)x, the von Karman boundary-layer momentum integral equation can be used to calculate how the wall shear stress varies with downstream distance.
According to the principle of conservation of momentum, the rate at which momentum accumulates in a control volume is equal to the net rate of momentum entering the volume (also known as the momentum flux) plus the total of all external forces acting on the volume. Applied in the x-direction, this vector equation. The fundamental governing equations for a viscous, heat-conducting fluid are the Navier-Stokes equations. It is also known as the momentum equation and is a vector equation that is created by applying Newton's Law of Motion to a fluid element.
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In CSMA/CD+ACK, when a wireless NIC wishes to transmit, it listens for traffic. If there is traffic, it waits. When the traffic stops, it may transmit immediately.
A) always true
B) sometimes true
C) always false
It is always true. A wireless NIC in CSMA/CD+ACK listens for traffic before transmitting when it wants to. It waits if there is traffic. It might transmit right away if the traffic stops.
What does a wireless NIC do?A dedicated, permanent connection to a network is provided by a NIC for a computer. It puts into practise the physical layer hardware required for interacting with a data link layer standard, like Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Each card serves as a device and has the ability to prepare, transmit, and manage data flow on the network.Many more recent mobile computers include a wireless network port incorporated into the motherboard due to the low cost and widespread adoption of the Wi-Fi standard.The phrase is typically used to describe IEEE 802.11 adapters, although it can also refer to NICs that use protocols other than 802.11, like those that support Bluetooth connections.To learn more about NIC refer:
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Problem 1. CMRR of Differential Amplifiers [8 points] VOD J J RD Ro+ARD Vo- Vo+ M M2 +vd/2 -Vd/2 Vc VB4 M4 Vc VB VB3 M3 VB Fig. P1 All transistors are in the saturation region; the transconductances of M1, M2, M3 and M4 are gml, gm2, gm3 and gm4, respectively; the output resistances of M1, M2, M3 and M4 are rol, 102, 103, and 104, respectively. Also, gm1 = gm2 and ro1 = ro2 >> Rp. The tail current source of this differential amplifier is implemented in the cascode structure (M3 and M4), and the load resistors have a very small amount of mismatch, ARD (<
CMRR of Differential Amplifiers is RD/r₀1(1+gm1r₀₄.ro₃gm₄) when All transistors are in the saturation region.
a)V₀=-gm₁(r₀||RD).Vd
V₀/Vd=-gm1(r₀||RD)
since r₀>>Rd
Ad=-gm1Rd
b)for common mode
Rout =gm₄ro₄.ro₃
AV=-gm1r₀1/1+2gm1r₀₄.ro₃gm₄
C)CMRR=|Ad/Ac| for Differential Amplifiers
=gm1Rd/(gm1r₀1/1+2gm1r₀₄.ro₃gm₄)
CMRR=RD/r₀1(1+gm1r₀₄.ro₃gm₄)
The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of an operational amplifier is the proportion of common-mode gain to differential-mode gain. The CMRR is X/Y, for instance, if a differential input change of Y volts results in a change of 1 volt at the output and a common-mode input change of X volts results in a change of 1 volt at the output as well.
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The technique whereby a portion of the lines of k space are "sampled" and "filled" and the remaining lines are interpolated is known as all of the following EXCEPT:
a.half fourier
b.partial fourier
c.fractional fourier
d.interleaved acquisition
The technique whereby a portion of the lines of k space are "sampled" and "filled" and the remaining lines are interpolated is known as all of the following except:
d. Interleaved Acquisition
What does interpolated mean?
When something is spoken or written, an interpolation is a break in the flow or an addition. Interpolation occurs when your best friend repeatedly cuts you off while you're talking about a particularly eventful day to add details.
It has a very similar meaning to that. Interpolations are when you tell a story and then add a few new details. While you're telling the story, if someone else interpolates new details, that counts as well.
Every time a copy of an ancient book was printed, a new interpolation was added. The original is improved in some way by all interpolations.
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the programming practice is centered on creating objects. question 8 options: object-centric procedural object-oriented objective
The practice of procedural programming is centered on the creation of objects. Procedures are simply a set of computational steps that must be followed.
What is procedural programming ?Procedural programming is a programming paradigm derived from imperative programming that is based on the procedure call concept. Procedures are simply a set of computational steps that must be followed.Some of the most common types of programming languages used by script and software developers are procedural languages. They write programmes that use functions, conditional statements, and variables to allow a computer to calculate and display a desired output.Event-driven programming is another programming paradigm with which procedural programming can be contrasted. In this approach, procedures are only called/executed in response to events such as mouse clicks, keyboard presses, attaching or removing a device, receiving data from an external source, and so on.To learn more about procedural programming refer :
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In a practical machine the power output is less than the power input considering the law of energy conservation what can explain this occurrence.
you have probably heard that hurricane harvey was a 1,000 year rainfall event. but the term rainfall event is not the same as a flooding event, one measures the amount of precipitation the other measures river discharge. the highest discharge on buffalo bayou for hurricane harvey was 32,600 cfs. was hurricane harvey a 100-year flooding event (or greater) at the stream gauge on buffalo bayou? you calculated the 100-year event in question 9.
Since discharge of hurricane was 23300cfs which is less than 23730 so no it was not 100 year but less than that.
So, second option is the correct option.
What is a hurricane?A tropical storm that has sustained winds of 74 mph or more is considered a hurricane. A storm's eye typically measures 20 to 30 miles in width and can reach 400 miles. A storm can be dangerous due to the torrential rains, strong winds, and storm surges.
A hurricane can travel the entire length of the Eastern Seaboard and last for up to two weeks over open water.
A hurricane's 74–160 mph winds can reach hundreds of miles inland. Tornadoes can develop in hurricanes, increasing the storm's potential for destruction. Floods and flash floods brought on by torrential rains also result in property damage and fatalities.
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A company currently uses passwords for logging in to company-owned devices and wants to
add a second authentication factor. Per corporate policy, users are not allowed to have smartphones
at their desks. Which of the following would meet these requirements?
(A). Smart card
(B). PIN code
(C). Knowledge-based question
(D). Secret key
Option D is the right response. In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding data.
Put a password manager to use. In this case, password managers come in handy. For identifying purposes, users are frequently given a user ID. Authentication occurs when the user submits credentials, like a password that precisely matches their user ID. In single-factor authentication, a user ID and password are required (SFA). A biometric device is an identifying instrument that uses a human's physical or behavioral traits. The most popular biometrics based on human physical characteristics are hardware devices like fingerprint scanners, iris scanners, and palm readers. For biometrics based on behavioral traits, software is a typical format.
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The variable planet_distances is associated with a dictionary that maps planet names to planetary distances from the sun. Write a statement that deletes the entry for the planet name "Pluto".
In Python
A statement that deletes the entry for the planet name "Pluto" is given as del planet_distances["Pluto"].
What is variable?A variable in programming is a value that is subject to change based on external factors or input. Typically, a program is made up of data that the program uses while it is running and instructions that tell the computer what to do.
Constants or fixed values that never change make up the data, while variables (whose initial values are typically set to "0" or some other default value because the program's user will supply the actual values) are also present. In most cases, certain data types are used to define both constants and variables.
The form of the data is dictated by and constrained by each data type. Examples of data types include a decimal representation of an integer or a string of text characters that is typically constrained in length.
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historically, the average grade in chem 1015 is a b-/c . in order for an average student to earn an average grade, the average student would be expected to spend an average of 3 hour(s) a week on the course.
The biggest concern with using students in research is if your relationship with them will result in direct or indirect pressure on them to take part in the study.
The research found that during their first semester, students prioritized socializing and work duties over academics and spent less time on them. In general, students expected to devote more time to their studies in the second semester. According to the common rule of thumb for college studying, students should allocate two to three hours of study time for every hour spent in class. We discover that the typical monthly expenditure for college students is about $250 when we take into account that semesters are typically four months long and that students finish two semesters per year.
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technician a says that a drop in the coolant level in the surge tank or coolant overflow reservoir when the engine cools indicates an internal engine leak. technician b says that the drop in the level is normal. who is correct?
Technician B is correct. The drop in the coolant level in the surge tank or coolant overflow reservoir when the engine cool is normal.
The silicate dropout happens when the antifreeze/coolant has been used past it existence expectancy and the components are damaged. This goo might have ended up plugging the system, plus the silicate is a part of the corrosion inhibitor package. A borescope is used: for inspecting inner passages for proof of a coolant leak. Nitrite is common in coolants for heavy-obligation diesel engines and a few older engines. It facilitates defending iron from corrosion and cavitation.
Basically, coolants are available in three types:
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What are the benefits and drawbacks of using superconducting materials to transport energy.
Superconducting materials have a huge potential to bring about revolutionary advances in high-field magnet technology and electric power.
allowing for ultra-strong, tiny, light-weight electrical equipment, high-speed maglev transit, and electric power generator with excellent efficiency. The equipment can be drastically smaller because to the use of superconductivity in magnet applications. The drawback is that superconductive materials require extremely low temperatures—close to absolute zero—which raises the expense of operation. Only when kept below a specific temperature known as the transition temperature do superconducting materials truly superconduct. The temperature is significantly below 77 Kelvin, the temperature of liquid nitrogen, for currently understood practical superconductors.
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An office building requires a heat transfer rate of 20 kW to maintain the inside temperature at 21 °C when the outside temperature is 0 °C. A vapor-compression heat pump with R 134a as the working fluid is to be used to provide the necessary heating. The compressor operates adiabatically with an isentropic efficiency of 82%. Assume the refrigerant exits the evaporator as saturated vapor and exits the condenser as saturated liquid at the respective pressures. Find:Given ?T cond= ?T evap= 10 °C as shown in Figure below, what are the pressuresfor condenser and evaporator?What is the mass flow rate of the refrigerant (kg/s)What is the COP for actual cycleWhat is the COP for Carnot at T outside and T inside (0 and 21 °C respectively)
Mass flow rate (kg/s) of the refrigerant is 0.11 kg/s the actual cycle's COP What is Carnot's COP when T is outside and T is inside is 13
(a)
For the temperature difference of 10 C, the saturation pressure for R134a is found from
the refrigeration table.
P; = PA =800 kPa
P = P, = 200 kPa
Convert pressure in terms of bar.
1 bar
P; = PA =800 kPax-
100 kPa
= 0.8 bar
Hence, the pressure of refrigerant in the condenser is 0.8 bar
Convert pressure in terms of bar.
1 bar
R = P2 = 200 kPax
100 kPa
= 0.2 bar
Hence, the pressure of refrigerant in the evaporator is 0.2 bar
(b)
Calculate the compressor power.
Wcamp = m(hy - hz )
Here, the compressor work is Wcamp-
Substitute 0.11- form , 276.91- forh, , and 241.30- forh2 .
Wcomp =0.11kg/s x 276.91 -241.30
=3.92 kW
Hence, the compressor work is 3.92 kW.
Calculate the COP of the cycle.
cycle's COP=Q/W
cop=273/294-273
=13
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a recent engineering graduate designs a small steel structure for a client using educational structural design software leftover from college. he later learns that the software gives accurate stress analysis for tension, but does not properly predict buckling of columns in compression. he purchases the professional version and a revised analysis shows that the building is not as safe as first believed. a large snowfall would create a static load that could cause the supporting columns to buckle and the building to collapse. the probability of this snowfall occurring is once every 10 years. what should the engineer do?
In order to make the structure safe in the case of a significant snowfall, the engineer should warn the customer of the hazards associated with the design and suggest that it be strengthened or rebuilt. The engineer should also advise the client to think about acquiring more reliable structural design tools for future projects.
What is software?
Software is a group of computer programmes, along with related documentation and data. The system, which carries out the work, has been constructed. Executable code is the lowest level of programming, and it consists of machine instructions that are supported by a single processor, usually a central processing unit (CPU) or (GPU).
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Can someone solve this please
i cant solve this but good question
technician a says that the differential in a fwd vehicle is in the transaxle assembly. technician b says that the differential assembly is attached to the final drive ring gear. which technician is correct?
According to technician B, the differential assembly is correctly linked to the drive wheels ring gear.
What is Gear?
A gear is a rotating , circular machine element with teeth that can be cut, or in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, they can be inserted. These teeth, known as cogs, mesh with another grooved part to transfer (convert) torque and speed. The basic idea underlying how gears work is comparable to the fundamental idea behind how levers work. Cog is another casual term for a gear. Geared devices can vary the speed, torque, and orientation of a power supply.
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19) mr. smith has allowed mrs. jones to run a sewer line through mr. smith's backyard so that mrs. jones has access to the city sewer system. this is an example of a(n):
Mr. smith has allowed mrs. jones to run a sewer line through mr. smith's backyard so that mrs. jones has access to the city sewer system. this is an example of Easement.
The most typical easements are affirmative ones. They permit exclusive usage of privately owned property. Positive easements are less lenient. They restrict the usage of land. a method or act of alleviating or relieving (as from discomfort): a stake in real property that authorizes the owner to a particular, constrained use or enjoyment. also: a plot of land that is the subject of an easement. In general, there are three different types of non-express easements that are created by legislation. Prescriptive easements, implied easements, and easements by estoppel are the first, second, and third types of easements, respectively. The dominant and servient lands must be registered with an official easement. Legal easements automatically transfer with the transfer of the dominant tenement or a portion of it.
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compress 'aacccbccddab' using dictionary coding. (show both coding at the sender and decoding at the receiver)
Sender:
Dictionary: a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4
Coded message: 112333412
Receiver:
Dictionary: a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4
Decoded message: aacccbccddab
Decoding: What is it?
Decoding entails transforming code into clear text or another format that can be used for additional operations. The opposite of the word encoding is decoding. It restores files and encrypted data transfer transmissions to their initial states. Communication is also made possible by internal processes called encoding and decoding. To be communicated to another computer, data must be transformed into a string of ones and zeros. "Serialization" is the process that makes sure the receiver can transform or decode back to its original state.
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technician a says that a spiral cell (optima battery) is not considered a sealed lead-acid (sla) battery. technician b says that an absorbed glass mat (agm) battery is not considered a sla battery. who is correct?
Neither technicians A and B are correct. All kinds of optima cells need a sealed lead-acid battery. Meanwhile, an absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery is considered an SLA battery.
All kind of optime batteries are SLA AGM batteries, very resistant to vibrations and ready to operate in any position. Each of Optima's six cells uses AGM plates to keep the acid in place. These are wound into precisely compressed spiral cells and inserted into the case. Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) and Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) are two different abbreviations for the similar cell. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) refers to a shape of SLA/VRLA in which the electrolytes are soaked into dividers throughout plates made out of sponge-like thin glass fibretion matting.
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Mechanical Properties of Materials a) Define yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of a material. What is the significance of using engineering stress-engineering strain and true stress-true strain curves?
b) Give the physical arguments for why steels have a definite yield point (upper and lower yield points) while metals like Al and Cu do not.
By putting a material specimen through a compression or tension test, it is possible to determine the connection between stress and strain in a material.
By putting a material specimen through a compression or tension test, it is possible to determine the connection between stress and strain in a material. In this test, a test specimen is subjected to an axial force that increases gradually, and the deflection is recorded as the load rises. An illustration of this data might be a load-deflection curve. The test specimen's deflection is influenced by the specimen's geometry and elastic modulus of the material (area and length). It is helpful to generalize the data to eliminate the effect of geometry because we are interested in material behavior without regard to geometry.
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two identical synchronous machines, each rated 60 mva, 15 kv, with a subtransient reactance of 0.1pu, are connected through a line of reactance 0.1pu on the base of the machine rating. one machine is acting as a synchronous generator, while the other is working as a motor drawing 40mw at 0.8pf leading with a terminal voltage of 14.5kv, when a symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals. determine the subtransient currents in the generator, the motor, and the fault by using the internal voltages of the machines
For the Generator: The generator's internal voltage and the sub transient circuit's reactance are used to determine the sub transient current in the generator.
Internal Voltage = 15,000 V
Reactance = 0.10 pu
Subtractive Current = External Voltage / Reactance (15kV / 0.1pu = 150A)
For the Motor: The Terminal Voltage, Power Factor, and Resistor of the Sub transient Circuit are used to determine the Sub transient Current in the Motor.
The terminal voltage is 14.5 kV.
The power factor is 0.8.
Reactance = 0.10 pu
What is voltage ?
Voltage, also referred to as electric tension, electric pressure, or (electric) voltage source, is the difference in battery powered potential between two places. It is equivalent to the labor required to transfer a test charge between two places in a static electric field.
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The following is NOT a metric value.
a. Decimeter.
b. Octimeter.
c. Millimeter.
d. Meter.
Answer:
b. Octimeter
Explanation:
no such measurement/value.
what happens when an hsrp active router fails? (select two.) answer additional hsrp member routers transition from the listen state after the holdtime
The HSRP standby router becomes the active router after the hold time expires on the hello message. Additional HSRP member routers transition from the listen state after the hold time expires on the hello message.
What happens when an HSRP active router fails?
When troubleshooting HSRP systems, network engineers are most likely to encounter the Active Change State Error. According to the messages, a standby HSRP router or switch is not getting three consecutive HSRP hello packets from its HSRP peer.The flaw indicates that the standby switch switches from standby to active. Currently, if this error message occurs during the underlying establishment, the switch returns to the standby mode. The error message in this instance is most likely not caused by a HSRP problem.Additional HSRP member routers transition from the listen state after the hold time expires on the hello message.To learn more about HSRP router, refer to
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4. calculate the head h that will produce a flow rate of 0.085 m3/s and a turbine power output of 15 kw. ignore losses.
The head h that will produce h will be 23.92 meters.
What are the principal reasons for head loss?The head, pressure, or energy (they all refer to the same thing) expended by water moving in a pipe or channel due to turbulence brought on by the water's speed and the roughness of the pipe, channel walls, or fittings. Friction losses cause water moving through a pipe to lose head.
What head loss in a pipe is acceptable?The normal pipe head losses in small high-head, low-flow hydro systems range from 10% to 20%. Pipe head losses are typically only a few percent in low-head systems.
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