Genetic, antimicrobial resistance and immunological tests
What is organisms?The scientific approach of classifying and naming living things by putting them in groups based on qualities or characteristics in common is called taxonomy. This covers the organism's genetic make-up, morphological (structural) traits, and evolutionary connections to other species.
The Five I's are used to control and describe microbes (inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection and identification).
Microscopic methods like optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are crucial for assessing these features.
Using behavioral, ecological, and molecular information, researchers were able to distinguish between two species of ants, Camponotus renggeri and Camponotus rufipes, that are closely related.
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the presence of neandertal dna in modern human genomes suggests our ancestors interbred. how was this thought to have occurred?
However, research has shown that modern humans overlapped with the Neanderthal and Denisovan populations over a period, and that they had children together (interbreeding).
As a result, many people living today have a small amount of genetic material from these distant ancestors. The first conclusive evidence that humans and Neanderthals mated came from the analysis of a draft Neanderthal genome, largely obtained from remains found in Croatia. As a result of these encounters, humans from outside of Africa carry traces of Neanderthal DNA, around 1% to 2% of their genomes. Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans overlapped geographically over a period of more than 30,000 years after human migration out of Africa. During this period, Neanderthals and humans interbred, as evidenced by the Neanderthal portions of the genome carried by non-African individuals today. The researchers estimate that much of the Neanderthal DNA in modern human genomes came from interbreeding events that took place around 50,000 to 55,000 years ago. in the Middle East. Thousands of years later, humans moving into East Asia interbred with the Denisovans.
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Often the repair of the DNA strand by enzymes is
A. not adequate.
B. inconclusive.
C. very effective.
D. helpful to only a few DNA molecules
Answer: C. Very Effective
Explanation:
54. A neurone that tranmit meage from the ene organ to the central nervou ytem i
A. Enory neurone
B. Motor neurone
C. Relay neurone
D. Effector
A neuron that transmit meager from the given organ to the central nervous system is motor neuron.
What is central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.The brain directs our thoughts, memories, movements, and emotions.Between the brain and the nerves that travel throughout the body, the spinal cord relays signals.Both the brain and the spinal cord are encased in bone, the vertebrae, a group of ring-shaped bones, protecting the spinal cord and the brain respectively. Both of them are supported by cerebrospinal fluid and meningeal membrane layers. The fluid circulates along the spinal column and via ventricles, or hollow chambers, in the brain. It nourishes, feeds, and removes waste from the central nervous system.Parts of the brain:
The brain is both very intricate and little. The average adult brain barely weighs roughly 3 pounds. It contains several folds and grooves where significant information is kept. The cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum are the three major components of the brain.As information is processed, each lobe handles a certain type:
Complex thought processes including planning, picturing, coming to conclusions, and reasoning take place in the frontal lobe. Back of the forehead is where it is.The parietal lobe handles information regarding temperature, taste, and touch. Behind the frontal lobe is where it is.The temporal lobe enables humans to comprehend speech and other languages, identify things and people, and form memories. It's close to the ear.The occipital lobe, pronounced processes light and other visual data from the eyes to tell us of what we are seeing. It is located in the back of the brain.Hence, A neuron that transmit meager from the given organ to the central nervous system.
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If you were a subject in a scientific study measuring body fatness, the scientists might assess your body composition using any of a variety of anthropometric measurements. Click and drag to match each measurement technique to its description.
The foundation of anthropometric measurements approach is the idea that the muscle circumference measurement is reflective of the entire body.
What four measurements are taken anthropometrically?Height, weight, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist, hip, and limb circumferences to measure adiposity, and skinfold thickness make up the basic components of anthropometry.
What are the two anthropometry metrics that are most frequently used for adults?The body mass index (BMI) is the most frequently used indirect indication of obesity and body adiposity today, and weight and height are the most generally utilized anthropometric measurements (3, 4, 5).
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what happens during coal formation after plants die and fall to the bottom of a swamp?(1 point) responses heat and pressure build up. heat and pressure build up. sediment and rock pile on top. sediment and rock pile on top. overall plant growth declines. overall plant growth declines. carbon-rich coal is formed.
The correct option is C ; Sediment and rock build on top of each other when plants die and sink to the bottom of a marsh during coal production.
What exactly do you mean by "coal formation"?
Coal formation is described as the process through which dead plant matter decomposes into peat and is turned into coal over millions of years by the heat and pressure of deep burial.
When a plant dies and falls to the swamp's bottom, sediments and boulders pile up on top over millions of years. It changes plants from organic to inorganic forms, resulting in coal synthesis.
As a result, silt and rock accumulate on top of each other as plants die and sink to the bottom of a marsh during coal formation.
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Full Question ;
What happens during coal formation after plants die and fall to the bottom of a swamp? (1 point)
A Carbon-rich coal is formed.
B Heat and pressure build-up.
C Sediment and rock pile on top.
D Overall plant growth declines.
which of the following mechanisms can cause two different proteins to be produced from the same gene?
The mechanisms which can cause two different proteins to be produced from the same gene is b)mRNA splicing. So, correct option is b.
mRNA splicing is defined as a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) works as a transcript and transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It actually works by removing all of the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and splicing back together the exons (coding regions).
For nuclear-encoded genes, splicing occurs in the nucleus either during or immediately after transcription. For eukaryotic genes that contain introns in them , splicing is usually needed to create an mRNA molecule that can be translated into protein.
For eukaryotic introns, splicing occurs as the series of reactions which are catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex reaction of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).
Hence, correct option b.
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(Complete question) is:
which of the following mechanisms can cause two different proteins to be produced from the same gene?
a)RNA editing
b)mRNA splicing
c)posttranslational modifications
d)All of these.
a crustacean increasing the amount of oxygen binding pigment in its blood in response to low oxygen in the environment is an example of: group of answer choices a genotypic change a phenotypic change an evolutionarily stable strategy a co-dependency
A crab responding to low oxygen levels in the environment by increasing the quantity of oxygen-binding pigment in its blood is an example of a phenotypic change.
The correct option is b.
Hemoglobins, hemerythrins, and hemocyanins are the three categories of oxygen-transporting proteins that may be separated in nature based on the active site.
In reaction to low oxygen levels in the environment, a crab increases the quantity of oxygen-binding pigment in its blood. This cannot occur unexpectedly. It is a change in phenotype.
A cell or organism can change from one phenotype to another, or two cells or organisms might exhibit distinct phenotypes despite having the same genotype. This process is known as phenotypic change.
Because phenotypic variations may result from changes in the long-term programming of gene activity rather than variation in gene sequences per se, studies of the foundation for inter-individual phenotypic variability should consider epigenetic variants in addition to genetic sequence polymorphisms.
The complete question is:
A crustacean increasing the amount of oxygen binding pigment in its blood in response to low oxygen in the environment is an example of:
group of answer choices
a. a genotypic change
b. a phenotypic change
c. an evolutionarily stable strategy
d. a co-dependency
e. an adaptation
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turtles and crocodiles are all part of the clade known as reptiles. based on the phylogenetic tree, which statement(s) is false?
The false statement is that birds are ancestors of dinosaurs.
The four main groups of living reptiles are dinosaurs, crocodilians, lizards/snakes, and turtles/tortoises. The next two groups are made up of the highly specialized archosaurs, which have existed for 225 million years! The living reptiles that are most similar to birds are called archosaurs.
Crocodiles and birds are most closely linked. Therapsids, a group of reptiles, split off about 40 million years later (very swiftly by geological standards), evolving into modern mammals. Over the subsequent 120 million years, many reptile species diverged, and the dinosaurs, one of these branches, flourished. However, all dinosaurs perished 65 million years ago, with the exception of a small type of feathered dinosaurs. Over the ensuing 65 million years, these transformed into modern birds. Birds are therefore not simply closely related to dinosaurs; they are dinosaurs themselves!
Hence, dinosaur are ancestors of birds
Turtles and crocodiles are all part of the clade known as reptiles. Based on the phylogenetic tree to the right, which statement(s) is FALSE?
A) Birds are reptiles.
B) Birds are ancestors of dinosaurs.
C) Birds are more evolved than turtles.
1) A, B, and C
2) B and C
3) A only
4) B only
5) C only
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(08.05 mc) an endangered species of lake trout is discovered living in a national wildlife refuge. which of the following statements explain how being listed as endangered under the endangered species act could help save the fish from extinction? the endangered species act calls for relocation of the trout to captive tanks for studying. the endangered species act prohibits fishers from catching the trout or interfering with its habitat. the endangered species act allocates federal funds to help add predatorial fish to the refuge to help promote only the survival of the heartiest trout.
endangered species act save the fish from extinction through relocation of the trout to captive tanks, prohibits fishers from catching the trout and allocates federal funds
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884, 16 U.S.C. 1531–1544) was created to protect species that have been designated as vulnerable or endangered. Specifically, the ESA was created to To meet the goals of the treaties and conventions outlined in paragraph (a) of this section, it is necessary to offer a means for the ecosystems that are needed for the conservation of endangered and threatened species, as well as a program for their preservation.
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Correct the wrong terminology in each of the
following sentences. A word bank is provided.
carit
4. The water cycle is the process of evaporat-
ing sea water so that the water and salt
separate.
5. Types of nekton
include sea stars
and clams.
Answer:
Explanation: number 4 is distillation and number 5 is echinoderms.
solid wastes include durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.
Wastes such as containers and other packaging, discarded food, yard clippings, and durable and non-durable items are referred to as municipal solid waste (MSW).
Solid waste is a low-liquid-content, worthless, and occasionally harmful item. Municipal waste, commercial and industrial disposal, sewage sludge, wastes from farming as well as animal husbandry operations as well as other related activities, demolition wastes, and mining wastes are all examples of solid wastes. Frequently used items like product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries are included in municipal solid waste (MSW), also known as trash or garbage. Food Garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from waste treatment facilities, air pollution control facilities, and other abandoned materials are all considered to be solid waste.
(What is municipal solid waste?)
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Scientists have been measuring increasing levels of greenhouse gases in earth's atmosphere. How do the increasing levels affect ecosystems?.
An increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases produces a positive climate forcing, or warming effect.
When energy from a planet's host star passes through its atmosphere and heats the planet's surface, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent some of the heat from returning directly to space, resulting in a warmer planet.
The greenhouse effect occurs when some of the Sun's infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere, but the vast majority is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules and clouds. This has the effect of warming the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases have serious environmental and health consequences. They contribute to climate change by trapping heat, which affects a variety of species in already arid environments. Extreme weather, wildfires, droughts, and food supply disruptions are all exacerbated by climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.
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According to anchoring effects, our brains usually use the first piece of info we learn about the value of something to establish a _____ from which to begin negotiations.
According to anchoring effects, our brains often create a starting point for negotiations from the first piece of information we hear about something's value.
The anchoring effect refers to the propensity for people to base their judgments significantly on the initial piece of data they learn. The anchoring effect is an example of cognitive bias, a form of deliberate thinking error that impairs judgment and decision-making.
When you concentrate on one particular piece of data when making a choice or finding a solution to a problem, you develop an anchoring bias, which is a flawed heuristic. Due to improper changes from an initial number, people produce erroneous final estimations.
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Which type of fungi fungi decompose dead matter?
a) saprophytic
b) parasitic
c) symbiotic
d) heterotrophic
Answer:
a.saprophytic
Explanation:
I hope its useful
which of the following statements concerning zoophilia is false? * 1 point a. it is also called beastiality. b. according to kinsey, the frequency of such behaviors was highest in men who worked in a zoo or in a veterinary setting. c. it is commonly a transitory experience of young people to whom human sexual partner in inaccessible or forbidden, d. women participate mostly with household pets.
Answer: B.
Explanation: Zoophilia is an attraction to animals, working in the zoo doesn't make you a zoophilie.
I need some help with this question:
Similar to enzymes, the viral antigens that bind to the surface of the host cell work using a very specific "lock-and-key" mechanism. This is why each virus can only infect one type of cell. If you were a scientist developing an antiviral drug that would block binding of the virus to the host cell how would you do that? Include the terms antigen and active site. Underline these terms in your answer.
A scientist developing an antiviral drug that would block the binding of the virus to the host cell should study the molecular structure of envelope viral proteins such as the spike protein in the case of corona in order to develop an antibody that binds to an antigen in the active site of this enzymatic protein.
What is the active site of an enzymatic protein?The active site of an enzymatic protein is the molecular domain which uses this enzyme to bind to a certain substrate such as in the case of an envelope viral protein to the plasma membrane of the host cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the active site of an enzymatic protein has antigen domains that may bind to an antibody in order to fight against viral infections.
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A given species has a bond order of 112. What does this fractional bond order indicate? select all that apply.
Delocalized electrons are present in the species. Resonance hybrids make up the species.
What kind of organism has a net dipole moment?As a result, a molecule like H2O has a net dipole moment. The oxygen, which is the more electronegative atom, should be concentrated with negative charge, and the two hydrogen atoms should be concentrated with positive charge. H2O can form hydrogen bonds with other polarized or charged species, including other water molecules, thanks to this charge polarization.
How can you determine how many bonds there are in a Lewis structure?A neutral atom has the same number of bonds as its entire valence shell electron count (2 or 8 electrons), less the number of valence electrons.
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how does the risk of lyme disease increase if mice are fed when acorns are scarce (to control gypsy moths)?
The risk of Lyme disease will increase the more ticks you eat the acorns
Lyme disease is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia sp. The bacteria that causes Lyme disease can attack any organ in the body, including the brain and nervous system, muscles and joints, and the heart. Lyme disease is a type of infectious disease in humans and animals through flea bites. The tick lives in the rat's body by sucking the mouse's blood after moving from the oak tree.
The lava aphid that causes Lyme disease commonly thrives on oak trees, so the more mice were fed the acorns, the more mice contracted the lice. Mice can eat the gypsy moth which usually denudes et trees thereby controlling the number of gypsy moths. However, the increased risk of Lyme disease in animals and humans will increase due to the increase in rats and ticks that cause Lyme disease.
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What do you think would happen to the population of zebras if there was a severe drought?
Answer:Lower
Explanation: no food or water
Why does it make sense that acetyl-coa stimulates the activity of pyuruvate carboxylase?.
Acetyl-CoA indicates that the conversion of fat to carbs is necessary. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase accumulation indicates a lack of citrate. NADH is produced for energy when pyruvate carboxylase is activated by acetyl-CoA.
Why is it logical that acetyl-CoA would cause pyruvate carboxylase to be activated?Acetyl-CoA selectively activates pyruvate carboxylase. When acetyl-CoA concentrations are high, organisms use pyruvate carboxylase to divert pyruvate from the TCA cycle because acetyl-CoA is a crucial metabolite in the TCA cycle that generates a lot of energy.
How does pyruvate carboxylase become activated by acetyl-CoA?The production of more oxaloacetate is triggered by an excess of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA. When lipolysis is induced, for instance, intramitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels rise, allosterically activating pyruvate carboxylase to produce more oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis.
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• how do an individual's experiences in bronfenbrenner's macrosystem impact their views on or practices surrounding death?
angiotensin ii is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress. group of answer choices true false
False: Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress. group of answer choices
Your body produces a substance called angiotensin that makes your blood arteries smaller. Your blood pressure may rise as a result of this narrowing, which also makes your heart work harder. In order to lower your blood pressure and facilitate your heart's ability to pump blood, angiotensin II receptor blockers work to relax your veins and arteries. Angiotensin II receptor blockers stop the action of angiotensin II. As a result, the medication enables the widening of your arteries and veins (dilate).
By acting on blood vessels, angiotensin II narrows them. Additionally, it stimulates the adrenal gland's aldosterone production, which in turn stimulates the kidneys' salt and water absorption, raising fluid volume and blood pressure.
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In eukaryotic organisms, interaction between which organelles is most important for cell shape, tensile strength, and communication between cells?cytoskeleton and cell membrane
In eukaryotic organisms, interaction betweeh Cytoskeleton and cell membrane organelles is most important for cell shape, tensile strength, and communication between cells.
The cytoskeleton is a complicated, dynamical system of interrelating protein filaments found in all cells, including bacteria and archaea. It extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is made up of similar proteins in different organisms. In a eukaryotic cell, the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane that is not the nucleus. The cytoskeleton is a "skeleton" that runs through the cytoplasm. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are the three major cytoskeleton fibres.
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Suppose a person has a mutation in their DNA, and the first triplet for the gene coding for insulin is T A T (instead of C C A). Determine what amino acid the new DNA triplet codes for. Will this person be diabetic? Explain.
If a person has a mutation in their DNA, and the first triplet for the gene coding for insulin is TAT (instead of C C A), then the amino acid that encodes the new DNA triplet is tyrosine. Moreover, in order to know if this person will be diabetic for carrying out the mutation we first need to know if this mutation falls in a gene involved in glucose metabolism.
What is a genetic mutation?A genetic mutation is any alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, which may be in a gene encoding sequence and therefore change the triplet of nucleotides or codon that specifies a given amino acid.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a genetic mutation may change the amino acids that will be added during translation but we need to know the gene where this mutation falls to indicate a change in the phenotype.
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Copy number variation (CNV) describes DNA segments of at least _____ in size which exhibit copy number differences among members of _____..
Copy number variation (CNV) describes DNA segments of at least 1000bp in size which exhibit copy number differences among members of the same species .
Copy number variation (abbreviated CNV) is a condition in which the number of copies of a certain section of DNA differs between individuals. Individual versions might be small or long, with thousands of bases.
A change in copy number necessitates a change in chromosomal structure, which connects two previously separated DNA regions.
These intersections provide vital information about how the structural shift occurred. Many of the adjustments have recurring end-points.
Copy number variations (CNVs) are instances when the number of repetitions changes across individuals and can account for almost 10% of a person's genome.
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Shay creates a wave that has a frequency of 20 waves every ten seconds. How does the energy that her wave carries compare to a wave that has a frequency of 5 waves every ten seconds? Justify your response.
A frequency which produce 20 waves every ten seconds has more frequency and less wavelength than that which produces 5 waves every ten seconds.
What is Frequency?Frequency is the number of waves that pass through a fixed place in a given period of time. So, if the time taken for a wave to pass is 1/2 second, the frequency is 2 per second. If it takes 1/100 of an hour, the frequency will be 100 per hour.
The frequency of 20 waves every ten seconds can be simplified as 2 waves produced per second.
The frequency of 5 waves produced every ten seconds can be simplified as 1 wave produced every two seconds or 1/2 wave produced every second.
Therefore, the frequency of first wave is more than the second wave and the wavelength of first wave is less than the second wave as wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency of wave.
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imagine all the histone h3 molecules in the cell have a mutation that changes their lysine-9 residue to an alanine. assuming this cell could still live, what would be the result?
In Drosophila, the dSAGA complex containing dADA2b is involved in the acetylation of histone H3, lysines 9 and 14. Curiously, dAda2b mutants have greatly reduced lysine 9- and 14-acetylated histone H3 levels, but these animals survive to late development.
To investigate the molecular effects of loss of histone H3, lysine 9 and 14 acetylation, we compared the global messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) profiles of wild-type and dAda2b mutant animals at two developmental stages. Global gene expression profiles show that dSAGA-specific loss of H3-lysine 9 and 14 acetylation results in expression changes (up- or down-regulation) of rather small gene subsets and does not cause global transcriptional deregulation. I'm here. Among the genes upregulated in dAda2b mutants are those that play a role in antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that in dAda2b mutants, lysine-9-acetylated histone H3 levels are reduced in both up- and down-regulated genes of dSAGA. In contrast, the promoter of the dSAGA-independent ribosomal protein gene of the dAda2b mutant maintains high levels of histone H3K9ac. Our data suggest that dSAGA differentially alters Pol II accessibility to specific promoters by acetylating H3 at lysine 9.
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during the process of dna replication, the strand provides a blueprint for the production of a new complementary strand, resulting in two new double-stranded dna molecules.during the process of dna replication, the strand provides a blueprint for the production of a new complementary strand, resulting in two new double-stranded dna molecules. This is referred to as semi-conservative replication.
template/parent, daughter
The two DNA strands unwind from one another during semi-conservative replication, and each serves as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. Two DNA molecules are produced as a result, each with one original and one new strand.
The act of duplication is referred to as replication. DNA replication is the first step in inheritance in molecular biology. The central dogma explains how the DNA replicates itself, codes for the RNA during transcription, and then codes for the proteins during translation.
On several sources of replication along the DNA template strand, DNA replication takes place (antinsense strand). One original strand and one freshly synthesized strand are included in every copy. Although it should be guaranteed that both copies are identical, Each strand of the double helix would act as a template for the manufacture of a new strand, according to the structure of DNA (which was discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in 1953). The process by which freshly created strands united with template strands to create two double helix DNA molecules was unknown.
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what will most likely result after a fire or other natural disaster damages an ecosystem in a certain area
A dna molecule that is produced by combining dna from different sources or organisms is called.
Answer:Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
Explanation:its easy vote me brainiest