ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. As plasma cortisol levels increase, ACTH secretion is suppressed. As cortisol levels decrease, ACTH increases.
What causes cortisol suppression?Your adrenal glands can also become damaged from an infection or blood loss to the tissues (adrenal hemorrhage). All of these situations limit cortisol production.
What happens with hypersecretion of ACTH?Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion (or Cushing disease) is a form of hyperpituitarism characterized by an abnormally high level of ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary. It is one of the causes of Cushing's syndrome.
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following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. failure of this heart valve would have which hemodynamic consequences?
The consequence would be backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
A heart valve is a one-way valve that only permits blood to flow in the one direction via the corresponding heart chambers. The valves have an opening and closing flap-like structure.
There are four different types of valves found in the human heart, depending on whether a flap is present.
The mitral valve, which resembles two flaps on either side, is a valve that sits between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is sometimes referred to as the bicuspid valve since it has two flaps. Only when oxygenated blood coming from the lungs fills the top chamber does this valve open. The heart valve's main function is to stop blood from flowing backward.
A condition known as mitral valve regurgitation results from the blood flowing back into the left atrium when the mitral valve isn't functioning properly. The oxygenated blood does not sufficiently reach the entire body because of the back-flow.
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In the synaptic cleft, three nursing students discussed what would have to be absent to prevent the action potential from moving from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane:
1) Debra suggested that Ca++ would have to be missing to prevent the action potential from moving from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane.
2) Larry stated that Ca++ would have to be missing because it is the neurotransmitter that takes the messages from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane.
3) Timothy thought that the secretory vesicles would have to be absent to prevent the action potential from moving from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane since it contains the neurotransmitter responsible for taking the message from one membrane to the next.
(HELP NEEDED ASAP. THANK U SO MUCH)
Synapses are the communication links between neurons. The synaptic cleft, which is a space between the presynaptic axon terminal and the postsynaptic dendrite that is created when an action potential contacts. Thus, option C is correct.
What pre-synaptic to the post-synaptic membrane?Timothy reasoned that since the secretory vesicles contain the neurotransmitter necessary for transferring the message from one membrane to the next.
They would have to be absent in order to stop the action potential from travelling from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane.
Therefore, The presynaptic terminal, is where neurotransmitters are released from the neuron (often a spine).
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the nurse is reviewing the record of a client who has just been told that a pregnancy test is positive. based on her last normal menstrual period, she is 8 weeks' gestation. appropriate physical assessments are completed. which findings are anticipated to be present at this time? select all that apply.
Assess blood pressure and Check the urine for protein and Assess deep tendon reflexes.
What is called menstrual period?Periods, also known as menstruations, are regular vaginal bleeding that take place as part of a female's monthly cycle. Your body gets ready for pregnancy each month. The uterus, also called the womb, loses its lining if there is no pregnancy. The menstruation blood is made up of both blood and tissue from the uterus.
How long is a menstrual period?The first day of the menstrual period is the start of a woman's period. Women lose roughly 3 to 5 teaspoons of blood per period, according to Belfield, who estimates that periods span 2 to 7 days. Although some women flow more regularly than this, if having heavy periods is a problem, assistance is available.
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based on marin's presenting complaints and findings from the pelvic and diagnostic examination, her probable diagnosis would be
Marin's probable diagnosis would be endometriosis based on her presenting concerns and findings from the pelvic and diagnostic examination.
Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the presence of tissue resembling endometrium (the lining of the uterus) outside the uterus. It causes a chronic inflammatory reaction that may result in the formation of scar tissue (adhesions, fibrosis) within the pelvis and other parts of the body.
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a cystectomy is performed for a client with a diagnosis of bladder cancer, and a kock pouch is created for urinary diversion. in creating a discharge teaching plan for the client, the nurse would include which instruction in the plan?
Technique of catheterization. A continent's internal ileal reservoir is known as Kock's pouch. The tip of urethral catheters is advanced into the bladder's base as they are put into the urethra.
Dietary restrictions are not necessary. No external pouch is present. Antibiotics are not necessary until an infection is present, and they must be recommended by a medical professional. In all hospitals, bladder catheterization is a routine procedure. It can be carried out via suprapubic, urethral, and external procedures.
Catheterization of the urinary bladder is done for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The urinary catheter can be intermittent (short-term) or indwelling depending on dwell time (long-term). Based on the method of insertion, there are three different types of urinary catheters. External catheters attach to the pubic region in women or the external genitalia in males to collect urine. For the treatment of urinary incontinence, they are helpful. Suprapubic catheters are surgically placed into the bladder using this method. This article discusses urethral catheterization, which is most frequently carried out in ordinary clinical practise.
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when categorizing victims of hypothermia as having mild, moderate, and severe hypothermia, which assessment findings will help the nurse identify the clients with moderate hypothermia? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
Hypovolemia and Respiratory acidosis. Systemic hypoperfusion and a significant reduction in the effective blood volume are the causes of hypovolemic shock in hypothermia.
Hypovolemic shock can cause ischemia harm to key organs, which can result in multi-system organ failure and death if ignored. The initial stage in management is to rule out any more shocks, since this will determine the course of action. Hypovolemic shock may result from fluid loss in the entire body rather than haemorrhage. Once the cause of hypothermia has been identified, it is important to restore lost blood or fluids as quickly as possible to reduce tissue ischemia. The kind and pace of fluid replacement are factors to take into account while replenishing fluid or blood volume loss. This exercise examines the pathophysiology, appearance, and causes of shock while highlighting the need of the interprofessional team in managing it.
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the nurse is discussing end-of-life decisions with a client who has terminal cancer. which statements describe the client's options? (select all that apply.)
Openly talking about death with a dying person offers many advantages for them because the options are described.
Denial may signify many things depending on who is using it.A coping strategy is denial. If truth is too terrifying, overwhelming, or a danger to one's sense of control, your loved one may be in denial. It's possible that the person is terrified of hurting or of losing control of their body or thoughts.
What is the phase of accepting death?Acceptance is frequently understood as being prepared to begin the process of becoming ready to die. Sadness, rage, or confusion are common emotions among patients. They are feeling the hurt of losing something.
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the nurse is monitoring an infant who was born at 0515 hrs. at 1315 hrs, the same day, the nurse determines the infant is starting to show yellowish staining on the head and face. which action should the lpn prioritize?
Report to the RN and document. Jaundice that manifests during the first 24 hours may be an indication that there is too much bilirubin in the blood, which is now leaking into the tissues.
What sort of work are nurses tasked with?Registered nurses (RNs) deliver and organize medical treatment, inform the public about various health issues, and offer emotional support and guidance to patients and their families. The majority of registered nurses collaborate in teams with physicians and other medical specialists in a variety of settings.
Will a nurse be capable of performing?They are responsible for a variety of surgical post-operative therapeutic duties. Many surgical nursing professionals decide to specialize in one particular field, such obstetrics, pediatric surgery, or heart surgery.
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the parents of a 16-year-old boy who plays football want their child to receive growth hormone to improve muscle strength. what will the nurse tell the parents?
In conclusion, giving hGH to SGA kids improves their growth rate and has long-term impacts on their mass of muscle and fat tissue.
Does growth hormone help you become stronger?In healthy older individuals, human growth hormone appears to be able to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat, but the increased muscle mass does not necessarily transfer into an increase in strength. If human growth hormone has further advantages for healthy adults, it is unclear.
What hormone enhances muscular power?If a sufficient stimulus is available, anabolic hormones like as testosterone and the superfamily of growth hormones (GH) have been demonstrated to increase throughout 15 to 30 minutes of post-resistance exercise.
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hector wants to pay more attention to his diet, but he does not want to get hung up on sticking to a rigid program. which best summarizes a strategy for a healthy diet?
Option 1 is correct.
Count calories and be sure to measure every portion.
What is Diet?In the realm of nutrition, a person's diet refers to the foods and beverages they regularly eat (or a group). The diet, or the one that satisfies a person's physical demands, may be regulated during a particular therapy for a disease or during the management of a certain health condition.
For example, a diabetic person's diet could be restricted to a certain list of foods and drinks that might help regulate blood sugar levels. The diabetic diet that is suggested for patients includes a variety of fibre-rich, non-starchy fruits and vegetables. When ingested in large quantities, starchy foods, which are high in carbs, have the potential to increase blood sugar levels.
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the nurse is preparing a client for discharge who will receive a prescription for a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) inhibitor. what statement by the client demonstrates a clear understanding of the teaching provided by the nurse?
the nurse is preparing a client for discharge who will receive a prescription for a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) inhibitor contraindicated with liver or alcoholic disease
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are medications that are contraindicated with liver or alcoholic disease. The liver is more severely impacted by alcohol.The HMG-CoA inhibitor medication has resulted in the client's discharge. The client's declaration that he must only take the medication before bed. Since the patient's body only produces the majority of lipids at night. This will help you recover from the therapy more quickly.Discharge who will receive a prescription for a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) inhibitor,contraindicated with liver or alcoholic disease and chance to get liver cancer.
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the nurse provides a cool glass of water to a client with inflamed throat tissue. what condition should the nurse caution the client to avoid when drinking very hot liquids while having an inflamed throat?
The client has the condition called Hyperalgesia due to which she gets inflamed throat while drinking hot water.
What is Hyperalgesia ?A sign of hyperalgesia is experiencing substantially more intense pain in circumstances where feeling pain is expected. Disruptions in your body's pain-processing mechanisms are the source of it. Burns and many other injuries and illnesses can frequently result in this.
Examples could be back discomfort, leg pain, neck pain, or headaches. Some people call the discomfort "diffuse" or "spreading," respectively. Some people may complain of aches and pains all throughout their bodies. The nature or experience of the pain has changed throughout time.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is characterized as a nociceptive sensitization condition brought on by opioid exposure. A paradoxical reaction to the condition causes a patient taking opioids for pain management to actually become more sensitive.
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what should the nurse teach a client with generalized anxiety disorder to help the client cope with anxiety?
Anxiety disorders are taught by nurses Be nonthreatening and composed. When interacting with the client, keep your cool and be non-threatening.
What anxiety intervention is the most successful?The most successful type of psychotherapy for anxiety problems is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT, which is typically a brief course of treatment, focuses on giving you the knowledge and skills you need to reduce your symptoms and gradually resume the activities you've put off due to anxiety.
Which diagnostic tool is best for determining whether a patient has anxiety?An interview tool frequently used to measure anxiety is the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). It evaluates a number of the GAD-related symptoms even though it predates modern conceptualizations of the disorder. There are subscales for somatic and mental anxiety in the HAM-A.
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Drag each label into the appropriate to : Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal
The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the continuation of the brain which lies protected within the bones of the spine.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of 12 cranial nerves, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The PNS acts as the system of electrical wires that allows for communication between the CNS and the body’s muscles and sensory receptors. They also control the automatic functions of the bowel, bladder, respiratory (breathing), and heart function.
Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots: a dorsal (or posterior) root which relays sensory information and a ventral (or anterior) root which relays motor information. Therefore, once the two roots come together to form the spinal nerve, the nerve carries a combination of both sensory and motor information.
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you respond to a 38 year old man who fell while rock climbing. he is unconsicous with an open airway. the respiration and pulse rates are within normal limits. his distal pulses are intact. you check his pupils and find that they are unequal. you know this could be a sign of
You know this could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure
What is intracranial pressure ?Pressure inside your skull can increase due to a brain injury or another medical condition. The risky condition known as increased intracranial pressure (ICP) can cause headaches. Your brain or spinal cord could also get worse from the pressure.
A chronic subdural haematoma, a blood clot on the surface of the brain, is one of the causes of chronic intracranial hypertension. an astrocytoma. an infection like meningitis or encephalitis that affects your brain. Your brain can become swollen inside and out due to hydrocephalus.
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nutrition may contribute to all of the following except: a. life expectancy b. chronological age c. physiological age d. quality of life e. obesity
Chronological age would never be possible to be contributed by nutrition as it can't change it.
Chronological age is the amount of time that has passed from a person's birth to a given date. It is commonly quoted in years, months, weeks, days, etc.
Nutrition is defined as the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. Nutrients are the kind of substances that provide the necessary energy and biomolecules for carrying out various body functions. All the organisms in the universe need nutrients for proper growth and functioning, but they show divergence in how they fulfil their demand. Some of the animals feed on inorganic compounds to meet their requirement of nutrients, while others utilize the complex compounds. The mode of nutrition changes from one species to another species.
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a 38-year-old client has begun to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis and is being assessed for disorders of the immune system. the client works as an aide at a facility that cares for children infected with aids. which is the most important factor related to the client's assessment?
Her use of drugs is the most important factor related to the client's assessment.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
A chronic inflammatory condition, rheumatoid arthritis can harm more than just your joints. Skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels are just a few of the physiological systems that the illness might harm in some people.Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune illness that develops when your immune system unintentionally targets the tissues in your own body.Rheumatoid arthritis damages the lining of your joints, resulting in a painful swelling that may eventually lead to bone erosion and joint deformity, unlike osteoarthritis, which causes damage from wear and strain.Rheumatoid arthritis-related inflammation is what causes harm to other bodily parts as well. A severe case of rheumatoid arthritis can still result in physical limitations, despite the fact that new pharmaceutical kinds have significantly improved treatment possibilities.Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms may include:
Bruised, heated, and tender jointsUsually worse in the mornings and after inactivity, joint stiffnessfatigue, fever, and appetite lossHence, Her use of drugs is the most important factor related to the client's assessment.
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I understand that the question is A 38-year-old female patient has begun to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. She is also being assessed for disorders of the immune system. She works as an aide at a facility that cares for children infected with AIDS. Which of the following is the most important factor related to the patient's assessment?
a) Her age
b) Her home environment
c) Her diet
d) Her use of other drugs
Psychopathology includes illnesses or disorders that involve ______________ symptoms.
Answer:
psychological or psychiatric
Explanation:
when assessing a client with wrist restraints, the nurse observes that the fingers on the right hand are blue. what action should the nurse implement first?
The most common type of hallucination, at least in adults who suffer from psychosis, is __________.
Hallucinations that are aural rather than visual are more common in schizophrenia.
What type of illusion precisely is this?Frequent hallucinations might include physical sensations like a crawling sensation on the skin or the movement of internal organs, as well as hearing sounds like music, footsteps, or doors or windows slamming. quiet is broken by the sound of a voice (the most common type of hallucination).
How can I know if I'm dreaming or experiencing hallucinations?If you hear sounds or hear voices that no one else hears, you could be having hallucinations. Look for absent objects, shapes, people, or lights. Feel something touching or moving you that isn't actually there, like bugs crawling on your skin or the movement of your internal organs.
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a client with ataxia-telangiectasia is admitted to the unit. the nurse caring for the client would expect to see what included in the treatment regimen?
A client with ataxia-telangiectasia is admitted to the unit and nurse caring for the client would expect : IV gamma globulin administration.
What is ataxia-telangiectasia?Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare and childhood neurological disorder that causes degeneration in part of the brain that controls motor movements and also speech. First signs of the disease are unsteady walking and slurred speech, generally occurring during the first five years of life.
Treatment for ataxia-telangiectasia are: IV gamma globulin, antimicrobial therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.
Genetic mutation causes ataxia-telangiectasia and anyone can inherit ataxia-telangiectasia if both the parents carry a copy of the ATM gene mutation and pass that to their child.
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the nurse is assessing with a head injury a client for decerebrate posturing. which position indicates the client has decerebrate posturing?
The nurse is examining a client who has a head injury for decerebrate posture. which posture suggests that the client has adopted a decerebrate stance
When should you visit a doctor after striking your head?
When an individual or group has a brain injury and exhibits the following signs and symptoms: nausea or vomiting that occurs frequently. a longer-than-30-second period of unconsciousness a persistent headache
What should you do if you bump your head?You can provide a cold pack for their head by using an ice bag or a bag of frozen beans wrapped in such a tea towel. If symptoms like moderate vertigo and a headache worsen, obtain medical help right away.
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an elderly client is diagnosed with cancer. while reviewing age-related changes in the immune system, what does the nurse identify as having contributed to this client's condition?
Changes in the immune system, which governs a person's body's defense mechanisms, may make cancer patients more susceptible to infection.
What kind of immune system alteration is frequently associated with aging?What two immune system modifications are frequently observed with aging? In addition to the lymphatic and blood vessels in the arms and legs stiffening, the thymus gland decreases.
How does aging affect the immune system quizlet?Age affects the immune system's capacity to distinguish between foreign invaders and healthy tissues. 2. As people age, their immune systems lose their ability to protect them from external invaders, which causes harmful alterations.
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Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of
top-down processing
This example best illustrates Top-Down Processing.
Top-down processing is perceiving the world around us by drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new information (Gregory, 1970). Top-down theories are hypotheses-driven and stress the importance of higher mental processes such as expectations, beliefs, values, and social influences.
Throughout our lifetime we construct schemas, which consist of past experiences, prior knowledge, emotions, and expectations, and then use these schemas to form hypotheses upon the arrival of new information.
Gregory’s theory argues that because of the ceaseless stream of stimuli that we are required to process every day, equally attending to each sensation would be entirely too demanding and overwhelm us as individuals.
In other words, the use of our senses to perceive incoming information is not enough and the use of prior knowledge and experiences is necessary in order to hypothesize the meanings of new information.
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a nurse is caring for a client who has had extensive abdominal surgery and is in critical condition. the nurse notes that the complete blood count shows an 8 g/dl hemoglobin and a 30% hematocrit. dextrose 5% in half-normal saline solution is infusing through a triple lumen central catheter at 125 ml/hr. the physician orders include the following: gentamicin 80 mg iv piggyback in 50 ml d5w over 30 minutes zantac 50 mg iv piggyback in 50 ml d5w over 30 minutes one unit of 250 ml of prbcs (packed red blood cells) over 3 hours flush the nasogastric tube with 30 ml normal saline every 2 hours. how many milliliters should the nurse record as the intake for the 8-hour shift? enter the correct number only.
The nurse record as the intake for the 8-hour shift is 1470 mL.
Explanation:
Regular IV at 125 mL x 8 hours = 1000 mL. Gentanicin = 50 mL. Zantac = 50 mL. PRBCs = 250 mL. NG flushes 30 mL x 4 = 120 mL. TOTAL = 1470 mL.
What is Hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in red blood cells. Red blood cells transport oxygen throughout your body. Your haemoglobin levels may fall if you have a condition that impairs your body's ability to produce red blood cells. Low haemoglobin levels can be a sign of a variety of conditions, including anaemia and cancer.
Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in red blood cells. Red blood cells transport oxygen throughout your body. Oxygen fuels your cells and provides energy. A low haemoglobin level can indicate a number of conditions, including anaemia and cancer.
Your haemoglobin levels may fall if a disease or condition impairs your body's ability to produce red blood cells. When your haemoglobin level is low, your body isn't getting enough oxygen, which causes you to feel tired and weak.
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the healthcare team is planning health protection interventions for a client. which interventions would be considered primary prevention activities? select all that apply.
Regulation of the use of potentially dangerous products and enforcement of laws requiring safe and healthy behaviors instruction on safe and healthy habits.
Which practices fall under the category of primary prevention? Check all that apply.Activities for primary prevention are intended to stop or delay the beginning of disease. Primary-level interventions include practices like eating wholesome foods, working out, applying sunscreen, wearing seat belts, and getting immunized.
What practice is a patient's primary preventative intervention?Interventions designed to stop the development of disease, injury, or disability are referred to as primary prevention. The population that does not already have the disease that an initiative is trying to prevent is the focus of primary prevention strategies. A well-known example of primary prevention is vaccinations.
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the nurse is preparing to care for a 5-year-old who has been placed in traction following a fracture of the femur. the nurse plans care, knowing that which is the most appropriate activity for this child?
Crayons and coloring books can be given to the child.
Activities to make a child involve:
Children naturally engage in play and recreation, which are essential to their healthy development. Through play and recreational activities, children are able to learn, master experiences, express themselves, manage anxiety, create, achieve, and build abilities.Children learn to adjust to the hospital experience through play as well. Children can explore, express, and process their healthcare experiences through play and leisure in a secure, non-threatening setting, which can be helpful.Children engage in medical play, a therapeutic activity that is frequently employed, where they use medical themes and objects in their play. Adults can gain insight into children's emotions, worries, concerns, and misconceptions by watching them play and engage in recreational activities. This knowledge is essential for assisting kids in coping with their healthcare experiences.Hence all about recreational activities during hospitalization
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a woman who gave birth 48 hours ago is bottle-feeding her infant. during assessment, the nurse determines that both breasts are swollen, warm, and tender upon palpation. what action should the nurse take?
The nurse should take apply ice to the breasts for comfort that is Option B.
What is the importance of applying ice on the breast?Engorgement in a bottle-feeding mother can be treated by placing ice on the breasts for comfort.
Because she is not breastfeeding, ice packs and cabbage leaves can be used to treat this woman's engorgement.
A mother who is bottle-feeding should refrain from any breast stimulation, such as milk expression or pumping.
For at least the first 72 hours after giving birth, a mother who is bottle-feeding should wear a well fitted support bra or breast binder consistently. A baggy bra won't help to suppress lactation. Additionally, the movement of the bra against the breasts may stimulate the nipples, causing lactation to increase.
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how many grams of phenylephrine is needed to prepare 40. ml of a 14 % solution for a glaucoma patient?
A 14% 10mL solution must contain ( 10 x 14) / 100 = 1.4 grams of the solute
so, 14 grams of phenylephrine is needed to prepare 40. ml of a 14 % solution for a glaucoma patient.
The brief relief of nasal congestion or stuffiness brought on by hay fever or other allergies, colds, or sinus issues is provided by phenylephrine. Congestion caused by ear infections may also be reduced using this phenylephrine. The optic nerve is harmed by a set of eye disorders known as glaucoma. Good eyesight depends on the optic nerve, which transmits visual data from the eye to your brain. High eye pressure is frequently associated with optic nerve damage. But even with normal eye pressure, glaucoma can develop.
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a low-sodium, low-protein diet is prescribed for a 45-year-old client with renal insufficiency and hypertension, who gained 3 pounds in the last month. the nurse determines that the client has been noncompliant with the diet, based on which report from the 24-hour dietary recall? (select all that apply.)
Snack of potato chips, and diet soda.
Lunch of tuna fish sandwich, carrot sticks, fresh fruit, and coffee.
Breakfast of eggs, bacon, toast, and coffee.
Bedtime snack of crackers and milk.
What is hypertension?
A condition when the blood exerts too much pressure on the arterial walls.
Blood pressure beyond 140/90 is typically regarded as hypertension; blood pressure above 180/120 is regarded as severe hypertension. consume insufficient amounts of fruit and vegetables and too much salt. do not exercise enough. excessive alcohol or coffee use, or smoking Early morning headaches, nosebleeds, abnormal heart rhythms, eyesight abnormalities, and ear buzzing are just a few of the symptoms that can appear. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, bewilderment, anxiety, chest pain, and trembling of the muscles are all symptoms of severe hypertension. The heart must work harder to pump blood to the body's other organs because of high blood pressure. The lower left heart chamber becomes thicker as a result.
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