Answer:
The ancestors of Native American populations from the tip of Chile in the south to Canada in the north, migrated from Asia in at least three waves, according to a new international study published online in Nature this week that involved over 60 investigators in 11 countries in the Americas, plus four in Europe, and Russia.
In what they describe as the most comprehensive survey of genetic diversity in Native Americans so far, the researchers studied variation in Native American DNA sequences. They found that while most Native American populations descend primarily from one migration, there were two later ones that also made a significant genetic contribution.
The first migration, that led to the majority of Native American populations, was of a single group called the “First Americans” that crossed from Asia to America in a land bridge called Beringia, that existed during the ice ages more than 15,000 years ago, say the researchers, whose efforts were co-ordinated by Professor Andres Ruiz-Linares of the department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at University College London (UCL) in the UK.
The later migrants probably arrived in boats, after the land-bridge disappeared at the end of the ice ages.
In a press statement, Ruiz-Linares explains that for years there has been a debate about whether the settlement of the Americas came from one or several migrations out of Siberia.
“But our research settles this debate: Native Americans do not stem from a single migration. Our study also begins to cast light on patterns of human dispersal within the Americas,” he adds.
The findings confirm what linguist Joseph Greenberg proposed in 1986. From studying language differences among Native Americans, he said the Americas must have been populated in three waves of migration.
For the study, the researchers searched more than 300,000 specific DNA markers or “snips” (SNPs, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups, looking for similar and different patterns of genes.
Co-author David Reich, Professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in the US, says they found evidence of at least three “deep lineages”:
“The Asian lineage leading to First Americans is the most anciently diverged, whereas the Asian lineages that contributed some of the DNA to Eskimo-Aleut speakers and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada are more closely related to present-day East Asian populations,” says Reich.
It appears that 50% of the DNA of Eskimo-Aleut speakers comes from the First Americans, while in the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyans, 90% of their DNA descends from the First Americans.
The analysis also showed that once these waves of migrations arrived in the Americas, the groups expanded southwards, hugging the coastline, splitting off along the way. After they split off, the groups mixed very little with each other, especially the ones that ended up in South America.
But while non-mixing appeared to be the general pattern after dispersal, the researchers found two striking exceptions. One shows a North-South re-mix, and the other a West-East re-mix.
In the North-South re-mix, it looks like there was some back-migration from South America northwards, and this is reflected in the genomes of Central American Chibchan-speakers, which contains DNA from two widely separated strands of Native ancestry.
In the West-East re-mix, it seems some Eskimo-Aleut speakers migrated back to Asia, as the genomes of Naukan and coastal Chukchi populations of north-eastern Siberia carry some “First American” DNA.
The analysis was not straightforward, because the researchers had to find a way to rule out genes from the European and African populations that arrived in the Americas from the late 15th century onwards.
Ruiz-Linares says they managed to develop a method to “peel back” the addition of those genes to the mix, which he says “allowed us to study the history of many more Native American populations than we could have done otherwise”.
The team included researchers from: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, and the US.
Written by Catharine Paddock PhD
4. What universal theme is depicted in the three pieces of art found here?
O war
O marriage
O passage of time
O justice
Answer: it’s war
Explanation:
Answer:
The Answer Is War
Explanation:
who invented the camera easy 15 points
Answer:
Johann Zahn
Explanation:
Hello! And yes, I looked it up
what does Preside mean
Answer:
To be in charge of something
Explanation:
Answer:
To be in a position of power in a group of people
summary of 9/11 tragedy
Answer:
There was two planes, controlled by terrorists, one was heading for Washington dc, and the other for the word trade center, People in the plane going to Washington dc heard about this and attacked the terrorist, th plane going to Washington dc 's Pentagon went to pensylvania instead, in a field of a farm. The other plane heading for the World Trade Center had the people in the plane attacked the terrorist, but the plane still hit the trade world center, or twin towers to be exact. If you go to Nycs twin towers, you will see a beam of light going up in the air where the Twin towers were, kinda like a Minecraft beacon, the other, showing a little panel of the plane crash and all the people who died.
Explanation:
under the articles of confederation, the first president was..
A. King George |||
B. No one, there was no executive role
C. Alexander Hamilton
D. George Washington
Answer:
The answer is B. No one, there was no executive role.
Explanation:
The Articles of Confederation gave the majority of power to the state legislatures. Making it harder for the central government to do simple things such as making money, declaring war, and taxing the colonies. A president was not formally adopted until after the drafting of the Constitution, where Washington was the first to be elected unanimously.
What is a Limited Government?
Answer: Is the concept of a government limited in power. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism.
Explanation:
Answer:
A government with separated power.
Explanation:
Simply put a government with limited power is just one with laws or checks and balances in place to prevent abuse of power. The U.S has a limited government in the separation of power between the Judicial, The Legislative, and Executive Branch each one checks and balances the others. For Example say the president wants to pass a bill, it will have to go through the Legislative branch to get passed, and Judicial branch can make it so it's not passed if it violates people's rights.
Which of the following terms describes the object pictured below! if you really thank so much
Explain the reaction when Portuguese explorers brought back goods from Africa.
Answer:
They inspired spain and england to explore the african cost.
Explanation:
Just did it on edgeunity and got it correct but heres the actual explanation.
Spain and England started to explore the african cost after The Europeans started to explore the african cost. Which means that the reaction was that spain and england found this exporation a good exploration.
They motivated the exploration of the African coast by Spain and England. Once the Europeans began their exploration of the African coast, Spain and England followed suit. This indicates that the response was that Spain and England thought this exploration was worthwhile.
What did Portuguese explorers bring back from Africa?Portuguese sailors first acquired gold dust from traders on the western coast of Africa around 1441. The following year, Portuguese explorers from Africa brought back twelve Africans and more gold dust.
The Arab trade lines in the Indian Ocean connecting Africa, Arabia, and India were devastated by the Portuguese. The Portuguese established their own rule over the Arabs' commerce in slaves, gold, and ivory. They interfered with the already-existing interior African trade by trading up the Zambezi river.
The availability of goods including textiles, spices, and gold drove a European search for a quicker way to get to South Asia. Around 1460, the Portuguese traveled to Sierra Leone along the West African coast due to this hunt.
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Explain the Columbian Exchange and the effects it had on both Native Americans and Europeans.
Answer:
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.The impact was most severe in the Caribbean, where by 1600 Native American populations on most islands had plummeted by more than 99 percent. Across the Americas, populations fell by 50 percent to 95 percent by 1650. The disease component of the Columbian Exchange was decidedly one-sided.
Explain ONE reason why the people living under Aztec rule wanted a change in rulers at the time the Europeans arrived.
Answer:
The Aztec ruled over a large Empire that included most of Central and Southern Mexico. They had subjugated other peoples like the neighboring Tlaxcaltecas, who were in fact crucial for the Spanish Conquest.
The Aztec were often very ruthless against their subjects. They extracted onerous economic tribute, and also practiced human sacrifices, often killing people from the subjugated tribes.
Most people living under the Aztecs wanted a change of rule because the Aztec kept taking their people as human sacrifice.
When the Spanish under Francisco Pizarro arrived to conquer the Aztec empire, they found a lot of willing allies in those the Aztecs ruled. These people preferred the Spanish to the Aztecs because:
human sacrifice - the Aztecs believed in human sacrifice and raided the kingdoms of those they had conquered to take these humans that they would sacrifice tribute - the conquered people had to give tribute to the Aztec in gold and other precious assets and the people were tired of doing so.The people had been unable to rebel because the Aztec military was strong so when they saw the strength of the Spanish, they quickly allied with them.
In conclusion, one reason the people under the Aztecs wanted a change of rule was because of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice.
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Why did the British believe they would have greater success fighting the Americans in the South than they did in New England and the Middle Colonies?
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached, we can say the following.
The British believed they would have greater success fighting the Americans in the South than they did in New England and the Middle Colonies because with the alliance signed with France, the French became formal allies to the Continental Army and the 13 colonies.
So the British Army decided to change its strategy and focused its effort in the loyalists, who were still loyal to the English crown. The Patriots supported independence, but the loyalists kept their support to the government of Britain. The British considered that most loyalists were located in the south of the North American territory. The British troops also wanted to enlist black slaves under the promise of liberty in the case England won the war.
This phase of the Revolutionary War was known as the Southern Phase of the American Revolutionary War (1778-1781).
Which crop did the Europeans first find in the New World?
1. barley.2. cherries.3. potatoes.4. none of the above.
the crop eurpeons fond in the new world was potatoes
Identify the differences between the French and English settlers. main interest was fur trade came seeking religious freedom founded cities of Quebec and Montreal wanted land for crops and umber settlers included many families French English ights reserved
Answer:
hey i just took this test!
French - main interest was fur trade; founded cities of Quebec and Montreal
English - came seeking religious freedom; settlers included many families; wanted land for crops and timber
hope this helps :)
Explanation:
French—main interest was fur trade; founded cities of Quebec and Montreal. English—came seeking religious freedom; settlers included many families; wanted land for crops and timber.
What is religious freedom?The first right acknowledged by the US Constitution is religious freedom, which is also a basic human right. A person have the right to behave in a manner that is compatible with the moral principles and fundamental convictions.
Every American has the right to practice their own religion or none at all, as stated by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.
The Human Rights Act of 1998 provides protection for human rights in the UK. The European Convention on Human Rights' human rights provisions are implemented through the Act. One of the rights protected by the Human Rights Act is Article 9, which is the freedom of religion or belief.
Thus, it is matched in above statement.
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How does the tenth amendment relate to mcculloh v Maryland?
Answer:
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Explanation:
fgoyrgfo2u4gfo
the step of the archaeologist process
The colonist brought horses to the new world. which answer best explains how horses affected the native Americans?
a. they feared horses because they believe all animals were wild and could not be tamed.
b. they loved horses from the beginning. The europeans gave them horses in exchange for land.
c. they were pleased to see the europeans using horses in battle because it gave them advantage. it was difficult for settlers to fight battles on horses.
d. they did not like seeing horses at first because the Europeans used horses to overpower them in conflicts. later they learned to use horses for hunting and farming.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Horses revolutionized Native life and became an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, modes of travel, lifestyles, and standards of wealth and prestige
Comparing all the data includes ______________ a. data on sites, dates, and artifacts. b. data on plants, sunlight, and temperature. c. data from historical records. d. Internet research.
Answer:
A:Data on sites,dates,and Artifacts
Explanation:
Which of the following French trading posts is located in present-day Alabama?
A. Poste de Arkansea
B. Fort St. Jean Baptiste
C. New Orleans
D. Fort Louis de la Mobile
hoices provided
Answer:
D
Explanation:
just took the test
Why was the colony of Azilia not settled?
A) There was a lack of money and Interest.
B) The Native Americans burned the settlement.
C) Montgomery died and the colony dled with him.
D) The king denled permission.
describe the life of the kiowa people. name at least three important parts of their lifestyle
Answer:the answer is hunting building and farming
Explanation: text 51
ASAP Which of the following scenarios serves as the best example of redundancy trading? A. Two tribes exchanging corn for corn. B. Two tribes exchanging buffalo hide for corn. C. Two tribes adopting certain tribe members into each other’s tribes. D. Two tribes giving gifts of corn in exchange for goods.
what happened during the fugitive slave act?
Answer:
Slaves were returned to their owners even if they were in a place that had outlawed slavery
Explanation:
This new law forcibly compelled citizens to assist in the capture of runaways as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.
compare and contrast the goals of British political leaders and colonists
Answer:
which one's and when
Explanation: Great Britain had a lot of unique colony's and political leader's throughout its history
Use your completed The Communist Manifesto activity sheet to answer the following question. From #5, who is the oppressed?
Answer:
The jews were
Answer: proletariat
Explanation:
Why was Timbuktu important?
NEED ASAP!!
Answer: The importance of Timbuktu to African heritage is priceless due to its historic position in West Africa as a major economic city during the 15th and 16th centuries. It is also considered an important city for the spread of Islam in Africa, due to the efforts of the prestigious Koranic University of Sankore
Answer:
The city of Timbuktu was important because It was a center of trade, culture, and education.
Explanation:
I hope I helped you! :)
Also, if you are taking this test in K12, the other correct answers are : Question 1: Answer: The fourteenth century Muslim ruler of Mali known for his hajj and the plans he brought back to Timbuktu.
Question 2: Answer: D or Bottom left on the map.
Question 3: Answer: It was a center of trade, culture, and education.
Question 4: Answer: Sundiata's determination to overcome his handicap and become a great leaderinspired others.
Question 5: Answer: 400-1400, during the era when the Roman Empire declined, the Byzantine Empire flourished, and Islam was founded.
What is the definition of abolition
Answer:
abolition - the action or act of abolishing a system, practice , or institution
Answer:
The ending or stopping of slavery.
Why wasn’t the Freedmens Bureau effective ? PLSSS HELP MEEE
Select all the inventions/innovations that helped Europeans explore the rest of the world. A. 16-Point Wind Rose B. Caravel C. Magnetic Compass D. Astrolabe
Answer:
All of the Above
Explanation:
All of the inventions/ innovations helped Europeans explore the rest of the world.
American Indian men in both the Northeast and the Southeast
cared for the elderly
hunted
cared for children
gathered food
Answer: They hunted ;)
Answer:
#2, Hunted :)Explanation:
Which 2 types of government are considered to be most efficient in their decision-making process? (Choose more than 1 answer)
Representative Democracy
Dictatorship
Direct Democracy
Oligarchy
Answer:
Oligarchy
Dictatorship
Explanation:
The two types of government that is considered to be the most efficient in the decision-making process are oligarchy and dictatorship.
Democracy, which is the representation of the people in government, while it is easily the best form of government is not the quickes when it comes to decision-making because it requires a lot of people to make such decisions unlike an oligarchy or dictatorship which is done by one person.
The correct statement is that the governments like representative democracy and direct democracy are considered to be most efficient in their decision-making process. So, the correct options are A and C.
Democracy refers to such type of rule where all the civilians of the nation are considered as equal and have equal constitutional rights in the governance.
Democracy Government Representative democracy is referred to as such form of government where the representatives are elected by the citizens by voting system for acting as the nation's leader. Direct democracy refers to such form of government where the representatives are not selected by the members of the legislative council and are directly elected by individuals. Decision-making process is faster and efficient in such forms of government as the decisions are representatives of the whole nation as decided by the citizens themselves.Hence, the correct options are A and C that the decision-making is faster in representative democracy and direct democracy form of governance.
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