During transcription, the DNA of a gene serves as a template for complementary base pairing, and an enzyme called RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of a pre-mRNA molecule.
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the start of a gene directly or through helper proteins. RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands, the template strand, as a template to make a new complementary RNA molecule. Transcription ends in a process called termination. Transcription is the process by which information from a DNA strand is copied into a new messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. DNA and Protein Synthesis The process of making mRNA from DNA is called transcription and occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA directs protein synthesis, which occurs in the cytoplasm. The mRNA formed in the nucleus is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes.
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Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
The biosphere is divided into biomes, which are the main categories of ecosystems on Earth.
What kind of organism creates organic chemicals that support fungus, animals, and all the other levels of a food web by harvesting energy?Chemoautotrophs are capable of fixing carbon dioxide to produce their own organic compounds. These species have the capacity to generate their own food or energy.
What criteria are used to categorize biomes?An area is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. A specific location's soil type, temperature range, amount of light, and water requirements create niches for particular species. enabling the definition of the biome.
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half of the offspring have white flowers, what is the genotype of the plant with purple flowers
Answer:
Half the offspring have a heterozygous genotype, Ff. Half have a homozygous recessive genotype, ff. Thus, half the offspring have purple flowers, and half have white flowers. The resulting genotypic ratio is 1:1 of heterozygous:homozygous recessive.
Branliest Please! (Crown)
the four generalized phases in the development of an animal are: (i) organization of the body along , (ii) organization of the body into several smaller , (iii) organization of cells in ways that produce body parts and (iv) cell , where cells change morphologies and become specialized.
The four generalized phases in the development of an animal are: (i) organization of the body along axes, (ii) organization of the body into several smaller regions, (iii) organization of cells in ways that produce body parts and (iv) cell differentiation, where cells change morphologies and become specialized.
The 4 critical techniques through which a multicellular organism is made: mobileular/cells proliferation, mobileular specialization, mobileular interaction, and mobileular movement. In a growing embryo, most of these techniques are going on at once, in a kaleidoscopic range of various methods in unique elements of the organism.
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describe three cranial features that differentiate the robust australopithecines from gracile australopithecines.
Greater prognathism, less flaring cheekbones, and smaller cheek teeth are characteristics of gracile australopithecines.The strong australopithecines have huge jaws, enormous molars, flaring cheekbones, strong projecting brow ridges, and post-orbital constriction.
What cranial trait do robust australopithecines share?They are distinguished from other, more gracile hominins by a number of skull characteristics that gave them a "robust" appearance.Large, densely enameled postcanine teeth that have been supported by deep, broad mandible corpora with tall, broad rami are the most prominent of these characteristics.
What are the three Australopithecus species that are classified as gracile?Traditionally, robusts include the later Australopithecus boisei and robustus, while graciles include the approximately two million year old Australopithecines africanus and africanus.
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before a molecule of mrna can be translated into a protein on the ribosome, the mrna must first be transcribed from a sequence of dna. what amino acid sequence does the following dna nucleotide sequence specify?
The amino acid sequence the following nucleotide will code for is Met-Ser-Cys-His.
The information present in the DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to amino acids that make proteins. The process of transcription and translation combined are referred to as central dogma.
In the scenario above, the given sequence of nucleotide is 3′−TACAGAACGGTA−5′ which code for the following mRNA sequence: AUGUCUUGCCAU. Now based on this code, the proteins that will be made are to be determined.
The correct question is
before a molecule of mRNA can be translated into a protein on the ribosome, the mRNA must first be transcribed from a sequence of dna. what amino acid sequence does the following DNA nucleotide sequence specify?
3′−TACAGAACGGTA−5′
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A small seawater ecosystem suddenly receives too much rain. Which is the most likely result?
A. The salinity increases then returns to normal.
B. The salinity decreases.
C. The salinity remains the same.
D. The salinity destroys the inhabitants.
There will be more rain in some areas of the Earth if a region becomes saltier than usual.
What occurs as salinity rises?In some areas of the ocean, little rain falls, yet warm, dry breezes greatly increase evaporation.Water is removed through evaporation; however, because salt is left behind as the water vapour rises into the atmosphere, the salinity of the ocean rises as a result. The ocean thickens as a result of this.The freezing point of water drops as salinity rises (29), which means that an ocean with a higher salinity has less potential to form sea ice and stays ice-free at much lower temperatures.By dehydrating the plant, blocking the uptake of nitrogen, and poisoning it with chloride ions, saline water slows plant growth.Rainwashing mineral ions from the land into water is the main cause of ocean salinity, or salt in the sea.To learn more about occurs as salinity rises refer to:
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Choose all the answers that apply.
Which of the following are found in plant cells, but never in animal cells?
cell membranes
chloroplasts
cell walls
vacuoles
how do class i and class ii aminoacyl-trna synthetases differ? choose one or more: a. structure of the active site b. atp binding domain c. types of reactions they catalyze d. mechanism of interaction with the trna
The two kinds of synthetases catalyze the same global process, the attachment of an amino acid to the tRNA, but differ in where the amino acid is put on the terminal adenosine of the tRNA: Class I enzymes prefer 2' hydroxyl groups, whereas class II enzymes prefer 3' hydroxyl groups.
ARSs catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their corresponding transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and so play a crucial role in protein synthesis. These enzymes can be found in free form or as part of a multi-tRNA synthetase complex in eukaryotic cells (MSC).
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases feature a proofreading mechanism that allows them to distinguish between various amino acids.
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the replication of scientific studies is an important and necessary component of empirical research and science in general. what are some of the benefits of replication? select all that apply.
The benefits of replication are
they provide information on generalization of the research findings.they can help support the original research study.Empirical research is research that is based on empirical evidence. It is also a method of acquiring knowledge through direct and indirect observation or experience. Some types of research are more valued by empirical research than others. Quantitative or qualitative analysis of empirical evidence is possible. Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena, and knowledge is derived from actual experience rather than theory or belief.
An example of empirical analysis would be if a researcher wanted to know if listening to happy music encourages prosocial behavior. An experiment could be carried out in which one group of the audience is exposed to happy music while the other is not.
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chloroplasts were only examined and labeled in the spirogyra slide. relate the function of these organelles to explain why they were not present in the onion root tip slide.
The onion fruiting body (bulb), which is utilized for storing energy rather than photosynthesis, is the reason why the clear epidermal cells are found in a single layer and lack chloroplasts.
A big vacuole, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, and nucleus are all components of a plant cell. Because they are underground, the roots are shielded from the sun. As a result, they are independent of chloroplasts. Organelles found in plant cells called chloroplasts use the photosynthetic process to change light energy into relatively stable chemical energy. They ensure that life on Earth continues.
The two membranes that surround chloroplasts also include a third complex membrane system called the thylakoids, which includes grana and lamellae. In addition, key chloroplast structures include starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. It is largely agreed that a free-living, photosynthetic cyanobacterium gave rise to chloroplasts before being absorbed by a eukaryotic cell. The majority of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, and the gene products are carried into the chloroplast through complicated import machinery. Chloroplasts retain a limited genome. The biogenesis and dynamic three-dimensional structure of chloroplasts depend on these activities.
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the hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because they: a. mate at different times of the day. b. occupy different parts of the habitat. c. have different mating behaviors. d. do not share the same reproductive organs. e. have adapted to two different hosts.
The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because e.)they have adapted to different hosts.
Initially, these two species are the same species and their host is the hawthorn tree. Speciation occurs when European settlers introduced apple trees in North America. Some flies of species born in the Hawthorne tree accept it as a host and continue to feed on this plant and mate with others flies on the Hawthorn tree. Flies that are born on apple trees accept it as a host and continue to feed on this tree and mate with other flies in this tree. Slowly after some time, these flies differentiated into two species.
This type of speciation which occurs without physical separation Or geographical separation is called sympatric speciation.
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3. (4 pts) given two possible shapes of a trailing edge, (a) state/draw the conditions for the top and bottom surface velocities at point a that satisfy the kutta condition (for each case), (b) state the kutta condition in terms of the vortex sheet strength at point a.
A steady flow fluid dynamics notion known as the Kutta condition, specifically in the field of aerodynamics, is relevant to solid bodies with sharp corners, such as the trailing edges of airfoils.
In aerodynamics, solid things with sharp edges, such as the trailing edges of airfoils, are subject to the Kutta condition. When a fluid runs all the way around a solid body with sharp edges, none of the fluid passes through the sharp corner as it approaches the following edge from above and below. Therefore, it may be inferred that the velocity above and below are equivalent at the trailing edge.
The circulation around a body with a sharp trailing edge that is traveling through a fluid will be strong enough to retain the rear stagnation point at the trailing edge. The Kutta condition describes the flow pattern in which fluid approaches the corner from above and below, meets at the corner, and then flows away from the body. This applies to fluid flow around a body having a sharp corner. Nothing moves around the steep turn in the fluid. When applying the Kutta-Joukowski theorem to determine the lift produced by an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge, the Kutta condition is important. The value of the airfoil's flow circulation must be that value that would result in the Kutta condition.
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explain how a pneumothorax has precipitated respiratory failure, using the effects on lung function and gas exchange in your answer. include the criteria for respiratory failure.
The hypoxemia , hypercapnia and decreased serum pH is responsible for respiratory failure in case of pneumothorax.
The respiratory failure occur only when partial pressure of PO₂ is less than 50 mm Hg or hypoxemia. It can also be marked when PCO₂ is >50 mm Hg or hypercapnia condition and decreased serum pH below 7.3.
With each exhalation, more and more air becomes trapped in the pleural cavity, compromising the unaffected lung and ultimately leading to the failure of both lungs. This condition is known as pneumothorax.
Hence, respiratory failure occur due to decreased partial pressure of oxygen.
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beetles may be the most varied order of animals. new beetle species are authenticated, completely unpredictably, at a typical rate of one every 7.0 months. a supplement to a guide is planned to be published after 20 new species have been discovered.
As the imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.8months.
The Poisson distribution is used to clear up this question, as we've simplest the imply. In this distribution, the usual deviation is the rectangular root of the imply.
In this question, we've that:
Species are found at a charge of as soon as each 7 months.A complement to a manual is deliberate to be posted after 20 new species had been found.a) What are the anticipated cost and preferred deviation of the variety of months (handled as a non-stop degree of time) till the complement is posted?Mean is: 7×20 = a hundred and forty months.Standard deviation is sqrt(a hundred and forty) = 11.eight months.The imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.eight monthRead more about beetles :
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how can you tell? name 1 distinguishing feature that allows you to identify it as that region of the gi tract.
It has four layers. The mucosa is the deepest layer, followed by the sub-mucosa and muscularis propria. The adventitia or serosa is the outermost layer. water and electrolytes absorption.
Other than excrement propulsion and defecation, the large intestine's gross activities include absorbing vitamins created by the region's bacteria and absorbing water and electrolytes. The muscularis propria (Detrusor muscle) is made up of dense bundles of smooth muscle as opposed to the muscularis propria to thin fascicles. Small biopsies may find it challenging to make this distinction. Variable areas of the bladder have different muscularis propria thickness and patterning. Most solid electrolytes can be categorized into the four classes of mucosa. Gel electrolytes are chemically similar to liquid electrolytes.
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how does the development of living organisms compare to the fossil record of closely related organisms?
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of extinct animals, plants, and other organisms. Because they demonstrate that earlier life on Earth was distinct from the life found today, fossils are crucial proof of evolution.
By counting the number of differences between the DNA or amino acid sequences of two species, molecular clocks can estimate how closely two species are related. All living things share the same biochemical building blocks, which is molecular evidence for evolution.
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Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?.
Prokaryotes that are pathogenic are more resilient than those that are not. Supplements are more important for non-pathogenic prokaryotes' growth media. For pathogenic prokaryotes, the majority of the essential culture conditions might be assumed.
Why is prokaryotes difficult to culture?Because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot grow outside of a host cell, some bacteria cannot be cultured. Other times, culturable organisms that were previously culturable under stressful circumstances become culturable again.
Do prokaryotes cause disease in people?Prokaryotes that are harmful to humans exist. As one of the main causes of death worldwide, devastating diseases and plagues have been around since the dawn of time. Emerging diseases are those with a swiftly expanding geographic or incidence range.
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In multicellular eukaryotes, different types of cells have _______ genes, and _______ gene expression.
Diverse cell types in multicellular eukaryotes have different genes, but they all express the same genes.
Do eukaryotes with many cells have the same genes?Even though all the cells in a multicellular organism have the same DNA, they may express quite diverse gene sets. A cell's distinctive characteristics are determined by the collection of proteins and functional RNAs that are expressed from the set of genes in that cell.
How many eukaryotic levels of gene expression are there?While eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, prokaryotes only regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level.
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Classify the organisms based on how they obtain food.
Answer:
autotrophs and hererotrops
Explanation:
Organisms are characterized into two broad categories based upon how they obtain their energy and nutrients
1) Which correctly describes sister chromatids? (1 point)
Responses
They are the daughter cells that form during cell replication.
They form during metaphase when DNA is replicated.
.
They make up the mitotic spindle within the cell.
They are part of the lined-up chromosomes in mitosis.
2)Which of the following correctly orders events during mitosis?(1 point)
The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes. Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves.
Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes. Microtubules organize the chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane dissolves. Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes.
Answer: They are part of the lined-up chromosomes in mitosis.
Explanation:
A ____ is a neutron star that rotates and generates radio waves
Answer:
Pulsar.
Explanation:
I took the test:)
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the carbon cycle?.
Answer:
Respiration and photosynthesis are the two major parts of the carbon cycle. Respiration produces CO2 carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Respiration takes place in almost all living things (some bacteria get their energy from the breakdown of sulfur compounds in deep ocean vents.) In respiration glucose sugar
the function of which of the following systems is to carry blood to all regions of the body to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste products?
The Circulatory System.
What is circulatory system?
Circulatory system is a group of organs responsible for the pumping , circulation and conduction of blood to each and every cells of the body. Circulatory system is extremely essential for our bodies as blood is the medium through which oxygen availability is made to the cellular framework . Also the circulatory system is responsible for removal of waste products and other metabolites away from the cells.
Components of Circulatory system -
The circulatory system consist of a pump- the Heart which by its forceful contraction pumps the blood to different organs. From the heart blood is carried away by Arteries. Arteries inside the organs divide into arterioles and Capillaries. From the organs the blood is taken up by the Viens towards the heart. The blood is then pumped towards the lungs where oxygenation of the blood takes place. The oxygenated blood again comes back to the heart where it repeats the cycle.
Thus Circulatory System carry blood to all the regions of the body.
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If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of atp that is available in that muscle cell?.
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, the amount of ATP is A. staying the same or increasing.
Muscle cells require ATP as a source of energy for contraction and muscle movement. Even when you are setting your muscle to a relaxing mode, you are using some ATP to do so.
However, if a muscle is set in such a state that it is neither relaxing not contracting, hence there is no work being performed by the muscle. At this stage the ATP amount inside this muscle will remain the same and can increase if the neurons bring some extra ATP for the muscle cells to store here.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of ATP that is available in that muscle cell?
A. It is staying the same or increasing.
B. It is decreasing rapidly.
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Which hypothesis is supported by the data?
The hypothesis that is supported by the data is that the milkweed population is a biotic factor whose population decreases as the amount of sunlight, an abiotic factor, decreases. Option A.
Biotic and abiotic factorsThe biotic factors of the environment are all the living organisms in the environment. The abiotic factors, on the other hand, are the nonliving components of the environment, such as sunlight, precipitation, pH, etc.
Thus, in the data shown, the milkweed is a biotic factor while the sunlight is an abiotic factor.
The data further shows that as the amount of shade increases, the population of milkweed also decreases. The amount of shade available in a place is a function of sunlight. The more sunlight, the lesser the amount of shade available, and vice versa.
In order words, the population of the milkweed plant decreased in response to the decrease in the amount of sunlight (which increases shade) available in the environment.
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what part of the brain is affected in bipolar disorder are similar to those seen in cases of
In a longterm structural MRI study of bipolar disorder, Abé et al. find that individuals who have manic episodes have less frontal brain volume than patients who remain stable.
The findings imply that the presence of mania contributes to frontal grey matter loss in bipolar disorder.
The amygdala, hippocampus, and dorsomedial thalamus are the primary subcortical limbic brain areas associated with depression. Depression has been associated with both structural and functional abnormalities in these regions.
Hippocampal volumes have been found to be smaller in depressed people (10, 25). It is generally accepted that bipolar disorder is caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. Neurotransmitters, such as noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, are the substances in charge of regulating how the brain works.
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Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juice.
Multiple select question.
Gastrin
Secretin
Parasympathetic impulses
Sympathetic nerves
Cholecystokinin
The release of the pancreatic juice was stimulated by secretin
What does a pancreas do?
The pancreas is a spongy organ that is roughly 15 centimetres long and formed like a tube. It connects to the duodenum and is situated at the rear of the belly, behind the stomach.
Because it creates a range of enzymes that digest all main food categories, the pancreas is a crucial digestive organ.
The duodenum secretes these enzymes along with a significant amount of bicarbonate. Pancreatic secretions become alkaline as a result of bicarbonate.
Pancreatic fluids and hormones are produced by the pancreas. Enzymes included in pancreatic secretions aid in small intestine food digestion.
Insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, is one of the hormones produced by the pancreas. Enzymes and hormones are both essential for the correct.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ____ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
The Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
What is gene?
Parent to child transmission of the fundamental component of heredity. The chromosomes in the nucleus of cells contain specific locations where the DNA sequences that make up genes are arranged in a logical order, one after another.
What is nervous system?
The term "nervous system" refers to an organized collection of cells, or "neuron," that are trained to transmit impulses—excited states—from a sensory receptor to an effector, or the location where a response takes place, via a nerve network.
Therefore, Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
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animals and plants both have diploid and haploid cells. how does the animal life cycle differ from the alternation of generations exhibited by plants?
Only the gametes are haploid; otherwise, almost all creatures live diploid dominant lives. They are unable to split once the haploid gametes have been created. Multiple cell haploid life stages don't exist.
In contrast, plants have a mixture of the haploid and diploid dominance cycles since they have both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms as a component of their life cycle.
Due to its ability to produce haploid spores during meiosis, the diploid plant is known as a sporophyte. Because they produce gametes, the spores grow into haploid, multicellular plants known as gametophytes.
What is the difference between life cycle of animal and plant?
In multicellular creatures, there is just one generation in the life cycle. The haploid sex cells are created by meiosis in the diploid organism. Other cells in the body are all diploid and are created during mitosis. Male and female sex cells combine during fertilisation to form a new diploid creature. The organism is diploid and does not alternate between haploid and diploid generations.
Life cycles fluctuate between diploid and haploid generations in plant multicellular organisms. Through meiosis, the diploid sporophyte phase of the cycle generates haploid spores. A haploid gametophyte structure is created as haploid spores multiply through mitosis. The cycle's haploid stage is represented by the gametophyte.
The gametophyte creates both male and female gametes after reaching maturity. A diploid zygote results from the union of haploid gametes. A new diploid sporophyte is created by the zygote growing through mitosis. Accordingly, unlike in animal beings, plant species can switch between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte phases.
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The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the: _________.
The flexibility of the smooth muscles allows the arteries to sustain a rapid, significant rise in pressure.
What makes an artery resilient to pressure?They have an outer layer of collagen and a thick wall to prevent the artery from rupturing under the intense pressure. In order to maintain pulse flow, the artery wall also has an inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers.
What property makes arteries resistant to high pressure?The aorta and pulmonary arteries, which are the closest to the heart, are elastic arteries because they have much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries do. The elastic arteries' ability to maintain a relatively constant pressure gradient despite the heart's continuous pumping is due to this property.
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