The reason that coasts such as those in Canada, north Britain, and Scandinavia have been uplifted are The crust is rebounding after the recession of glaciers. The correct answer is option (d).
The coast is the land near an expanse. The line of a coast, where land meets water, is named the border by water. Waves, tides, and currents help form coastlines. Such a classification leads to the description of three comprehensive tectonic types of coasts: (1) accident coasts, (2) following-edge coasts, and (3) borderline ocean coasts.
A glacier is a continuous body of thick icicles namely uniformly affecting under allure own weight. A glacier forms a place the growth of snowstorms surpasses allure ablation over many ages, frequently day. The best glacier on the planet, Antarctica's Lambert Glacier, is one of the planet's fastest-mobile hailstone streams.
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The complete question is:
What is the reason that coasts such as those in Canada, north Britain, and Scandinavia have
been uplifted?
A) The sea level has fallen.
B) The ocean crust has subsided.
C) The crust has uplifted due to plate tectonics.
D) The crust is rebounding after the recession of glaciers.
where may untreated human waste be dumped overboard while on inland waters? in rivers with fast currents in lakes with rivers flowing in and out wash boat and trailer at the ramp after retrieving it
Untreated human waste never be dumped in inland waters. Untreated human waste could pose a significant risk to health.
When Untreated human waste mixes with water, it can lead to epidemics like cholera, meningitis, and other diseases in addition to polluting the air, water, and soil.
Human waste that hasn't been treated poses a health risk. It contaminates the soil and water, including underground water. Drinking this contaminated water can result in illnesses like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc. that can even be fatal.
Many microbes found in untreated human waste, including those that cause cholera, diarrhea, jaundice, and typhoid, are deadly. Insects, tainted food, and tainted water are two easy ways for the germs that cause these diseases to spread to humans. Therefore, untreated human excreta pose a health risk.
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what types of conditions are found where air in a circulation cell (such as a hadley cell) returns to earth from up high?
The sunlight that is absorbed and radiated by the Earth's surface and rotation provides the energy for all of that motion air circulation.
Together with ocean circulation, atmospheric circulation moves heat throughout the whole surface of the Earth, air circulation providing us the weather we experience every day and affecting regional climates. Air rising at 60 degrees N and S forms convection currents, which sink near the poles. woodlands that are cold. in the N Hemisphere, deflects moving things (like wind) in a right and a left direction. They circulate warm air around the world, affecting precipitation and temperature. The atmosphere and ocean are kept moving by the climate, which functions as an engine that uses heat energy. Ocean currents, convection, rainfall, winds, and evaporation are examples of all part of the Earth's heat engine air circulation.
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the proportion of land to water is about the same in both the northern hemisphere as in the southern hemisphere. t/f
the proportion of land to water is about the same in both the northern hemisphere as in the southern hemisphere is a false statement
The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by oceans, relative to the Northern Hemisphere.
The southern hemisphere is dominated by oceanic influences, while the northern hemisphere is dominated by continental influences.
The southern hemisphere has much less land than the northern hemisphere, so there is less asymmetry at its lower boundary. A more zonal symmetrical circulation with smaller amplitude standing waves is therefore expected. The high proportion of ocean or water also weakens the seasonal cycle. For example, seasonal variations in surface temperature are smaller than in the Northern Hemisphere.
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in africa, in pre-columbian latin america, and in the indigenous cultures of north america, there are rich traditions of
In Africa, in pre-Columbian Latin America, and in the Indigenous cultures of North America, there are rich traditions of rituals and ceremonies that had theatrical elements like costumes, songs and dances, and impersonations of people, animals, and divinities.
The pre-Colombian inhabitants of South America and their descendants are known as the Indigenous peoples of South America or South American Indigenous peoples. These people stand in contrast to South Americans with European and African ancestry.
The first populations of humans in South America are thought to have either crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia into North America and then moved south, or else crossed the Pacific from Polynesia.
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what sequence of events connects the industrial revolution, industrial captialism, communism, and the cold war summary
The sequence of events that connects are:
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial CapitalismCommunismCold WarIn what sequence of events connects?Labor-intensive economies were created as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which started in 1760. The role of labor in the production factors increased.
In the 1700s, the economy witnessed a swift, significant transition during the industrial revolution. Industrial capitalism, an economic system in which corporate executives exploit earnings to grow their firms, resulted from this. This resulted in communism, a system of public ownership of production, land, and wealth that led to the cold war, a fight for dominance between the Soviet Union and the United States.
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Which of the following was a result of Austria and Prussia threatening to intervene in the on going revolution in France?
Group of answer choices
the revolution stalled because the king reestablished control of France
The Estates General responded by sending diplomats
The U.S. Congress sent soldiers to support France
Revolutionaries took radical action and prepared for war
The French Revolution led to a series of extensive military battles known as the French Revolutionary Wars (French: Guerres de la Révolution française), which lasted from 1792 to 1802.
They pitted France against a number of monarchs, including Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain. They are split into the First Coalition War (1792–1797) and the Second Coalition War (1801–1914).
(1798–1802). Fighting was initially limited to Europe but eventually spread around the world. France had gained the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries, and the Rhineland in Europe after ten years of nonstop conflict and belligerent diplomacy, but had abandoned Louisiana in North America.
The victory of France in these battles made guaranteed that revolutionary ideas were adopted by most of Europe.
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Which nations are smaller than they were in 1914?
Answer:
Explanation:
The question is probably related with the World War I aftermath and territorial gains, otherwise the answer will be very long, so, the answer is as fallows:
Austria gained Burgenland from Hungary;
Belgium gained Eupen-Malmedy from Germany;
Denmark gained Nordschleswig from Germany;
France gained Alsace-Lorraine from Germany;
Greece gained Western Thrace from Bulgaria;
Italy gained South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria peninsula and Zadar from the Austro-Hungarian Empire;
Romania gained Transilvania, parts of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș from the Kingdom of Hungary, parts Bukovina from the Austrian Empire.
which of the following help explain why the colorado river cut the grand canyon, while the much larger mississippi river is not in a canyon at all. pick 2
The Colorado river cut the grand canyon because The Mississippi moves slower. The Mississippi has a lower change in elevation each mile, on average.
A deep valley with steep sides is called a canyon. Spanish for "tube" or "pipe," "canyon" is derived from the word caon. Although the words "gorge" and "canyon" are frequently used interchangeably, a gorge is almost always narrower and steeper than a canyon.Canyons are produced by tectonic activity, weathering and erosion, and river movement.River canyons are probably the most well-known kind of canyon. River beds can be severely damaged by the pressure of the flowing water. A deep, narrow channel is formed when riverbed sediments are carried downstream.Entrenched rivers are those that flow through large, deep canyons. They are firmly established because, unlike rivers in broad, flat flood plains, they do not meander or diverge.Learn more about River canyons, here
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water scarcity is defined as: group of answer choices a layer or section of earth that contains freshwater. an annual supply of renewable freshwater between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person. an annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person. the natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies. the water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment.
Only about 1,000 cubic meters of sustainable groundwater per person every year.
What is an illustration of scarcity?Energy resources are inherently scarce, including gold, oil, silver, and other fossil fuels. These materials become scarce and their prices may rise as demand outpaces supply. Due to their scarcity and market dominance, some commodities, like diamonds, fetch high prices.
What does economic scarcity mean?Limitation is one of the key concepts in economics. It shows that there is indeed a discrepancy in the demand for a good or service compared to the supply. Therefore, scarcity may limit the choices made available to customers, who ultimately stimulate the economy.
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two different rivers have drops that are the same height. in river a, this section of the river is a waterfall. in river b, this section has a hydroelectric dam. in what way does the energy differ between the drops in the two rivers?
Answer: Given are identical-height dips in two different rivers. There is a waterfall in this section of river A. There is a hydroelectric dam on this section of river B. The potential energy of the water is now transformed into kinetic energy as it falls, with the kinetic energy peaking at the waterfall's base.
Therefore, river A would have greater water kinetic energy than river B at the bottom of the descent. Similar to how, because the river's velocity is zero at that point, the top of the drop in river A has less kinetic energy than the top of the drop in river B
- describe the weather differences between a coastal mediterranean climate and an interior mediterranean climate?
Answer: Coastal climates tend to have wetter winters and drier summers, whereas inland climates have more humid summers and drier winters. Coastal climates are typically limited to narrow strips along the edges of continents, whereas inland climates tend to occur over broad swaths of continental interiors.
Which pollutant would you expect to be present in low concentrations during morning rush hour in a large city like chicago?.
The answer is Photochemical smog, which is also known as “Los Angeles smog,” occurs most prominently in urban areas that have large numbers of automobiles. It requires neither smoke nor fog. This type of smog has its origin in the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon vapors emitted by automobiles…
During peak-traffic hours in the morning, large amounts of nitrogen oxides and volatile hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere. These pollutants can be traced to automobile emissions and industrial discharge. Some of these hydrocarbon pollutants rapidly undergo oxidation by the hydroxyl groups in the atmosphere, resulting in the formation of peroxy radicals. These peroxy radicals go on to convert nitric oxide into nitrogen dioxide.
The photochemical response is a synthetic response started by the retention of vitality as light. The result of atoms' retaining light is the production of transient energized states whose concoction and physical properties contrast extraordinarily with the first molecules. Photochemical brown haze is the synthetic response of daylight, nitrogen oxides, and unstable natural mixes in the environment, which leaves airborne particles and ground-level ozone.
It is also related to the concentration of secondary pollutants (in some cases). Common examples of primary pollutants that contribute to photochemical smog include oxides of nitrogen such as nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, and most VOCs (volatile organic compounds). The most obvious way to minimize photochemical smog levels is to eliminate the use of fossil fuels by using non-polluting or sustainable sources of electricity, such as nuclear power, hydropower, and wind power.
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well, the evidence is pretty clear that the earth is getting warmer. the average global temperature has increased by about 1.5 degrees fahrenheit over the past hundred years.
True, The planet is warming up. Over the past century, the average global temperature has risen by around 1.5 degrees fahrenheit.
Global warming is the gradual warming of the Earth's surface that has been seen since the pre-industrial era (between 1850 and 1900), and is attributed to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which raises the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This phrase should not be used in place of "climate change."
A long-term change in the typical weather patterns that have come to characterize local, regional, and global climates on Earth is referred to as climate change. The term is synonymous with a wide range of observed effects that are a result of these changes.
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Describe one environmental problem associated with a rapidly growing human population.
One of the most serious environmental issues linked with a fast-rising human population is deforestation. With an estimated 7 billion people on the earth, forests are being removed at an alarming rate to make space for houses, industry, and agriculture.
As the human population continues to rise at an alarming rate, it is becoming increasingly evident that we are putting pressure on the environment. Rapid population increase is regarded as one of the major environmental dangers of our time. Population increase has put a strain on our natural resources, resulting in deforestation, water shortages, and air pollution.
Another environmental issue connected with a fast-rising population is water shortage. As more people relocate to cities, water demand rises, leading to water shortages and pollution. One of the most important environmental issues linked with a fast-rising population is climate change.
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- On the American prairie, fire
A. is the worst thing that could happen
B. is part of the prairie's natural cycle
C. leaves the grasslands untouched
D. only happens in winter
Answer:id say b
Explanation:fires are part of nature's natural cycle and helps bring nitrogen back to the soil for the next generation of plants and animals
Which pollutant would you expect to be present in low concentrations during morning rush hour in a large city like chicago?.
Answer: photochemical smog.
Explanation: i did ma research
Photochemical smog is the pollutant would you expect to be present in low concentrations during morning rush hour in a large city like chicago.
What is Photochemical smog?A mixture of pollutants known as photochemical smog is created when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds interact with sunlight, which explains why there is a brown cloud over cities. It tends to occur more frequently in the summer because that is when we get the most sunlight. principal pollutants.
Ground-level ozone gets its name from the photochemical reaction of air pollutants including nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds with UV radiation as a result, the O3 levels vary dramatically with season, with the summer seeing the highest levels.
It also has something to do with how many secondary pollutants there are. Oxides of nitrogen, such as nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, are typical examples of primary pollutants that contribute to photochemical haze.
Thus, it is Photochemical smog.
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Which of the following answers arranges the time periods listed in the correct order from LONGEST to SHORTEST? Stage, Era, Period Era, Period, Stage Stage, Period, Era Period, Stage, Era Era, Stage, Period
The time periods in the correct order from LONGEST to SHORTEST are Era, period, and stage.
An era is a period of hundreds of millions of years and it is independent of human activity. For example the pre-colonial era, the cold war era, agrarian era.
A period is the basic unit of time. A Period lasts tens of millions of years. Normally we say that someone has lived for a period of time be it short or long.
The stage is a point in time when something happened. Children mature in stages, the same as animals and other creatures. This shows the time things are happening.
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generally speaking, fossils can form when organisms group of answer choices travel over sediments and leave imprints. die and get sheared during metamorphism. are buried by a lava flow. are preserved in recrystallized limestone called marble. flag question: question 2
The statement that is false is fossils can form when organisms d) are preserved in recrystallized limestone called marble.
Fossils can be described as the remains of dead plants and animals that caused imprints on the soil. Fossils are known to travel in between different sediment layers and cause imprints that are studied by researchers.
Fossils are buried in different sedimentary layers of the Earth when there is lava erupting from the surface of the Earth.
However, fossils are not preserved in limestone or marble. The fossils are preserved in rocks on which an imprint of the dead and decaying organism can be formed.
Although a part of your question is missing, the correct question is:
Identify the false statement.
Generally speaking, fossils can form when organisms
a) travel over sediments and leave imprints.
b) die and get sheared during metamorphism.
c) are buried by a lava flow.
d) are preserved in recrystallized limestone called marble.
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overturn occurs after ice melts and water at 4 0c rises, while a blank is the area of a lake in summer where the water temperature changes abruptly due to thermal stratification.
In temperate lakes, a spring capsize occurs after ice melts and water at 4 0C rises, while a thermocline is the area of a lake in summer where the water temperature changes suddenly due to thermal position.
The subcaste that separates warmer face mixed water from cooler deep water is known as a thermocline.
Water bodies correspond of layers that vary in consistence grounded on temperature. The epipelagic zone, also known as the" ocean skin" or the" sun zone," is the topmost subcaste of the ocean's face. The commerce of this subcaste with the wind and swells mixes the water and disperses the heat. The thermocline is located at this subcaste's base. The subcaste that lies between the face's warmer mixed water and its cooler depths is known as a thermocline. In a body of water, the thermocline can generally be linked by the unforeseen temperature change that occurs.
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Complete question:
In temperate lakes, a ______ overturn occurs after ice melts and water at 4 0C rises, while a ______ is the area of a lake in summer where the water temperature changes abruptly due to thermal stratification.
what are the similarities between rhodopis and cinderella story?
The growing merging of older, farm-centered crop economy and newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems is termed:
agribusiness
The growing merging of older, farm-centered crop economy and newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems is termed Agribusiness.
Agribusiness - A type of industry that deals with farming, manufacturing and selling equipment used on farms.
Combining the terms "agriculture" and "enterprise", agribusiness refers to all businesses related to agriculture and related commercial activities.
It combines agricultural practices with the help of advanced technology. It helps in several ways, such as: Miniaturization, production of top quality agricultural products, large-scale production and distribution, etc.
Production, processing and distribution – all the steps necessary to bring agricultural products to market – are all included in agribusiness. All aspects of food production are covered by companies in the agribusiness sector.
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Which of the following describes the pattern of tree species richness?A) tree species richness decreases w increasing latitude and longitudeB) tree species diversity increases w increasing latitudeC) tree species diversity increases w/ decreasing latitudeD) there is no relationship b/w tree species diversity and latitudeD) tree species richness increases w decreasing latitude (closer to equator)
The statement that correctly describes the pattern of tree species richness is a tree species richness increases with decreasing latitude (closer to the equator).
The richness of tree species - and many other taxonomic groups - increases the closer they are to the equator. The latitude of the equator is 0, so decreasing latitudes mean that areas are closer to the equator regardless of approaching from the north or south. There is no similar pattern regarding longitude.
Species diversity is measured through a combination of species richness (the number of species present) and species evenness (the abundance of each species). Stem density and species richness both decrease with latitude.
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After charleston and baltimore, how large were the south’s next four largest cities? in which state or states were they located?.
It is to be noted that after Charleston and Baltimore, The South's next four largest cities had populations of 2,500 to 5,000. All were located in Virginia.
Where is Charleston located?Charleston is the largest city in the United States state of South Carolina, the closest town of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston metropolitan area.
It is located on Charleston Harbor, an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers. The city of Charleston had a population of 150,277 people according to the 2020 census.
The Charleston metropolitan area, which included Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, had a population of 799,636 people in 2020, making it the third-largest in the state and the 74th-largest in the United States.
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continents move over geologic time and affect climate by both their latitudinal position and how they influence the flow of currents.
Continents move over geologic time and affect climate by both their latitudinal position and how they influence the flow of ocean currents.
The movement of continents, the horizontal and vertical displacements of plate tectonics, play an important role in climate change over a wide range of geologic time scales. The solid-earth surface is directly connected with the atmosphere and oceans and their evolving latitudinal position impacts the balances of radiation (incoming and outgoing), atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, and the elevated terrain location suitable for glaciers and ice sheets. Hence, continents move over geologic time and affect climate by both their latitudinal position and how they influence the flow of ocean currents.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Continents move over geologic time and affect climate by both their latitudinal position and how they influence the flow of ________ currents.
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Which pollutant would you expect to be present in low concentrations during morning rush hour in a large city like chicago?.
Photochemical smog is the pollutant that I would expect to be present in low concentrations during morning rush hour in a large city like Chicago.
When nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combine with sunlight, a mixture of pollutants called photochemical smog is produced, which explains why there is a brown cloud above cities. Due to the fact that we receive the most sunshine in the summer, it tends to happen more frequently. primary contaminates. When the sun's ultraviolet rays interact with the atmosphere's nitrogen oxides, photochemical smog is created. This concentration appears as a brown haze and is most noticeable in the morning and late afternoon, particularly in warm, densely populated places. The poisonous chemical may prevent photosynthesis, which would prevent plant growth. Ozone can also harm a variety of substances, including rubber, paint, and dyed fabrics. Their duration and quality could be harmed.
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What type of fault has the geologist found?normal faultreverse faultdivergent faultstrike-slip fault.
A geological fault is a type of fault related to the shifting and moving of tectonic plates that results from a crack in the Earth's crust.
A fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock that has experienced significant displacement due to rock-mass movement.
Not all ground imperfections are defects. The movement of the rock on either side is what characterizes a fault. The energy released when that movement is sudden results in an earthquake. There are numerous large fault systems along which rocks have been sliding past one another for hundreds of miles. Some faults are tiny, but others are a part of them.
Plate tectonic forces cause large faults to form in the crust of the Earth, with the biggest ones forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults. Most earthquakes are caused by the release of energy associated with rapid movement on active faults.
The plane that symbolizes the fault's fracture surface is known as a fault plane. A fault plane's intersection with the ground surface is known as a fault trace or fault line. A fault trace is a line that is frequently drawn as a fault on geologic maps.
Geologists use the term "fault zone" to describe the zone of complex deformation connected to the fault plane because faults typically do not consist of a single, clean fracture.
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1. explain what is happening to the whitebark pine in yellowstone national park as a result of climate change.
They are dying because beetles are moving in to the pines and killing them due to higher temperatures in the elevations. This is happening to the white bark pine in Yellowstone National Park as a result of climate change.
As an outcome of environmental change, the white bark pine is been focused on by pine creepy crawlies, which can flourish in winter conditions. An assault drove by different creepy crawlies for one to two days has produced openings in the pine prompting its obliteration.
The target of long haul studies is to track down the associations among creatures and plants and to observe how they are partner with one another in their miniature climate. Like in the narrative it was the relationship between the squirrel, pine trees and bear.
The lager needs to consume high happy nutritious seeds of the pine tree, which defended them in the winters because of the great measure of fat present in them that offered warmth. Nonetheless, the lagers couldn't arrive at the pine trees as they were a long way from their span and in this manner, they took help from squirrels, which serve the target for the bears.
Consequently, it tends to be fathomed that every one of the three animals, or at least, squirrel, tree and bear are related with one another and fostering a food web. This multitude of studies need an adequate measure of time and perception. Consequently, Dr. Hardley required thirty years looking at them and furthermore required twenty years analyzing the impact of environment on creatures of land and water living in the lake. Their species variety declined considerably because of a worldwide temperature alteration that brought about the evaporating of the lake.
Now, if the number of the white bark trees declines in Yellowstone National Park then it may cause land sliding in the region along with other hazardous events along with it. As the soil capacity to hold itself all together will decrease, causing less water and nutrients transport towards the plants and other beings.
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Which features would you look for to classify a volcano? select the three correct answers.
Height, Steepness and Type of Lava classify a volcano. A volcano is a crack in a planetary-mass object's crust, like Earth, that lets hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most frequently found where tectonic plates are separating or joining together, and the majority are underwater. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, has volcanoes brought on by divergent tectonic plates, whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes brought on by convergent tectonic plates. As in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, and the Rio Grande rift in North America, volcanoes can also form where the plates of the crust are being stretched and thinned. A diapir upwelling from the core-mantle boundary, located 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) beneath the Earth's surface, is thought to be the cause of volcanism that occurs away from plate boundaries. The Hawaiian hotspot is one example of the hotspot volcanism that results from this. Where two tectonic plates slide past one another, volcanoes typically do not form.
Large eruptions can change the atmosphere's temperature because the Sun is obscured by ash and sulfuric acid droplets, which cool the Earth's troposphere. In the past, major volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters that have resulted in devastating famines.
In addition to Earth, other planets have volcanoes. As an illustration, Mercury has pyroclastic deposits that were created by violent volcanic activity.
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Match a factor on the left that determines how far magma can rise toward Earth's surface with its definition.
The factors that determine how far magma can rise toward the earth’s surface are magma pressure, density, gas pressure, and stress.
What exactly is magma?Magma is a hot liquid with rocks located beneath the earth’s surface at very high temperatures, estimated at over 1000 °C.Magma is formed from a mixture of the three main elements, such as molten rock, minerals, and dissolved gases. Lava, on the other hand, is magma that flows or erupts to the earth's surface.The factors that determine how far magma can rise toward the earth’s surface are magma pressure, density, gas pressure, and stress.
Magma pressure is the pressure that is directed toward the magma from all edges.The magma from the crust has a lower density than the surrounding rock. It can cause magma to rise through the crust.Gas pressure: The bubbles of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxide that form in magma can reduce its density.Stress: The tectonic stress causes fractures to open.Learn more about magma:
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stop 2: tumbling run. what does the change in composition of the edinburg formation tell us about the type of tectonic activity that was taking place to the east?
The change in the composition of the Edinburg formation tells us about the type of tectonic activity that was taking place to the east that the Taconian mountains were building to the east providing a source of siliciclastic sediment.
The Edinburg Formation is an Ordovician-age terrestrial composition in Virginia. It is generally collected of basinal (deep sea) rock formed from sediment and rock and is an individual of the more immature wholes in the "Middle Ordovician" order of the Shenandoah Valley.
Tectonic activity happens around plate edges. Plate frontiers are fields on Earth place two crustal plates meet each other. Tectonic activity is a controlled theory that expounds in what way or manner important landforms are generated on account of Earth's hidden drives. The theory, which hardened in the 1960s, mutated the dust sciences by interpreting many wonders, including peak construction occurrences, volcanoes, and shocks.
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