Extinction is a method that offers no chance of reinforcement.
What is an illustration of the extinction of a behavior that has been reinforced negatively?The extinction of behaviors that are maintained by negative reinforcement is another variation of this process. This is what is meant by "avoid extinction." Dannie, for instance, sulks when she refuses to consume her food.
Which of the following is an illustration of a behavior that was reinforced positively being eliminated?For instance, Brian's screaming was positively reinforced by the teachers' social attention to him. Before screaming, he received no attention, but after screaming, he did, and this is how his behavior of screaming was favorably reinforced.
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List the different process that occur for each transport process.
active transport and passive transport
The different process that occur for each transport process Osmosis is facilitated by a diffusion gradient. Movement is from high to low concentration no energy required. Only a passive membrane would be required.
What is energy transformation?The question is incomplete as the system is not shown but I will try to help you the much I can. First of all, this question deals with the idea of energy transformation. We must note that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
The system ought to have been composed of many systems in which energy transformations occur ad each of these must obey the law stated above. These energy transformation are not 100% efficient as some energy is lost as heat along the way.
Therefore, The different process that occur for each transport process Osmosis is facilitated by a diffusion gradient. Movement is from high to low concentration no energy required. Only a passive membrane would be required.
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how do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? illustration of lymphatic capillaries interacting with a systemic capillary bed. how do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? illustration of lymphatic capillaries interacting with a systemic capillary bed. the walls of lymphatic capillaries are composed of endothelium. fluid flows in one direction in lymphatic capillaries. lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable. lymphatic capillaries are dead-end tubes.
Blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries are similar, but lymphatic capillaries have closed ends and a bigger diameter.Unlike blood capillaries, lymph capillaries allow fluid entry but not exit through the cell walls.It is only capable of progress.Your lymphatic system includes lymphatic capillaries.
What distinguishes lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries?
What distinguishes lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries?have closed ends and are slightly larger in size than blood capillaries .They have a special structure that allows inter fluid to flow in and not escape.
How are veins and capillaries structured differently from lymphatic vessels?Lymphatic vessels have a structure similar to veins but are more numerous.Similar in size to veins, lymphatics have thinner walls, larger valves, a broader range in caliber, but less tortuous paths through the tissue than veins.Along their length, they also have lymph nodes in various locations.
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which of the following occurred by active transport? a. albumin in the urine b. re-absorption of amino acids c. re-absorption of water at the proximal tubule d. creatinine in the urine
The correct answer is b) re-absorption of amino acids occurred by active transport.
The portion of renal physiology known as renal protein reabsorption is responsible for retrieving filtered proteins and preventing their excretion through the urine. Because amino acid transporter molecules are present, amino acids are absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the renal tubule of a nephron. In the proximal tubule, reabsorption occurs almost exclusively. In the final urine, there is only 1% left. Through endocytosis, the proteins pass through the apical membrane. They are then broken down into lysosomes. Amino acid transporters move the remaining free amino acids through the basolateral membrane.
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in the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because in the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because it lacks a cell membrane. it lacks a cell wall. its contents leak out. it undergoes lysis. it plasmolyzes.
In the presence of penicillin, cells die due because it undergoes lysis.
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics characterized by the presence of a β-lactam ring and is produced by some fungi (eukaryotes) to treat bacterial infections.
Penicillin inhibits cell wall formation by preventing the incorporation of acetylmuramic acid, which is formed in cells, and normally gives the bacterial cell wall a rigid shape. Without a cell wall, bacterial cells are vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressure, which causes the cell to die quickly or lyisis.
The type of cell wall destroyed by penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG), which is the main ingredient in bacterial cell walls.
this question is a matter of choice:
it lacks a cell wall.
it plasmolyzes.
its contents leak out.
it undergoes lysis.
it lacks a cell membrane.
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when two secondary oocytes are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by different sperm cells, this is called:
Answer: paternal twins
Explanation:
suppose a person has a mutation in their dna and the 1st triplet for the gene coding for insulin is tat (instead of cca). will this person be diabetic? how do you know?
Yes, the person will become diabetic because the subject gene has a nonsense mutation.
When the DNA's nucleotide sequence is altered in a way that prevents the typical amino acid sequence in the finished protein, this is known as a nonsense mutation. DNA gets transferred into RNA, which is then translated into a protein, according to the fundamental biological tenet. The amino acid sequence that makes up the protein gives the organism a specific function. Due to the characteristics they possess and the interactions they have, the order of amino acids defines this role. Each amino acid in DNA is identified by a codon, which is a group of three nucleotides. Approximately 21 amino acids can be identified with this technique. "START" and "STOP" are two other crucial signals.
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Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
The biosphere is divided into biomes by biologists.
What criteria are used to categorize biomes?An place is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. Scientists can define a biome by defining the temperature range, soil type, amount of light, and water that are peculiar to a location and create niches for particular species.
What are the two primary categories for biomes?Deserts, woods, grasslands, savannas, tundra, and freshwater ecosystems are examples of biomes that fall under the categories of terrestrial and aquatic, respectively. Based on their overall environments, ecosystems can be divided into three basic categories: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial.
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explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity
Sensory receptors are specialized to perceive a certain kind of stimulus. When they receive the stimulus, they convert the energy from the stimulus to electric signals.
Sensory receptors have been developed to recognize particular types of stimuli. They transform the stimulus' energy into electric signals as soon as they receive it. The brain and spinal cord receive the electric signal, action potential, or impulses that are thus produced from sensory neurons or afferent neurons.
A change in potential or voltage across the membrane results from the change in ion distribution across the plasma membrane brought on by the stimulus. The stimulus's energy determines how this shift occurs. Neurotransmitters that bind to sensory or afferent neurons at the synapse can be released as a result of the receptor potential. When the membrane potential reaches a certain level, this can produce an action potential, which then conveys the data to the central nervous system.
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How could an activator influence gene expression at a promoter far away from the place that it binds dna?.
there is good evidence that the internal circadian clock is located in the a. raphé nuclei. b. optic nerves. c. suprachiasmatic nuclei. d. caudal reticular formation e. basal forebrain.
A biological clock, also known as an overall coordinator, which regulates circadian rhythms is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a small group of cells in the hypothalamus (SCN).
The anterior region of the hypothalamus has a bilateral structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It controls the majority of the body's circadian rhythms and serves as the circadian timing system's main pacemaker. The thalamus quiets down during the majority of the stages of sleep, allowing you to block out the outside world. However, the thalamus is active during REM sleep, sending the cortex pictures, noises, and other sensations that make up our dreams. Homeostatic sleep components including adenosine, nitric oxide, and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic portion of the hypothalamus suppress wake-promoting systems to produce sleep.
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20 points
What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?
A. To increase the number of chromosomes in each cell for each generation
B. Growth and repair of cells
C. Increase the volume of the cell
D. Support the cell theory
Answer:
A
Explanation:
is for cells to grow, develop and carry on their metabolic functions
what are some lines of evidence that suggest that small rnas may have initially evolved to protect the genome?
In certain species, they are implicated in the silencing of transposable elements in the germline. Cells can employ them to destroy viral RNA.
Numerous biological activities in plants, such as growth, metabolism, preservation of genomic integrity, defense against pathogens, and responses to abiotic stress are regulated by small RNAs. There is mounting evidence that short RNAs are essential for controlling how diseases interact with plants.
Molecular cues that specify the epigenetic stages of cells can also be provided by RNAs. To produce the long-lasting effects required for cellular memory & transgenerational inheritance, small RNAs can work alone or in conjunction with chromatin changes.
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A researcher is examining the dna sequences of a group of mice. He notices that in one of the mice, one nucleotide pair is substituted with another in the part of the dna sequence that codes for fur color. However, despite the substitution, the mouse still has the same fur color as the other mice with the correct dna sequence. Why does this substitution of nucleotides in the mouse not change its phenotype, or physical characteristics?.
The mouse's DNA is entirely distinct from that of the other mice. When one DNA nucleotide in a gene's protein-coding region changes without changing the order of amino acids that make up the protein that the gene codes for, the change is called a silent mutation.
What does the mouse's nucleotide substitution not do?A mutation known as a silent mutation does not affect the amino acid and hence has no effect on how the protein functions. The replacement mutation in the fur color gene was a quiet mutation, therefore it had no effect on the final phenotype.
When is a DNA-based protein generated by a cell necessary?When a cell wants to synthesize a certain protein, transcription from DNA produces messenger RNA (mRNA).
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which of the following exerts tonic (ongoing) inhibition over the va/vl thalamic nuclei? striatum substantia nigra pars compacta subthalamic nucleus globus pallidus
The va/vl thalamic nucleus are under the tonic (constant) inhibition of the globus pallidus.
Therefore, the subthalamus is disinhibited as a result of the striatum's functional inhibition of the external globus pallidus. Because of this, the subthalamic neurons become more active, stimulating the globus pallidus' internal segment, which ultimately suppresses the thalamic nuclei. The indirect pathway produces, or reinforces, the normal inhibition of the thalamus, whereas the direct pathway results in the dysregulation of a thalamus nucleus (inhibition of one cell on a target cell that subsequently inhibits the first cell). The principal output of the BG is provided by GABAergic neurons of the pars reticulata, which inhibit thalamic neurons, as well as dopaminergic nucleus of the pars compacta, which regulate thalamic excitability. Together, these two types of neurons make up the substantia nigra (SN).
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three layers of tissue are responsible for filtration at the glomerulus. the basal lamina (basement membrane) limits passage of:
At the glomerulus, filtration is carried out by three layers of tissue. Passage of produced elements and glucose is restricted by the basal lamina (basement membrane).
The biological degree of organization between cells and an entire organ is called tissue. An assembly of comparable cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that work together to perform a particular function is referred to as a tissue. The functional fusion of many tissues results in the formation of organs.
On top of which the epithelium rests is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, known as the basal lamina. Although it actually make up a small component of the basement membrane, it is frequently referred to mistakenly as the basal lamina.
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Cell division is the process of taking a parent cell and splitting it into 2 new genetically identical daughter cells. All organisms go through the process of cell division. What do bacteria use cell division for and how?.
However, in the case of a bacterium, cell division serves purposes other than simply producing more cells for the organism. Instead, it is how bacteria multiply, or increase the number of bacteria in a population.
What does cell division entail and why is it important?When people talk about "cell division," they typically mean mitosis, which is the process of creating new cells for the body. The cell division process known as meiosis is what produces egg and sperm cells. A vital process for life is mitosis.
How do bacteria divide their cells?In bacteria, cell division takes place when the membrane and peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall of the envelope layers infiltrate to form a septum that divides the cell into two compartments. Later on, the septal PG is hydrolyzed.
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you should notice that two of these three amino acids are the same despite being encoded by different codons, an example of the genetic code being
Two different amino acids are being encoded by different codons because they have to connect to different transfer RNA (tRNA) in different organisms.
There are 2 steps in the DNA sequence needed to be processed to become polypeptides/proteins. Transcription and translation. Transcription is a process from DNA sequence to mRNA. The translation is from mRNA being ‘translated’ into a protein chain/polypeptide.
In fact, different kinds of organisms encode amino acid chains using different kinds of codons. So even if codon series differ in two or more kinds of organisms, they will have the same protein produced.
Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question: why do some codons code for the same amino acid as another codon?
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a fruit fly (drosophila) has n=4 chromosomes. how many chromosomes should be in a sperm cell from a male fruit fly?
consider that a plant with genotype rr has red flowers and a plant with genotype ww has white flowers. this plant species expresses incomplete dominance for flower color when the plant is heterozygous. the offspring of a cross between an rr plant and a ww plant would be (1 point) responses red and pink. red and pink. pink and white. pink and white. all white. all white. all pink.
When this plant species is heterozygous, the allele for red color is dominant over the allele for white color in the progeny of a cross between an RR plant and a WW plant. This plant species exhibits incomplete dominance for flower color. However, the blooms that are heterozygous for both alleles are pink.
What is incomplete dominance?
When an allele for a given trait is not fully expressed over its matched allele, it is said to exhibit incomplete dominance.
Between the red and white colored flowers, a monohybrid cross was made. Take into account that the pure breed of the red flower carries the RR pair of alleles, whereas the pure breed of the white flower carries the WW pair of alleles.
First, true-breeding flowers of the colors red (RR) and white (WW) were crossed. A pink flower with the Rr pair of alleles was created by the F1 generation.
After then, the F1 offspring was self-pollinated. This produced flowers that were red (RR), pink (RW), and white (WW), in that order.
Keep in mind that Mendel's monohybrid cross also produced the 1:2:1 genotype ratio for the F2 generation. However, from 3:1 to 1:2:1, the phenotypic ratio has changed. This variation is a result of the allele R's partial dominance over the allele W.
As a result, flowers' colors began to blend.
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Speckled chickens created by parents with feathers of two different colors(some black and some white). What are these chickens an example of?
A. codominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. multiple alleles
Answer:
a
Explanation:
how does the parasite, euhaplorchis californiensis, found in the carpinteria salt marsh infect it's snail host?
The marine parasite California hornsnail (Euhaplorchis californiensis), the first intermediate host, can be found in salt marshes and brackish water along the Californian coast.
The parasite, which is physically adapted to this way of life, lives on or inside the host and harms it while doing so. The term "parasitism" refers to this close interaction between species. Parasites are described as "predators that consume prey in units of less than one" by the entomologist E. O. Wilson. In addition to animals like hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats, parasites also include single-celled protozoans like those that cause malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery, fungi like honey fungus and ringworm agents, and plants like mistletoe, dodder, and broomrapes. The primary six methods used by parasites to take advantage of their animal hosts are parasitic castration, direct transmission (by contact), trophically transfer (by ingestion), vector transmission, parasitoidism, and micropredation. An important categorization axis is that endoparasites live inside the host's body whereas ectoparasites live on the host's surface. Although both predation and parasitism involve interactions between consumers and resources, parasitism differs from predation in that, with the exception of parasitoids.
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are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?
These neurons most likely serve as sensory neurons because the majority of PNS sensory neurons are unipolar.
Bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar neurons are the three different classes of nerve cells in animals' bodies that transmit information. Between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, neurons communicate information using electrical impulses and chemical signals.
Scientists can identify the many types of neurons based on their structure and number of constituent parts.
The most prevalent type of neuron in the human nervous system, multipolar neurons have the greatest capacity for information transfer between cells.
In this article, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons are examined in further detail.
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by causing host cell to polymerize at one end of the bacterial cell, certain bacteria can propel themselves from the interior of one cell directly into the interior of an adjacent cell, allowing them to avoid extracellular immune response mechanisms.
By causing host cell action to polymerize at one end of the bacterial cell, certain bacteria can propel themselves from the interior of one cell directly into the interior of an adjacent cell, allowing them to avoid extracellular immune response mechanisms.
Adhesins are surface proteins present in the bacterial cell wall which binds to receptor molecules present on the surface of a susceptible host cell. This enable the bacterium to make intimate contact with the host cell, colonize, adhere, and resist flushing. Actin-based motility through the cytosol propels the bacteria through and enables spread into adjacent cell.
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(e) a corn farmer wanting to decrease the ecological footprint of the operation decides to shift from producing a monoculture of corn to producing a polyculture of corn, soybeans, and wheat. explain how this change in business practice will affect the ecological footprint of the farm.
This change in business practice will affect the ecological footprint of the farm as farmers will not have to use fertilizers on the farm.
The practice of cultivating multiple crop species simultaneously in the same area is known as polyculture. Polyculture attempts to imitate the diversity of natural ecosystems in this way.
The nutrients in the soil are balanced by the crops in a polyculture. There are crops that take nitrogen from the soil and others that add nitrogen to the soil. This means that the farmer wouldn't have to use as much fertilizer on the farm, which would have a smaller impact on the environment.
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You want to fertilize a large tree with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). Discuss the importance of fertilizer placement for each of these elements for successful fertilization.
In commercial fertilizers, the "Big 3" primary nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or NPK. These essential elements all have a significant impact on plant nutrition.
Plants absorb nitrogen more than any other element in fertilizers, making it the most crucial nutrient. For plants to grow and thrive, large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers are required. Plants that are nourished properly are more prolific and healthy. But if you don't add fertilizer, your soil could not provide enough nutrients for maximum development. Because it promotes root, stock, and fruit growth, phosphorus is essential for crop growth. Crop soil deficient in phosphorus will result in flimsy plants that are prone to withering, discolouration, and subpar fruit. In order for water to be retained and absorbed in agricultural soil, potassium is essential.
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in the figure, a straight wire carries a steady current i perpendicular to the plane of the page. a bar is in contact with a pair of circular rails, and rotates about the straight wire. the direction of the induced current through the resistor r is
The direction of the induced current through the resistor r is, option c there is no induced current through the resistor.
Induced current is the current that occurs when a conducting loop is subjected to a changing magnetic field. The following points are used to discuss the production of induced current:
There are a number of ways induced current can be produced when the conducting loop is exposed to a change in the magnetic field:
-By altering the magnetic field's strength.
- Inserting and removing the conductor from the magnetic field.
-Changing the distance between the conducting loop and the magnet.
-By altering the loop's area within the steady magnetic field.
in the image attached
The area vector is always perpendicular to the field.
So that
B.A=0.
Thus, The resistor conducts no induced current.
The correct answer is c.
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(Complete question)
in the figure, a straight wire carries a steady current is perpendicular to the plane of the page. a bar is in contact with a pair of circular rails and rotates about the straight wire. the direction of the induced current through the resistor r is
a. from a to b
b. from b to a
c. there is no induced current through the resistor
*Image attached*
Which type of moderately repetitive dna would be least likely to change its location in the genome?.
The least probable type of tRNA gene to move within the genome is one with a somewhat repetitive DNA sequence.
What kind of DNA sequence is seen most frequently in eukaryotic genomes?Abstract. The majority of the nuclear DNA in most eukaryotic genomes is composed of repetitive DNA, which are sequence motifs repeated hundreds or thousands of times throughout the genome.
Is a DNA sequence's specific position known?Repetitive DNA sequences are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and are present in multiple copies (thousands, in some cases). The term "unique-sequence DNA" is used to describe the coding sections of genes, which are normally found in a single copy per haploid genome.
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A small lizard spends the morning hours lying in the sunlight until its body temperature rises. Later on in the day, the lizard rests in a shady area until its body temperature cools. This type of behavior is important to.
To keep equilibrium. Since lizards have cold blood, the environment affects how hot or cold they are.
Why do lizards take a sunbath after a big meal?Lizards and other creatures with chilly blood soak up the light to stay warm. A recent study reveals that they also do it for the vitamin D. It has long been believed that lizards exclusively bask in order to regulate their body temperatures.
When lizards bask in the sun, what is that known as?Animals, particularly birds, reptiles, and insects, use the thermoregulatory or comfort behavior of sunning or basking, sometimes also referred to as sunbathing, to help raise their body temperature, lower the energy required for temperature maintenance, or for comfort.
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olney, il, is known for its white squirrel population. in this squirrel population, assume that 10% of the genes are for albino coat color and 90% are for gray coat. if hardyweinberg assumptions are true, what percentage of the squirrels are heterozygous?
Olney, il, is known for its white squirrel population. in this squirrel population, assume that 10% of the genes are for albino coat color and 90% are for gray coat. if hardyweinberg assumptions are true, 18 percent of the squirrels are heterozygous.
What do you mean by heterozygous?
When two alleles of the same gene are paired at the same spot (locus) on a chromosome, it is referred to as being heterozygous. Contrarily, homozygous occurs when the same allele is present at the same locus in two copies.
The words "hetero" and "zygous," which refer to a fertilized egg or zygote, respectively, are the roots of the word heterozygous.
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because ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from its flowers after pollination, ginseng is a(n
Because ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from its flowers after pollination, ginseng is a angiosperm in the Plantae.
Pollen grains are moved from a flower's male anther to its female stigma during the process of pollination. Producing young for the following generation is the aim of every living thing, including plants. The process of generating seeds is one method that plants can reproduce. The process of pollination, which is most frequently carried out by an animal or the wind, involves moving pollen from an anther of a plant to its stigma in order to facilitate fertilisation and the subsequent development of seeds.
Flowers and fruits with seeds are produced by angiosperm plants. Out of all known live green plants, angiosperms make up about 80% of the total.
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