the function of the cis-acting sites on eukaryotic genomes f) TATA box g) Proximal enhancer h) Distal enhancer i) Enhancer blocking insulator sites are as follow TATA box: The TATA box is a part of the DNA sequence present in the promoter area of many eukaryotic genes.
The TATA box holds the key role in transcription by helping RNA polymerase II and other general transcription factors bind to the promoter of the gene. Proximal enhancer A Proximal enhancer is a regulatory DNA sequence that is located upstream of a promoter region and regulates the rate of transcription of genes. Proximal enhancers can be located close to the TATA box or anywhere within a few hundred bases of the transcription start site. h) Distal enhancer: A Distal enhancer is a regulatory DNA sequence that is located farther from the promoter than the proximal enhancer.
The enhancer-blocking insulator sites are DNA elements that prevent the enhancer from influencing the promoter present within the target region. Insulators act as a barrier to prevent enhancers from inadvertently interacting with promoters that do not belong to the regulated gene. This helps in maintaining the appropriate levels of gene expression. These insulators can be located in different positions and orientations with respect to the genes and are grouped into different classes based on their properties and functions.
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Describe and identify Fordyce granules, linea alba, torus
palatini and mandibular tori. Use pictures along with your written
identifications of those structures.
Fordyce granules: Fordyce granules, also known as Fordyce spots or sebaceous prominence, are small, raised, yellowish or whitish spots or bumps that can appear on various areas of the body, including the lips, inside the cheeks, and genital area.
They are caused by the overgrowth of sebaceous (oil) glands. Fordyce granules are considered a normal anatomical variation and are usually harmless.Linea alba: Linea alba is a horizontal white line or ridge that can be observed on the inside of the cheeks.Torus palatinus: Torus palatinus is a bony protuberance or outgrowth that can be found on the midline of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).
It is more commonly seen in females and tends to develop and increase in size over time.Mandibular tori: Mandibular tori are bony growths that occur on the lingual (tongue) side of the lower jaw, near the premolar and molar teeth. They usually appear as bilateral, nodular, or bony protuberances. Mandibular tori are benign and typically do not cause any symptoms unless they interfere with speech or chewing in severe cases.
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