The three main tissue systems for a mature plant root which completes their development during the root zone is differentiation. Option (c) is correct.
Elongation happens simply beneath the hints of developing stems withinside the apical meristems. The 3 tissue structures of a mature plant root whole their improvement withinside the root area of differentiation. The stems and leaves collectively make up the shoot system. Each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) consist of all 3 tissue kinds (floor, vascular, and dermal).
Different cell kinds incorporate every tissue kind, and the shape of every cell kind affects the characteristic of the tissue it comprises. The roots of seed flora have 3 primary functions: anchoring the plant to the soil, soaking up water and minerals and transporting them upwards, and storing the goods of photosynthesis. Some roots are changed to take in moisture and trade gases. Most roots are underground. Some flora, however, additionally have adventitious roots, which emerge above the floor from the shoot.
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What is one way radon destroys genetic information in lung tissue cells?
A. Radon breaks up genetic information in DNA with high energy waves.
B. Radon destroys RNA in the cells nucleus.
C. Radon causes oxygen to to heat up and expand in the lungs which destroys the lung tissue.
D. Nitrogen in the air is absorbed in the lungs leading to respiration problems.
Radon destroys genetic information in lung tissue cells because:
Radon breaks up genetic information in DNA with high-energy waves; option A is correct.What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations occur naturally during the process of DNA replication.
However, mutations can also occur as a result of environmental factors such as diet, chemicals, ionizing radiation as well as several other yet-to-be-understood mechanisms.
The production of ionizing radiation disrupts the sequence in a DNA molecule. An example of a molecule that causes a mutation in Radon.
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why does population growth in the united states have a larger effect on the global environment than population growth in india?
Answer:
It has a larger effect because there is lots of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the air because of the vehicles and the amount of energy used. Thanks:) From a Science Teacher
Genetic analysis of the dna isolated from an unknown organisms indicates that it contains the gene that codes for telomerase. Based on this information alone, you can conclude that this organism.
Genetic analysis of the DNA isolated from an unknown organisms indicates that it contains the gene that codes for telomerase, the organism is Eukaryotes.
The ribonucleoprotein telomerase, also known as terminal transferase, extends the 3' end of telomeres by introducing a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence. Most eukaryotes have telomeres, which are regions of repetitive sequences, at each end of their chromosomes. Telomeres shield the chromosomal end from DNA deterioration or fusion with nearby chromosomes. Because it lacks telomerase, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster depends on retrotransposons to preserve its telomeres. When lengthening telomeres, a reverse transcriptase enzyme known as telomerase uses its own RNA molecule as a template (for example, in Trypanosoma brucei, utilizing the sequence 3′-CCCAAUCCC-5′). Even while telomerase is active in gametes and the majority of cancer cells, the majority of somatic cells frequently lack it or only very faintly express it. With the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the creation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for telomerase activity known as the TRAP assay, which examines telomerase activity in a variety of cancers, researchers at the biotechnology company Geron established the role of telomeres and telomerase in cell aging and cancer.
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The nematode c. Elegans has approximately 19,000 genes, while humans have 25,000. Although the number of genes is similar, humans can make more than 4x as many proteins as c. Elegans. What is the most plausible explanation for this phenomenon?.
Telomerase malfunction, poor telomere maintenance, and shorter telomeres are all caused by TERC gene mutations. The effects of shorter telomeres are especially harmful to cells that divide quickly.
How does positive control affect the expression of the genes in the lac operon?Two distinct proteins govern the activity of the promoter, which manages the lac operon's expression. One of the proteins stops RNA polymerase from trancribing (negative control), while the other improves RNA polymerase's ability to attach to the promoter (positive control).
Which kind of mutation affects the order of amino acids in a protein the most?A missense mutation is a DNA change that leads to a different amino acid encoding at a particular location in the protein.
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you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. at this point, the reaction has stopped completely. what is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up? view available hint(s)for part b you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. at this point, the reaction has stopped completely. what is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up? removing the irreversible inhibitor should get the reaction working again. the enzyme is inactive at this point. nothing can be done except add new enzyme. adding more substrate will increase the rate of reaction. adding more inhibitor should get the reaction up to speed again.
you have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely.
The enzyme is inactive at this point. Nothing can be done except add new enzyme. - is the best way to get the activity of the enzyme back up.
What is enzyme inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme and inhibits its activity is known as an enzyme inhibitor. Enzymes are proteins that quicken chemical reactions in which substrate molecules are changed into products, which are necessary for life.
An enzyme inhibitor, which prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction by either adhering to the enzyme's active site or to another location on the enzyme, stops (or "inhibits") this process. Enzyme inhibitors can bind reversibly or irreversibly. The enzyme and irreversible inhibitors work together to create a chemical bond that stops the enzyme from functioning until the bond is broken.
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will give you brainliest
Examine the pedigree showing the inheritance of the sickle cell trait in a family.
Which option correctly describes the mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia?
Responses
recessive
X-linked recessive
dominant
X-linked dominant
Answer:
The mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia is A. recessive.
Explanation:
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the structure of red blood cells. It is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the red blood cells.
In the pedigree showing the inheritance of the sickle cell trait, we can see that affected individuals have the disorder only when both parents are carriers. This means that the trait is not expressed if only one parent is a carrier.
Recessive inheritance means that an individual needs to inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder. In the case of sickle cell anemia, an individual who inherits one copy of the mutated gene from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent will be a carrier of the sickle cell trait, but will not have the disorder. However, if an individual inherits two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, they will have sickle cell anemia.
Therefore, the correct option describing the mode of inheritance for sickle cell anemia is recessive.
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put the following steps in order for performing a smear preparation from a liquid culture. instructions choice 1 of 4. apply loopful of bacterial culture to slide toggle button apply loopful of bacterial culture to slide choice 2 of 4. label the microscope slide toggle button label the microscope slide choice 3 of 4. heat fix toggle button heat fix choice 4 of 4. air dry toggle button air dry
Give the microscopic slide a name. Onto the slide, drop a loopful of bacterial culture. Hot fix and air dry. For various laboratory processes, including the Gram-stain, a smear must be prepared.
Making a smear is done to adhere the bacteria to the slide and stop the sample from slipping away during the staining process. A solid or broth medium can be used to prepare a smear. The steps for preparing a smear for a Gram-stain are listed below.
1. Center a clean slide with one needle of solid bacterial growth or two loops of liquid bacterial growth.
2. If you're working with a solid media, use a water bottle to add just one drop of water to your specimen. Don't include the water if you're using a broth medium.
3. Using your inoculating loop, now thoroughly combine the specimen with the water, and then spread the mixture out to cover around half of the slide's surface area.
4. After putting the slide on a slide warmer, let it dry. Now that the smear is prepared, staining may begin.
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the ventromedial tracts are important for ; and the dorsolateral tracts are important for .
The ventromedial tracts are important for controlling the movement of the body's trunk ;and the dorsolateral tracts are important for carrying out important cognitive processes as memory, attention.
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a piece of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian mind. The ventral average prefrontal is situated in the cerebrum at the lower part of the cerebral halves of the globe and is ensnared in the handling of hazard and dread, as it is basic in the guideline of amygdala movement in people. It likewise assumes a part in the hindrance of close to home reactions, and during the time spent direction and poise.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is a region in the prefrontal cortex of the primate mind. It is one of the most as of late inferred pieces of the human cerebrum. It goes through a delayed time of development which goes on until adulthood. The DLPFC is certainly not a physical design, but instead a useful one.
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in a pond, there is an algae bloom that doubles in size every day. if it takes 56 days for the algae to cover the entire pond, how many days would it take for the algae to cover half of the pond?
In a pond, there is algae bloom that doubles in size every day. if it takes 56 days for the algae to cover the entire pond, It will take 55 days to cover the half of pond with algae.
Algae are occasionally categorized as "plants" and occasionally as "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
We know that the lake is entirely covered on day 56.
If the lily pad patch doubles every day, the day before day 56, it was covering half the lake.
If we double half a pie we have a whole pie.
It will take 55 days for the lily pad patch to cover half of the pond.
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Breast milk:Group of answer choicesa. is deficient in iron and vitamin C.b. is more likely than formula to poduce alleries.c. provides more iron and vitaminC and A than cow's milk.d. upsets the baby's digestive system more often than formulas.
Breast milk C. provides more iron and vitamin C and A than cow's milk.
The mammary glands produce breast milk, also known as milk. This can be found in a female's breast. One of the most important sources of nutrition for newborns is breast milk. This is made up of fat, protein, and vitamins. Compared to cow's milk, breast milk contains more iron, vitamin C, and vitamin A. iron is absorbed in breast milk in comparison to other sources. Iron absorption is aided by the presence of vitamin C and lactose in breast milk.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
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81) the initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to a) rapidly produce organic solutes in the cytoplasm. b) rapidly expand until the cells burst. c) begin to plasmolyze as water is lost. d) actively transport water from the cytoplasm into the vacuole. e) actively absorb salts from the seawater.
Option C, begin to plasmolyze as water is lost when a tomato plant is irrigated with seawater, the root cells' immediate cytoplasm reaction is to start plasmolyzing as water is lost.
When exposed to a solution that has more solutes than the cells do, plant cells engage in a process known as plasmolysis. This is an illustration of a hypertonic solution. Osmosis is the process through which water leaves cells and enters the surrounding fluid. The cytoplasm loses water first, followed by the vacuole is plasmolysis .The gel-like liquid that makes up a cell's cytoplasm. Chemical reactions take place in it as the medium. It gives other organelles in the cell a base from which to function. When a cell or tissue is submerged in an isotonic solution, neither the interior nor the exterior of the cell experiences plasmolysis any net water flow. A hypotonic solution will cause water to permeate inside the cell.
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you find 10 mutants, and want to investigate them further. you wonder if a complementation test will help you determine how many unique genes have been mutated in these 10 mutants. first, you cross mutant one with a wild-type, and you see that the phenotype of the offspring is mutant. from this, you can conclude that complementation tests will definitely not work to help you answer your question.
A single wild type phenotype exhibits numerous mutations. Whether any of mutations affect just one gene, or if each mutation affects one of many genes required for expression of a phenotype.
The complementation test is the simplest way to separate the two possibilities. The test is straightforward to carry out; two mutants are crossed, and the F1 generation is examined. We infer that each mutation is in one of the two potential genes required for the wild type phenotype if the F1 exhibits the wild type phenotype. Alternatively, if the F1 exhibits a mutant phenotype rather than the wild-type phenotype, we infer that the two mutations are present in the same gene.
The mutant allele of gene A and the wild type allele of gene B, each supplied by one of the mutant parents, will both be expressed in the F1 when it is born. The F1 will also express the wild-type allele for gene A and the mutant allele for gene B provided by the other mutant parent. The wild type phenotype is shown because the F1 is expressing both of the required wild type alleles. A mutant form of the gene will be expressed by each homolog in the F1 if the mutations are in the same gene, on the other hand. A mutant phenotype develops in the absence of a normally functioning gene product in the individual.
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suppose a mismatch is introduced during dna replication. is this considered a mutation? why or why not?
Yes this is considered as mutation.
What is mutation?
A mutation in biology is an adjustment to the sequence of nucleic acids of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome. Errors in DNA replication, viral replication, mitosis, meiosis, or other types of DNA damage (such as pyrimidine dimers from exposure to ultraviolet radiation) can result in mutations, which can then result in error-prone fix (especially microhomology-mediated finished joining), error-causing repair in other forms, or error-causing replication (translesion synthesis). Due to mobile genetic elements, mutations can also result from the insertion or deletion of DNA segment.
Mismatch occurred during DNA replication completely changes the information and same changed information is then pass to other generation and so on.
Hence, this mismatching is considered as.
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Which proteins lends structural support to the chromosome and helps activate or silence gene expression?.
Histones serve as structural proteins. Histones are encircled by DNA, which gives chromosomes their structure. Histones can be changed by adding or removing chemical groups like methyl or acetyl groups.
What protein helps a chromosome maintain its structural integrity?A chromosome's structural support is provided by a protein called a histone. Each chromosome has a long DNA molecule that must fit into the cell nucleus. By wrapping around histone protein complexes, the DNA achieves this and gives the chromosome a more compact shape.
Who or what is responsible for suppressing gene expression?Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) both work to degrade already-existing RNA. Although the outcomes are comparable, TGS's processes are species-specific, as are PTGS. De novo DNA methylation is connected to gene silencing in the majority of eukaryotes.
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phagocytosis begins with the recognition of pathogens by the phagocyte. this can occur through recognition of pamps by prrs. a good example of a pamp would be:
It is true that phagocytes have evolved specialized molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that directly interact with PAMPs, allowing them to engage with pathogens swiftly and efficiently.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins that can recognize compounds contained in infections (known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns-PAMPs) or molecules produced by injured cells. They are considered an innate immune system component because they arose phylogenetically prior to the formation of adaptive immunity. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors, a class of germ line-encoded receptors.
Hence, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are genetically inbuilt to work against pathogens.
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Full Question :Phagocytes interact speedily and effectively with pathogens because they have evolved specialized molecules called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that interact directly with PAMPs. True/false.
A segment of dna is represented in the illustration. How is information for a specific protein carried on the dna molecule?.
Answer:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Explanation:
Hope it helps
During the elongation phase of translation, the mRNA passes between ______, catalyzing the binding of ______ to each other.
During the elongation phase of translation, the mRNA passes between two ribosomal subunit catalyzing the binding of amino acids to each other.
The ribosome continues to translate each codon in turn throughout the elongation step. Each appropriate amino acid is added to the expanding chain and joined by a peptide bond. Elongation will continue until all of the codons have been read.
Translation is the process of creating a protein from the information contained in a messenger RNA molecule (mRNA).
The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze a two-step process in which an amino acid is esterified to the 3′ end of a tRNA and one molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed, resulting in aminoacyl-tRNA, AMP, and PPi.
They interact by using a powerful force! In reality, the nuclear strong force "leaks out" of each proton and neutron, resulting in the nuclear strong force that holds the nucleus together.
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Remnant of low-mass or medium-mass star
PLS HELP do tomorrow
A. White Dwarf
B. Neutron Star
A. White Dwarf is a remnant of low-mass star.
B. Neutron Star is a remnant of a medium-mass star.
What are low-mass and medium-mass stars?Low-mass stars are stars that end up as White dwarfs composed of mainly Carbon and Oxygen. Higher temperatures are detected in the cores of medium-mass stars which allows fusion reactions creating oxygen, neon, sodium and magnesium.
White dwarfs only become medium mass stars when they are composed of higher mass elements. Neuron stars are burned-out cores of collapsed stars with high mass. A neuron star forms when stars of medium size reach the end of its life then explodes as a supernova.
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what is the mechanism of action of vasopressin? what is the mechanism of action of vasopressin? decreasing the resistance in the afferent arteriole closure of v2 receptor channels, preventing sodium movement and osmosis of water from the tubule to the interstitial pace opening of aqp2 channels in the basolateral surface of proximal tubule cells insertion of aqp2 into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells
Vasopressin is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because it controls water resorption through the kidney, smooth muscle tone in the vasculature, and brainstem autonomic function as a key neurotransmitter.
What is Vasopressin?
Vasopressin is a naturally occurring hormone that helps to control a number of bodily functions.
Vasopressin maintains the proper level of water around cells in the body, allowing for optimal cellular activity.
Vasopressin controls the circadian rhythm, or the intervals between sleepiness and wakefulness within a 24-hour cycle.
The body's blood volume, internal temperature, and proper kidney urine production are all maintained by vasopressin.
Both men and women naturally produce the hormone vasopressin, but due to the way it interacts with the hormone responsible for male sex, testosterone, men are more susceptible to its effects.
The pituitary gland secretes vasopressin into the bloodstream after it is produced by nerve cells in the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.
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What does it mean when says a lake has high turbidity
Answer:The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity
Explanation:
Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity
axons leaving each olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cerebral cortex, portions of the limbic system.
Axons leaving each olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cerebral cortex, portions of the limbic system, trace the olfactory pathway from the time an odor reaches the olfactory epithelium until nerve impulses reach their final destination in the brain.
The cranial nerve 1 (CNI), which is part of the olfactory nerve, and the olfactory pathway carry the odor information from the epithelium of the nasal cavity to the brain.
Supporting cells, basal (stem) cells, ciliated olfactory receptor cells, and other cells (replacing old and damaged olfactory receptor cells). Olfactory receptor cell axons that cross the cribriform plate and enter the nasal cavity's roof make up the olfactory nerve CN I. and enter the nasal cavity's roof make up the olfactory nerve CN I.
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A comparison was made across eight species for their differences in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c, a protein in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Which arguments can be supported by the data? select all that may apply.
The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by its DNA sequence, therefore two organisms that share a gene ought to have similar or even identical amino acid sequences. That's because recently in evolutionary history, closely similar species most likely diverged from one another.
By counting the number of differences between two species' DNA or amino acid sequences, molecular clocks can be used to assess how closely two species are related. Sometimes referred to as gene clocks or evolutionary clocksThe methods used by biologists to ascertain the arrangement of amino acids in proteins have been refined. Evolutionary relationships that might otherwise go undiscovered might be discovered by comparing the amino acid sequences in homologous proteins of comparable and varied animals.A protein may differ depending on the changes in the amino acid chains (in shape and function). It may change the trait they are coded for. For instance, if the amino acid sequence is altered, the protein might not function properly. It might result in constructive, negative, or neutral changes.
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A piece of dna on a chromosome that once coded for a gene but now does not and begins to accumulate mutations would be.
A piece of dna on a chromosome that once coded for a gene but now does not and begins to accumulate mutations would be altering the normal cell functions.
DNA is a flexible and dynamic molecule. As a result, due to a process known as mutation, the nucleotide sequences found therein are liable to alter. A mutation is a change to a gene's DNA sequence. While certain mutations can be dangerous, most do not. A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings.
Normal cell replication and apoptosis rates can both be impacted by DNA damage, also known as "cellular senescence" or "programmed cell death." Alternately, harm to genetic material can cause cellular dysfunction, cell death, or the development of cancerous cells from normally healthy cells.
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During interphase, a cell duplicates its __________ and prepares for cell division.
A. mtochondria
B. chromosomes
C. vacuoles
D. chloroplasts
Answer:
B
Explanation:
they need to get copies of the chromosomes for the new resulting cell
Question 3 of 10
A mother has two alleles for normal vision. How many of her gametes will
carry the allele for color blindness?
OA. 50%
OB. 25%
O C. 75%
OD. 0%
Answer:
D. 0%
Explanation:
There should be no way for them to get color blindness since she has both alleles for normal vision. Now lets say she had one for normal and one for color blindness then there would be a 50% chance of her gametes to carry color blindness.
I hope this helps!!! :)
n humans, assume straight hairline is recessive to widow's peak. a woman with a straight hairline is married to a man with a widow's peak whose mother had a straight hairline. what are the chances of the couple having a child with a straight hairline?
There is 50% chances of the couple having a child with a straight hairline. If A woman with a straight hairline is married to a man with a widow's peak whose mother had a straight hairline.
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two homozygous individuals, which produces the opposite phenotype for a particular genetic characteristic. A monohybrid cross is made up of two monohybrid characteristics ( straight hairline and widow's peak). The monohybrid cross is in charge of passing one gene on. Geneticists utilise monohybrid crosses to study the expression of heterozygous genes passed down from parents to homozygous offspring.
= Ww ( straight line) x ww (widow's peak)
= Ww ( straight line) : Ww ( straight line) : ww (widow's peak) : ww (widow's peak)
Hence, equal chances exist for straight line and widow's peak.
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mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus?
The primary immunological role of mucus in both the respiratory and digestive systems is to enhance oxygen absorption, sweep away waste, and, because it is acidic, destroy bacteria.
A watery fluid that is slick and covers mucous membranes is called mucus. It normally comes from mucous gland cells, though it can also come from mixed glands, which have both serous and mucus cells. It is a thick colloid made up of inorganic salts. an oxygen absorption. The contents of a beef packet's oxygen absorber In enclosed packaging, oxygen is removed or reduced through the addition of oxygen scavengers or oxygen absorbers. They serve as a means of preserving product safety and extending shelf life.
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rank the following line-angle structures based on the number of carbon atoms present in the longest continuous carbon chain. rank from highest to lowest. to rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
The rank of the line-angle structures is based on the number of carbon atoms present in the longest continuous carbon chain attached in the image.
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound in organic chemistry that is only hydrogen and carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons lack color and are hydrophobic. Typically, their mild odors are compared to gasoline or lighter fluid.
In line-angle structures, carbon atoms are seen at the ends and corners of lines. It is assumed that each carbon atom has four bonds because it is attached to enough hydrogen atoms.
By counting the number of carbon atoms in each compound's branched chain, we can arrange the structures in the image attached.
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The final page (the biggest one) will contain the entire photosynthesis diagram.
Below this diagram, explain how human activities might impact this process.
How might global warming impact photosynthesis?
How might water pollution impact photosynthesis?
How might smog and air pollution impact photosynthesis?
Answer: 1) Increasing carbon dioxide levels may increase photosynthesis rates in some plants.
2) Plastic debris that builds up at or near the water's surface impedes sunlight from fully reaching plants below Plants rely on energy from sunlight to drive the photosynthesis process and create glucose food molecules.
3) A significant effect haze has on plants is that it blocks light, which reduces a plant's rate of photosynthesis. Lower photosynthetic ability, in turn, reduces plants' ability to grow.
There is the Answer.
The genetic material of an offspring of sexually reproducing organisms is best described as.
The offspring of sexually reproducing organisms has genes from both parents, in unique combinations.
What is genetic material?
The hereditary substance in the cell is the genetic material. Genetic material carries all information that is specific to an organism.
Genetic material is also known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes like bacteria. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and sometimes in extranuclear sites like mitochondria (containing mtDNA) and chloroplast (containing cpDNA) in eukaryotes such as plants and animals.
Genetic material is responsible for controlling the organism’s composition. In the somatic cells of a multicellular organism, it is also identical.
The genetic information is passed from parent to offspring during reproduction. In sexual reproduction, the offspring gets the genetic material from both its parents.
Therefore, the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms has genes from both parents, in unique combinations.
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