Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars.
what is photosynthesis ?The process in which plants, algae and certain bacteria use light energy of sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and convert light them into chemical energy and starch. called as photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis occur in special organelles named chloroplast which has its own DNA, genes and hence can synthesize their own proteins.
Chloroplasts have stroma, fluid, and stack of thylakoids known as grana, three types of chlorophyll such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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the tails are added to the 3' end of the pre-mrna for its transport and stabilization from nucleus to cytoplasm. a. poly(u) b. poly(a) c. poly(c) d. poly(g)
The poly(a) tails are added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA for its transport and stabilization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. So, option B is the correct answer.
The poly(a) tail is added to the messenger RNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule. It is a long chain of adenine nucleotides.
The 3' end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3' hydroxyl and then an enzyme called poly-A polymerase adds adenine nucleotides to the RNA. This poly(a) tail prevents degradation and thus, makes the RNA more stable. It then sends the said molecule from the nucleus to get translated into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. So, option B is the answer.
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which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs? liver kidneys gallbladder spleen stomach
The liver is in charge of metabolizing and detoxifying foreign substances, including medications, in the blood.
How does the liver metabolize drugs?Numerous medicines are metabolised by the liver, and as a result, water-soluble molecules that can be eliminated in the bile are produced. This is the consequence of phase 1 reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions, which are mediated by cytochrome p450. Phase 2 reactions, which are conjugative, come next.
What is Cytochrome P450?A class of enzymes known as cytochrome P450 performs oxidation and reduction activities (phase 1) using iron to increase the solubility of medicines in water, which helps with excretion. Because they are attached to cell membranes and have a haem pigment that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm when exposed to carbon monoxide, CYP450 enzymes get their name.
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write your own sequence of dna that could be turned into a protein. this should be approximately 30 letters long (10 codons). it should be in the format 3' aag ccc ….. 5'
The DNA sequence is 3' TACAAGAACTGCTACGCAAGCCTTAGCATC 5'.
What are the roles of proteins ?
Proteins play a significant structural role in the body, including the muscles, bones, and hair. Many biological reactions can proceed more quickly thanks to the proteins that make up enzymes. The ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cells translate the mRNA sequence into the protein
The stop codon is UAG and the start codon is AUG in mRNA.
mRNA sequence :
5' AUGUUCUUGACGAUGCGUUCGGAAUCGUAG 3'
Hence , The DNA sequence is 3' TACAAGAACTGCTACGCAAGCCTTAGCATC 5'.
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Iron is an important micronutrient, especially during pregnancy.Maternal iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy results from (Check all that apply.)a)insufficient iron intake for the increased requirements during pregnancyb)fetal demand for iron in the third trimester to store in the liverc)menstruationd)the fetus taking what it needs from the mother’s iron stores
Maternal iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy results from a)insufficient iron intake for the increased requirements during pregnancy. b)fetal demand for iron in third trimester to store in the liver.
Because their iron stores must serve both their own increasing blood volume and as a source of hemoglobin for the developing child, many pregnant women develop iron deficiency anemia without iron supplements. Anemia in pregnancy is most frequently caused by an iron shortage. Anemia due to a lack of folate. The vitamin folate is naturally present in some foods, such as green leafy vegetables. The body need folate, a kind of B vitamin, to create new cells, including healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells include the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to other bodily cells. Many women don't get enough iron to last through the second and third trimesters. Premature birth, defined as delivery before 37 full weeks of pregnancy, is more likely among women who have severe iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Low birth weight and postpartum depression are also linked to iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.
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Hairston and colleagues argued that terrestrial ecosystems have a _______ proportion of autotroph biomass consumption compared to aquatic ecosystems because _______ is stronger in terrestrial ecosystems.
lower; predation
The term "land plants," sometimes known as "autotrophs," refers to organisms that synthesize new organic compounds, such as sugars, by photosynthesis. Terrestrial habitats have substantially higher concentrations of decomposers.
Which ecosystems—those on land or those in water—perform better?Because there are more ectotherms and producers like algae that lack lign, aquatic ecosystems typically have higher efficiency compared to land ecosystems.
Which ecosystems—those on land or those in water—perform better?Because there are more ectotherms and producers like algae that lack lign, aquatic ecosystems typically have higher efficiency compared to land ecosystems. An ecosystem is a place where several types of living things coexist to create a bubble of life, including plants, animals, and other species.
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a eukaryotic cell in g1 has 10 dna double helices. if this cell underwent mitosis, how many dna molecules (i.e. dna double helices) would be present in the cell during prophase?
Ten DNA double helices make up a eukaryotic cell in g1. There would be 20 DNA molecules (or DNA double helices) in the cell during prophase if this cell underwent mitosis.
Cells that have a nucleus, organelles, and a plasma membrane are referred to as eukaryotic cells. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals are examples of eukaryotic organisms. The biological domain Eukaryota includes these creatures. When chromosomes are split during cell division in eukaryotic cells, the process is referred to as mitosis. Cell division occurs when the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The cell's nucleus and chromosomes are divided to create two new daughter cell nuclei during the mitosis process.
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Trisha pushed Eddie, who has a mass of 62.8 kg, with a force of 896.6 N. How fast did Eddie accelerate?
Answer:
dam why did Trisha push Eddie dawg .
Drag the labels to complete each of the sentences that discuss the migration of immune cells from the vasculature into injured tissue. epithelial margination When tissue is damaged through trauma or chemicals are released from the injured cells. These chemicals trigger the events leading to including the movement of white blood cells from the vasculature into the damaged tissue. infection phagocytose diapedesis Several of the released chemicals are the vasculature. Others are chemoattractants, or draw phagocytic cells to the site of injury that is, they initiate changes in small proteins that 3 endothelial vasoconstriction Following injury, phagocytes, predominantly neutrophils, migrate to the sides of the vessel walls, a process called There, because of an increase in diameter of the capillaries, they are able to squeeze through the spaces between the cells. This process is known as transmigration vasodilation or platelets vasoactive Once in the tissues, the neutrophils proceed to microbes or other invading substances, thus cleaning up the area so that tissue repair can begin. chemokines inflammation
Vasodilation, as it is known in medicine, is the widening of blood vessels in your body, which increases blood flow through them and lowers blood pressure.
This is a typical process that takes place in your body without your knowledge. Additionally, it might be brought on by the foods and beverages you consume as well as prescription drugs. Vasodilation can also be a sign of some medical conditions.
Your blood serves a variety of functions in your body, including carrying nutrients and oxygen and assisting your body in controlling its temperature.
Your body's blood vessels are more than just tubes that never change in size. Muscle is found in blood vessels as well, and it regulates how broad or thin your blood vessels are.
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Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ________ and ________ of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for genetic abnormalities and sex of the child of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.
What is Amniocentesis?Prenatal testing using amniocentesis is often carried out in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
It can identify some genetic and chromosomal disorders, including Down syndrome (such as cystic fibrosis). Your healthcare practitioner will do an amniocentesis during which they will take a small sample of amniotic fluid from the sac around the fetus. The fluid sample is then examined in a lab.
The fetus develops inside the amniotic sac throughout pregnancy. The fetus is encased and shielded by amniotic fluid inside the amniotic sac. Additionally, some of the fetus' cells are present.
Therefore, Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for genetic abnormalities and sex of the child of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.
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wes places red blood cells in a petri dish with pure water and observes them under a microscope. he drew a model to illustrate his observations. what is the most likely explanation for wes’s observations?
The red blood cells are places in Hypotonic Solution.
What is Hypotonic Solution?
A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher water content than solute concentration because hypo stands for low. A molecularly dispersed mixture of one or more chemicals in an adequate amount of a solubilizing solvent is referred to as a solution. A solute is something that dissolves in a solution. The cell membrane regulates and manages what goes in and out of the cell. A selectively permeable membrane is one that lets some substances pass through while blocking others.
The solute concretion is always smaller than the cell in a hypotonic solution. Due to the high concentration of solute inside the cells, there is less solvent (water).
When the concentration of solutes in a solution is greater than the concentration of cells in the solution, the solution is said to be hypertonic. An illustration of a hypertonic solution is saltwater. A hypotonic solution, on the other hand, has more water outside the cell. The solution then moves water into the cell.
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9. why did you measure the distance each protein traveled into the gel from the top of the resolving gel and not the bottom of the well?
Gel electrophoresis is normally set up with the negative electrode at the top of the gel and the positive electrode at the bottom of the gel. The DNA products are loaded at the top of the gel, and then a current is applied to separate them then DNA molecules will run toward the bottom.
The positive electrode is often placed at the bottom of the gel, and the negative electrode is typically placed at the top. At the top of the gel, the DNA products are added, and a current is then used to separate them. Due to the negative charge of DNA, when an electric current is supplied to the gel, DNA will move in the opposite direction, toward the positively charged electrode. The DNA fragments are ordered in order because shorter DNA strands pass through the gel more quickly than longer ones do.
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during endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form? multiple choice question.
Endochondral Ossification takes place within membranes.
Endochondral ossification first takes place at the primary site at the center of the diaphysis, which allows formation of the two growth plates. Primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying.
In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Endochondral ossification occurs in the bone tissue in the stage of early fetal development. It begins when MSCs start to produce a cartilage template of long bones, such as the femur and the tibia.
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a 45-year-old man presents with a 3-day history of fever (t max-103.5°f), chills, anorexia, diarrhea, and a non-productive cough. on general examination, vitals are as follows: pulse- 98/min, rr- 24/min, bp-120/60mm hg, and t- 103.5 °f. there are coarse basal crepitations and scattered rhonchi on examination of the lungs. other systems exam are normal. chest x-ray (cxr) shows patchy alveolar infiltrates with consolidation in the lower lobe. complete blood count reveals leukocytosis; sputum gram stain reveals only a few polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes and no predominant pathogens. question: what is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Pneumonia
Explanation:
If a triplet on template DNA is AAA, what will be the anticodon on tRNA
a. UUU
b. AAA
c. TTT
d. AUG
If a triplet on template DNA is AAA, AAA will be the anticodon on tRNA. If AAA is present on the template strand of DNA, it will be translated to mRNA as UUU.
The anticodon sequence of the tRNA that would bind to this mRNA is AAA. Option B is the proper response since AAA is the anticodon sequence on tRNA. An anticodon is a three-nucleotide unit that has the same three bases as an mRNA codon. With the use of three complimentary base pairings with one or more amino acid codons, each tRNA molecule's unique anticodon triplet sequence may be used to create three different amino acid codons. Anticodons can only couple with one codon because of wobble base pairing. The first nucleotide of the anticodon is often inosine, which can form hydrogen bonds with several bases in the corresponding codon position.
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consider a hypothetical insect population of 100 individuals. two equally represented alleles (a and a) exist for a particular gene. which scenario is an example of microevolution in this population?
A number of insects move to a new place. The populace is left with 80 bugs, yet the two alleles are still similarly addressed is an example of microevolution in this population.
Microevolution: The majority of evolutionary changes are minor and do not result in the emergence of new species. Microevolution is the process by which populations undergo gradual but subtle changes over time. Changes within a species are the result of microevolution.
There are five causes of microevolution, including:
Mutation.Gene flow.Non-random mating,Genetic drift.Selection.A population's allele frequency shifts over time as a result of genetic drift. This adjustment of the recurrence of the allele or quality variety should happen haphazardly for the hereditary float to happen.
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pasteurization, irradiation, canning, and the use of food additives are all techniques used to preserve food and reduce the risk of foodborne illness for consumers. choose the correct statements about food preservation. select all that apply. view available hint(s)for part c pasteurization, irradiation, canning, and the use of food additives are all techniques used to preserve food and reduce the risk of foodborne illness for consumers. choose the correct statements about food preservation. select all that apply. sulfites help prevent oxidation and browning in some foods. salt and sugar can be used to preserve foods. pasteurization is only used for milk. irradiated foods can become radioactive. an individual can contract botulism if food is canned improperly.
Pasteurization, irradiation, canning, and the use of food additives are all techniques used to preserve food and reduce the risk of foodborne illness for consumers.
Food irradiation (the use of ionizing radiation on food) is a technology that increases food safety and shelf life by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Irradiation, like pasteurising milk and canning fruits and vegetables, can make food safer for consumers.The source of the energy used to destroy the microbes is the fundamental difference between food irradiation and pasteurisation. While traditional pasteurization uses heat, irradiation uses the energy of ionizing radiation. Ionising radiation, such as x-rays, or radioactive sources, such as radioactive iodine seeds, are examples of irradiation.
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population of beetles, what traits are positively selected for?
Answer:
beetle population:
beetle color is controlled by many genes and varies in a spectrum from light to dark green.
Stabilizing selection. In stabilizing selection, intermediate phenotypes are more fit than extreme ones. For example, medium-green beetles might be the best camouflaged, and thus survive best, on a forest floor covered by medium-green plants. Stabilizing selection tends to narrow the curve.Directional selection. One extreme phenotype is more fit than all the other phenotypes. For example, if the beetle population moves into a new environment with dark soil and vegetation, the dark green beetles might be better hidden and survive better than medium or light beetles. Directional selection shifts the curve towards the favorable phenotype.Disruptive selection. Both extreme phenotypes are more fit than those in the middle. For example, if the beetles move into a new environment with patches of light-green moss and dark-green shrubs, both light and dark beetles might be better hidden (and survive better) than medium-green beetles. Diversifying selection makes multiple peaks in the curve.Nasa is giving serious consideration to the concept of solar sailing. A solar sailcraft uses a large, low-mass sail and the energy and momentum of sunlight for propulsion.
The sail should be reflective in solar sail aircraft, which uses the energy and momentum of sunlight for propulsion.
Extended trips in our solar system that need a high speed of several 10 km/s would be made achievable by using this ground-breaking low-thrust propulsion technique. Because in this instance the momentum transferred to the sail per unit area per time is greater than, the sail should be reflective. The equation provides the radiation pressure of the wave that completely absorbed:
Pab = I/C
While the radiation pressure of the wave that totally reflected is given by the following equation:
Pref = 2I/C
Hence, the pressure due to the radiation of reflection larger than for absorbing. Therefore, the sail should be reflective.
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which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs? liver kidneys gallbladder spleen stomach
The option (a) is correct is liver.
What is metabolizing ?
The alterations in a cell's or an organism's internal chemistry. These modifications create the energy and raw resources that support cell growth, reproduction, and organism health. Getting rid of harmful compounds is assisted by metabolism.
What is detoxifying ?
A method wherein the liver uses one of two main enzyme routes to transform a harmful molecule—such as an anticancer medication—into a less toxic compound that is simpler for the body to eliminate.
Most chemical levels in the blood are controlled by the liver, which also excretes a substance called bile. This aids in the liver's waste product removal. The liver filters every drop of blood that leaves the intestines and stomach.
Therefore, the option (a) is correct is liver.
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Which theory describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases?.
A model that represents the organization, motion, and energy of particles in a substance is known as the kinetic particle theory of matter.
What order are solids, liquids, and gases in?Solids have a regular row-by-row arrangement and can only vibrate in predetermined locations. The surrounding particles must be touched for liquids to travel freely in any direction. Gases are randomly arranged and have the ability to move in any direction.
In particle theory, what is diffusion?When chemicals combine without being moved, diffusion is considered to have taken place. It is the process by which a region with a lot of particles moves randomly to a region with less particles in liquids or gases.
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some reflexes are initiated with a painful stimulus, followed by signal processing in the central nervous system and subsequent contraction of a muscle. what is the proper sequence of neurons used in this pathway?
The correct sequence of the components in a reflex is the Receptor → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Muscle.
So, in this order, the reflex arc comprises of sensor, sensory neuron, control center, motor neuron, and muscle
The spinal cord serves as the primary control center for reflex actions. The spinal cord serves as the junction point for thousands of reflex arcs. Any involuntary and spontaneous reaction is a reflex, and the neurological system mediates the response.
A sensory neuron delivers electrical signals to a relay neuron in the CNS's spinal cord. Sensory neurons are linked to motor neurons through relay neurons. A motor neuron transmits electrical signals.
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Use the diagram to complete the following statements to describe the three types of survivorship curves. Not all choices will be us births humans age type 1 type 111 deaths Oysters type 1 hydras survivorship CLUSE 1,000 by Life tables can be used to construct plotting the number of survivors per 1,000 against 100 Curve A depicts a[n) curve, which is typical of Dall sheep and Here, survival is high until old age when it decreases due to illness No. of Survivors 10 B Curve B depicts an) curve, typical of Here, Survival is equally likely in all age groups С Curve C depicts a(n) curve, typical of Here, survival is low even at a young age 0 100 50 Percent of life span
Life tables list the birth and death rates of organisms at various life phases. A survivorship curve displays the percentage of the initial group that is still alive at each subsequent age.
Which best sums up Type 3 survival?In contrast, the Type III curve, which is typical of small mammals, fish, and invertebrates, represents creatures with a high death rate (or low survival rate) right after birth.
Is Type 3 Survivance K or R?R-selected species typically have Type III survivorship curves. Type II survivorship curves show relatively constant survivorship and mortality throughout various age groups; as a result, they are neither r-selected nor K-selected, but rather lie somewhere in the middle of the spectrum between the two.
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which describes the updated revision of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and total calories that are thought to meet the needs of about 98% of a particular group?
The process that describes needs of 98% of particular groups are Recommended Daily Allowance.
Recommended Daily Allowance is the outline of vitamins had to meet the wishes of approximately ninety eight% of a group.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the common day by day nutritional consumption degree this is enough to fulfill the nutrient requirement of almost all (ninety seven to ninety eight percent) healthful people in a specific gender and existence degree group (existence degree considers age and, while applicable, being pregnant or lactation).
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PLS HURRY
Figure 1 below shows the structure of a(an)
O DNA molecule.
O amino acid.
RNA molecule.
O protein.
The given figure shows the structure of DNA molecule.
What is DNA molecule?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is the molecule that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism's growth and operation.
The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately form the backbone of each strand.
One of the four bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine—is joined to each sugar (T). Adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine while cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine to join the two strands together.
Therefore, The given figure shows the structure of DNA molecule.
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what is the name of the triangularly shaped structures in the medulla of a kidney that contain the nephrons?
The medulla is the inner region of the parenchyma of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called renal pyramids.
The kidney's parenchyma's interior section is called the medulla.
The renal pyramids, which are triangle-shaped structures with a dense network of nephrons within them, are a collection of several pyramidal tissue masses that make up the medulla.
The Bowman's capsule, which is shaped like a cup and is located in the cortex of the kidney, is at one end of each nephron. The glomerulus, a group of capillaries that conducts blood from the renal arteries into the nephron where plasma is filtered via the capsule, is encircled by it.
The filtered fluid exits the capsule and travels via the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule before exiting the body through the ureter. It then travels down the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle. The complicated management of water and ion concentrations in the body is made possible by the numerous components of the nephrons, each of which is selectively permeable to distinct molecules.
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ronald myers and roger sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of a split brain.
The optic chiasm and corpus callosum of each cat in their main experimental group were both removed by Myers and Sperry because there are two ways for visual information to travel from one eye to the contralateral hemisphere.
The cerebral cortex, which is found in folded form, is a part of the brain's gray matter. Fissures are formed by the grooves between the folds. The largest fissure in the cerebral cortex, which divides the brain into two hemispheres, is called the longitudinal fissure. White matter is what makes up the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum serves as an intrinsic link between the two brain hemispheres. Roger Sperry removed part of the corpus callosum while conducting studies on epilepsy treatment.
Your right side of the brain controls the LVF only sends visual information to the right hemisphere, while RVF only sends visual information to the left. Two writing instruments are needed. As soon as you see the images, try to draw both of them at once, one on each piece of paper. The left half of the body. Your left brain directs the activities of your right body. The right visual field and the left visual field are separate parts of each eye this shows the effect of a split-brain.
The complete question is:
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of ___________.
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the parents of a child with hyper-igm syndrome used preimplantation genetic diagnosis (pgd) to produce a second child to serve as a cord blood donor to cure the sick child. not only did they have to make sure the donor child did not have hyper-igm, but also they had to be sure the child had compatible:
The expecting parents had to make sure that the unborn child's tissue matched that of their child who had hyper-igm syndrome.
Why does high IgM syndrome occur?Rare, one-in-a-million, and possibly fatal genetic mutations that severely compromise the immune system and render a person incapable of producing antibodies are the root cause of hyper IgM syndromes. Patients with hyper IgM are significantly more likely to develop recurrent and opportunistic infections.
Patients who suffer from HIGM syndrome are unable to switch from producing IgM antibodies to IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. Patients with this condition consequently have low amounts of IgG and IgA but normal or high levels of IgM in their blood. These several antibody subtypes each serve a different purpose in the fight against pathogens. Normally, B-lymphocytes can make IgM antibodies on their own, but in order to switch from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE, they need interactive assistance from T-lymphocytes. Numerous genetic flaws that impair this interaction between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes cause HIGM.
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what kinds of substitutions or insertions or deletions can occur? are there other types of mutations at larger scale?
Types of Substitutions: Transitions (substitute purine with purine)
Transversions (substitute pu w/ py)
Substitution mutations may have positive, negative, or no effects. Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations are three types of point mutations that they specifically induce. A silent mutation is one in which the protein's functionality is unaffected. The incorrect protein is coded for by a missense mutation.
An insertion in genetics is the addition of one or more base pair nucleotides to the DNA sequence. Because the DNA polymerase frequently slips in microsatellite regions, this frequently occurs.
Types of Insertions:
Frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame of the gene)
In-frame insertions and deletions ( deletion or insertion of a multiple of 3 nucleotides which do not Alter the reading frame)
Expanding nucleotide repeats: Increase in the number of a copies of a set of nucleotides( repeated sequence of a set of nucleotides in which the number of copies of the sequence increases)
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which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems? group of answer choices it provides needed limiting nutrients. it can aid corals by killing parasites. it can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish. it is rare and occurs only in bad weather. it does not occur.
True statement are A. It can aid corals by providing their symbiotic algae with nutrients.
The response of a marine ecosystem to an excessive availability of a limiting nutrient is known as marine eutrophication. The idea of a "limiting nutrient" suggests that the amount of primary production in an ecosystem depends on the availability of the limiting nutrient.
What causes eutrophication in the ocean?
The primary cause of eutrophication and subsequent ecosystem degradation in coastal ecosystems worldwide during the 20th century was an increase in anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) via river discharge to coastal ecosystems (Rabalais et al., 2000).
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dna, which is negatively charged, can adsorb onto the surface of citrate-capped au nanoparticles. explain why such a system would exhibit a langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Single-stranded DNA is adsorbed onto citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which improves the stability of AuNPs and is the basis for many biochemical and analytical applications, but the basics of this adsorption reaction are interactions remain unknown.
In this study, we measured the kinetics, capacity and isotherms of DNA adsorption and showed that the adsorption process is governed by electrostatic forces. Charge repulsion between DNA strands and between DNA and AuNPs can be reduced by adding salt, lowering the pH, or using uncharged peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). A Langmuir adsorption isotherm is obtained, showing that there is both adsorption and desorption of DNA from the AuNPs. Higher salt concentrations promote DNA adsorption, but higher salt concentrations also increase the rate of desorption due to DNA compaction. DNA adsorption capacity is determined by the length of DNA oligomers, DNA concentration, and salinity. Previous studies have shown faster adsorption of short DNA oligomers by AuNPs. We find that AuNPs are more effectively protected from aggregation when longer DNA is adsorbed. DNA adsorption is also facilitated by the use of low pH buffers and high alcohol concentrations. A model based on electrostatic repulsion of AuNPs has been proposed to explain the adsorption/desorption behavior of DNA.
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