The amount of energy required to compress a gas from 121 litres to 80 litres at a constant pressure of 16.7 atm is 6.94*10^4J. When the need for water increases in a system with constant pressure
As the demand for water falls, the pump speed will also decline. The pump only runs as much as required to fulfil demand in order to maintain pressure as efficiently as feasible. Using the following expression, we can determine the work (W) connected to gas compression at constant pressure:
W = -P.V, where P is the outside pressure.
V represents the volume change.
In light of the fact that 1 atm.L = 101.325 J, the work of compression is given by W = -P*(v2 - v1) = -16.7atm*(80.0 - 121.0)*(101.325/1) = 6.94*10^4J.
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MATCH each definition to the term it describes. Place the letter corresponding to the term in the blank to the left of the definition. a. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules b. Markovnikov's Rule
The explanation is as follows:
The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules are a standard procedure in organic chemistry for naming a molecule's stereoisomer completely and unequivocally. The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, also known as the CIP system or CIP conventions, are a set of rules used in organic chemistry to identify a molecule's stereoisomers. A molecule can have any number of stereocenters and double bonds, and each one can have two different configurations.
According to Markovnikov's rule, when an asymmetrical reagent is added to an asymmetrical alkene, the negative half of the reagent will attach to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogen atoms. According to the Markovnikov rule, the hydrogen atom with the most hydrogen substituents is attached to the carbon atom. The hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogen substituents, according to the Anti Markovnikov rule.
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what would be the mass of the cationic fragment of neopentane formed in a mass spectrum experiment? group of answer choices 15 29 43 71 57
Mass spectrometry experiment (MS) is a high-throughput experimental method that characterizes molecules by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. The Fragment ions that is the cationic fragment are produced by decomposition of a molecular ion. Here we have to find mass of the cationic fragment of a neopentane.
How to find mass of the cationic fragment of a particular molecular ion?
In a mass spectrometry experiment,
CH3-CH3-C-CH3-CH3 (Neo pentane) will become CH3-CH3-C-CH3^+7 + CH3 (most stable cation radical is formed)
So, mass to charge ratio: m/z = (4×12 g/mol) + C(g×1.0g/mol)
=57
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Be sure to answer all parts.
Calculate the heats of combustion for the following reactions. Use the standard enthalpies of formation.
(a) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) -> 2CO2(g) + 2H2(l)
(b) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) -> 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g)
_____kJ/mol
the heats of combustion = - 1124.08 kJ/mol, standard enthalpy change in kJ/mol ,ethene C2H4 is + 52.47, hydrogen sulfide H2S is - 52.47 , oxygen O2 is zero
standard enthalpy change in kJ/mol , ethene C2H4 is + 52.47 , hydrogen sulfide H2S is - 52.47 , sulfur dioxide SO2 is - 296.84 , water liquid H2O is - 285.83 , carbon dioxide CO2 is - 393.51 , oxygen O2 is zero
heat = C2H4 + 3O2 ---> 2CO2 + 2H2O
heat = 2CO2 + 2H2O - C2H4 - 3O2
heat = 2( - 393.51) + 2( - 285.83) - ( + 52.47) - 0
heat = - 1411.15 kJ/mol
negative exothermic (heat released)
heat = 2H2S + 3O2 ---> 2H2O + 2SO2
heat = 2H2O + 2SO2 - 2H2S - 3O2
heat = 2( - 285.83) + 2( - 296.84) - 2( - 20.63) - 0
heat = - 1124.08 kJ/mol
negative exothermic (heat released), In the entire world, ethene is mostly utilized as a monomer in the creation of plastic, to create other chemicals, and as an industrial fuel gas. Citrus is also degreened with ethene. Many other organisms, including humans, depend on the oxygen in the air we breathe to maintain life. Plants and several microorganisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
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what changes in the energies would you expect by covalently linking the binding groups (association 1 compared to association 4)?
The changes in the energies would be ΔG = -ve, ΔH = -ve, ΔS = +ve.
What is Gibbs free energy?
Gibbs free energy, denoted G, combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. The equation for Gibbs free energy is: ΔG=ΔH−TΔS where G represents the change in Gibbs free energy, H represents the change in enthalpy, T represents the temperature, and S represents the change in entropy. For a reaction to be spontaneous, G must always be negative.
As we know,
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
ΔG = Gibbs free energy
ΔH = enthalpy
T = temperature
ΔS = Entropy
So, for spontaneous process
ΔG = -ve
ΔH = -ve
ΔS = +ve
The changes in the energies would be ΔG = -ve, ΔH = -ve, ΔS = +ve.
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What happens to the temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate?.
The mixture's temperature does not vary until all of the ice has melted; at that point, the uniform temperature of the liquid water will start to rise.
Remember that the temperature doesn't change during a phase shift until all the material has changed phases. The system uses the energy to undergo the phase shift, following which the liquid's temperature will start to rise.
At 0°C (assuming standard pressure), the temperature at which liquid water and ice coexist, we get a mixture of the two substances. The ice will melt until it is eaten at constant T = 0°C, at which point it will stop melting and start to uniformly raise the temperature of the liquid water.
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2. you have 0.05 ml of an undiluted culture at a concentration of 3.6 x 106 cfu/ml. you then add 4.95 ml of sterile water. what is the dilution, and what is the final concentration of cells?
The final concentration of cells in the diluted culture is 3.6 x 108 cfu/ml
ProcessTo calculate the final concentration, the formula was used
V1 . C1 = V2. C2
Where
V1 = initial volume
C1 = initial concentration
V2 = final volume
C2 = final concentration
Calculation of the final concentrationV1 . C1 = V2. C2
Clearing C2 we get
C2 = V1 . C1/V2
Data
V1 = 0.05ml
C1 = 3.6 x 10∧6 cfu/ml
V2 = 0.05ml + 4.95ml = 5ml
Subsequently, the data is replaced in the formula
C2 = V1 . C1/V2
C2 = 0.05 . 3.6 x 10∧6 / 5ml
C2 = 3.6 x 10∧8 cfu/ml
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a calorimeter is used to measure the combustion of 14.0 grams of h2 gas under 150. grams of water. the energy measured using the water was 10,432 j. what is the heat lost or gained by the total reaction?
The heat lost or gained by the total reaction is 10,432 J.
Reason:
The amount of energy released by the combustion of the H2 gas and absorbed by the water in the calorimeter.
In other words, this is the enthalpy change (ΔH) of the reaction. Therefore, the heat lost or gained by the total reaction is 10,432 J.
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Consider the incomplete structure. Add formal charges as necessary to the structure. All unshared valence electrons are shown.
Do not alter the structure-just add charges. If you need to revert the drawing palette to the original state, select the More menu,
then select Reset Drawin
The structure has a net charge of zero as shown by the question.
What is a charged species?
If there is an excess of positive or negative charge in a specie, we say the specie is charged. While an excess of the negative charge simply denotes that the thing is negatively charged, an excess of the positive charge indicates that the material is positively charged.
As we can see, the molecule's centre atom carries a -1 charge, which is the charge that the entire structure is carrying.
The graphic that is attached to the question makes it abundantly clear that there is a charge of a negative one attached to the chlorine atom if we look at the structure as it is.
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all the substances listed are solids at room temperature. which substance has a simple molecular structure?
Sodium has a simple molecular structure.
What is a molecular structure?
An essential quality of a molecule is its three-dimensional form or configuration. According to the preferred spatial orientation of covalent bonds to atoms with two or more bonding partners, this form is determined. Models are the most effective way to view three dimensional arrangements. We frequently utilize perspective drawings, in which the orientation of a bond is given by the line joining the connected atoms, to show such setups on a two-dimensional surface (paper, blackboard, or screen).
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As Nicole walks to her dorm room after a study group in the library she sees a backpack being stolen. The neurotransmitter activated during this emergency situation isMultiple choice question.a. norepinephrine.b. endocrine.c. insulin.d. serotonin.
As Nicole walks to her dorm room after a study group in the library she sees a backpack being stolen. The neurotransmitter activated during this emergency situation is a. norepinephrine.
High levels of norepinephrine can also lead to headaches, high blood sugar, and sleep disturbances. Too much norepinephrine also causes anxiety, high blood pressure and heart rate, and organ stress. Drug withdrawal, chronic renal disease, and mental illnesses like PTSD can also result in high norepinephrine levels. Neurons discharge neurotransmitter, which are chemical messengers, into the synapse through synaptic vesicles. Some neurotransmitter work by increasing the neuron's negative electrical charge, which makes it less likely to activate. This is a deterrent effect. Serotonin is an example of this.
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How does the strength of the imfs in water compare to the strength of the imfs in ethanol?.
The strength of intermolecular forces in water is greater than ethanol.
How is the strength of the intermolecular forces in water stronger than the intermolecular forces in ethanol?
Water has a stronger intermolecular force than ethanol. Because oxygen is bonded with two H-atoms in [tex]H_{2}[/tex]O, the hydrogen-ethanol bond contact is stronger than that of ethanol. Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.5, hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2, and oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.44.
Because O in ethanol is coupled to one C and one H atom, the electronegativity difference between O and H is therefore somewhat larger than the electronegative difference between O and C. As a result, oxygen in [tex]H_{2}[/tex]O generates a larger amount of negative charge than oxygen in ethanol.
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A rock sample originally contains 3.13 mg of U-238. How much Pb-206 will be in the rock sample when it is 4.6 × 10^8 years old? The half-life of uranium−238 is 4.51 × 10^9 years.
i know it its 14.8
g g gg g g g g g g
Nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. Scandium-43 decays with a rate constant of 0. 178 days–1. After 15. 0 days, a sample has a mass of 1. 73 g. What was the original mass of the sample?.
The original weight of the specimen is 25.0 g since, according to the question, nuclear decay follows first-order kinetics.
How crucial is nuclear power?The only significant, carbon-free energy resource that the nation can extensively expand to produce significant amounts of electricity is nuclear energy. When fossil fuels are burned to produce a unit of electricity, nuclear power plants avoid producing a sizable amount of emissions.
Briefing:Given:
r = 0.178 days⁻¹
[tex]N_{t}[/tex] = 1.73 g
[tex]N_{o}[/tex] = ?
[tex]t_{1/2}[/tex] = 0.693/λ
Therefore,
ln[tex]N_{t}[/tex]/[tex]N_{0}[/tex] = -λt
[tex]N_{t}[/tex] = [tex]N_{0}[/tex]e⁻λt
= (1.73)e(-0.131y⁻¹)(30y)
= 25.0 g
Consequently, the sample's starting mass is 25.0 g.
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What key features should be present in the ir spectrum of your product if you successfully made the desired bromohydrin? what key features should be absent from the ir spectrum if the starting material was completely reacted?.
Stretching frequency will be increased for bonds with higher bond strengths. Higher atomic mass atoms in the bond will result in lower stretching frequency values in the IR spectrum.
The IR spectrum is what?A popular absorption technique in both qualitative and quantitative assessments is infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Electromagnetic radiation that can change the vibrational and rotational states of covalent bonds in organic molecules is found in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
How is an infrared spectrum created?By exposing a sample to infrared radiation at a variety of frequencies and detecting the absorptions caused by each type of bond in the complex, an infrared spectrometer analyzes a substance. This generates a spectrum, which is typically a "plot" of transmittance percentage versus wavenumber.
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this reaction proceeds through a series of two elimination reactions. which elimination do you believe is rate determining in this process and why?
It will be difficult for base to perform elimination reaction.
What is elimination reaction?
Any of a class of organic chemical events known as elimination reactions occurs when a pair of atoms or groups of atoms are extracted from a molecule, typically with the help of acids, bases, or metals and, in certain circumstances, by heating to a high temperature.
What is reaction?
A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more chemicals, known as reactants, into one or more new compounds, known as products. Chemical components or compounds make up substances.
The reaction of the acid and bases are its too bulky, the comparison between acid and base, base need more energy to eliminate so its hard for base to eliminate.
Therefore, it will be difficult for base to perform elimination reaction.
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draw the lewis structure for so3 and answer the following questions. how many valence electrons are present in this compound? how many bonding electrons are present in this compound? how many lone pair (non-bonding) electrons are present in this compound?
The Lewis structure of SO₃ is can be seen in the attached image.
The valence electrons present in this compound are: 6 VE for each atom (24 electrons).The total bonding electrons present are: 3 pairs of double bonding (12 electrons).The total lone pair electrons present are: 4 for each O atom (12 electrons/8 pair of electrons).What is the difference between valence, bonding, and lone pair electrons?The difference between those three are:
Valence electrons are the electrons located at the outer shell of an atom. These electrons are the furthest from the nucleus, so they tend to bond with electrons from the other atoms. Bonding electrons are the electrons involve in chemical bonding with the other atom that joins as the bond pairs. There are three types of bonding: single bonding, double bonding, and triple bonding.Lone pair electrons are the valence electrons pair that have not formed a bond with the other atoms.Learn more about bond order here https://brainly.com/question/9713842
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Balance the chemical equation
C2H6+O2=CO2+H2O
Answer:
The balanced equation is following:
2C^2H^6 + 7O^2 ⇒ 4CO^2 + 6H^2O
Hope that helps :)
a galvanic cell is powered by the following redox reaction: (aq) (aq) (s)(g) (l) (aq) answer the following questions about this cell. if you need any electrochemical data, be sure you get it from the aleks data tab.
The redox reaction in the question is missing. The reaction is :Cl 2(g) + Mn 2 +(aq) + 2 H-On â 2 Cl-(aq) + MnO2(s) + 4 H + (aq) 2.59V. In one species there is oxidation and in the other species there is reduction process. a galvanic cell is powered by the following redox reaction: (aq) (aq) (s)(g) (l) (aq) need any electrochemical data, be sure you get it from the aleks data tab.
Initially, oxygen-based processes that include an element were referred to as oxidation. Example: The oxidation of magnesium occurs when magnesium metal reacts with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide. A substance gains one or more electrons during the reduction process. Either an oxygen atom or electronegative atoms are lost. gains a hydrogen atom or an atom with an electric charge.A galvanic cell or voltaic cell is an electrochemical device that uses spontaneous redox reactions to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. Galvanic cell The voltaic cell is an electrochemical device that uses chemical reactions to produce electricity.
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unless otherwise instructed, you may use the periodic table in the chemistry: problems and solutions book for this question. what is the branch of chemistry that examines numerical relationships in chemical reactions?
The branch of chemistry is Stoichiometry
Chemistry's study of numerical relationships in chemical reactions is known as stoichiometry. The Law of Conservation of Mass serves as its foundation. Although the elements that reactants and products are associated with change frequently during a reaction, all chemical reactions contain the same elements as reactants and products.
Any chemical equation must be balanced, and this is done by comparing the number of atoms utilized as reactants and products. In essence, it denotes how the reactant and product are related. There is no qualitative analysis involved; merely a quantitative one. n To determine the amount of moles used in the reactant and product of the particles, stoichiometry is the study of chemical reactions.
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TRUE/FALSE. essential amino acids are those that animals cannot synthesize on their own and must obtain them from outside dietary sources.
false. Only from external sources, such as their diet, can organisms obtain essential amino acids (such as lysine and isoleucine).
Can animals produce critical amino acids on their own?Important amino acids: In order for the animal to function normally, it needs to be fed these amino acids, which it cannot produce on its own.
The body is unable to manufacture necessary amino acids.The body cannot manufacture essential amino acids. They have to come from food as a result. These nine amino acids—histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine—are considered to be essential for human health.
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The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.
A location of electrons is described by the electron-pair geometry, and the arrangement of atoms is described by the molecular structure.
What is electron and example?Being smallest fundamental component of an atom, the electron has a negative charge. In either a neutral atom, there are an equal number both electrons to protons. Each electron and first proton are all that the hydrogen atom has. In contrast hand, the uranium atom possesses 92 protons, which means 92 electrons.
What is electron and proton?These atoms electron, proton, & neutron all make up an atom. The core nucleus of the atom, which contains protons and neutrons is what makes up an atom. The electrons that surround the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, electron have a negative charge, and neutrons are neutral.
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how much heat is produced by combustion of 125 g of methanol under standard state conditions? ch3oh 3/2 o2 → co2 2h2o ∆hc
The heat produced by a combustion of 125g of methanol under standard state of the condition is 2836.29 kJ. The combustion reaction of methanol is 2CH₃OH+3O₂→2CO₂+4H₂O
The value for standard enthalpy of the combustion of a methanol is ΔH°=-726.1kJ/mol. It means that 1 mole of methanol on combustion releases 726.1 kJ of energy. First, we need to find molar mass of CH₃OH.
The molar mass of CH₃OH is
Molar mass=12+(4×1)+16
=12+4+16
=32g/mol
And the number of moles for CH₃OH is
moles=125g×(1 mol/32g)
moles=3.9062 mol
For one mole, we have 726.1 kJ of energy. Hence, energy for 3.9062 mol is
(726.1 kJ/mol)×3.9062 mol
=2836.29 kJ
Therefore, the heat produced by 125g of methanol is 2836.29 kJ.
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calculate the quantity of 0.001 m aq naoh needed to neutralize the hcl produced by complete solvolysis
The quantity of 0.001 m aq naoh needed to neutralize the hcl produced by complete solvolysis is 200 ml.
Solvolysis is a type of nucleophilic substitution or elimination wherein the nucleophile is a solvent molecule. function of SN1 reactions, solvolysis of a chiral reactant provides the racemate.
Calculation :-
using the titration equation,
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
substituting values
V₁ = M₂ V₂/M₁
= 0.2 × 10 ml /0.01
= 2/0.01 ml
= 200 ml.
A reaction in which the solvent is a reactant, and turns into part of the response product. Hydrolysis of tert-butyl chloride; solvent = water. Fischer esterification reaction; solvent = methanol. related phrases: Alcoholysis, aminolysis.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
Calculate the quantity of 0.01M aq NaOH needed to neutralize the HCl produced by complete solvolysis of the t-BuCl in 10ml of 0.2M t-BuCl in acetone.
what subatomic particles are removed from gluclose molecules and end up creating water at the end of the electron transport chain
At the end of the electron transport chain, two protons are removed from glucose molecules and combined with two electrons and two oxygen molecules to create two molecules of water.
The protons are removed from glucose molecules during the process of oxidative phosphorylation when the electrons that have been passed along the electron transport chain are used to reduce two molecules of oxygen to water.
This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation and is powered by the energy released from the oxidation of glucose molecules. The protons are removed from the glucose molecules during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and they are carried to the electron transport chain where they are used as a source of energy.
The protons are then moved to the mitochondrial membrane where they are used to create a proton gradient. This gradient is used to drive ATP production by the process of chemiosmosis.
Finally, the protons are combined with two electrons and an oxygen atom to form water. This process is driven by the release of energy from the electrons and the protons, which is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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a. For the reduction reaction with NaBH4, calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of the crude product after liquid-liquid extraction. Assume the ketone is the limiting reactant, and your alcohol product has a molar mass that is 2 amu larger than the ketone starting material. Show all calculations. Mass of empty 50 mL round-bottomed flask: 39.8791 g Mass of 50 mL round-bottomed flask with crude reduction product (Step 16): 39.9585 g Appearance of crude reaction product: colorless oil
Though NaBH4 and LiAlH4 are similar, NaBH4 is less reactive. Esters, amides, acids, and nitriles are largely unaffected; its power is limited to reducing aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides to alcohols.
Because the hydride ion can attack the planar carbonyl group on either face, the reduction of unsymmetrical ketones with LiAlH4 or NaBH4 results in the production of two stereoisomers: A racemic mixture of enantiomers results from the absence of any additional chiral centers. The intermediates produced by the reaction of sodium borohydride with water are also mild reducing agents known as hydroxyborohydride. The most popular reaction solvents for reduction or organic substrates are ethanol and propane-2-ol, though methanol is also employed. Because a similar reaction with alcohol is relatively slow, it is also known as an alcohol reduction reaction.
Theoretical yield = (Actual yield/percentage yield) x 100
Percent Yield = Mass of Actual Yield / Mass of Theoretical Yield x 100 percent
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Due to periodicity, which of the following elements has chemical behavior similar to that of fluorine? Potassium Chlorine Magnesium Iron
The next element, chlorine, behaves chemically similarly to fluorine.
By "chemical," what do we mean?Any material with a known composition is considered to be a chemical. So a chemical always has the same "stuff," to put it another way. Natural substances like water include certain compounds. Chlorine and other chemicals are produced (used for bleaching fabrics or in swimming pools).
What is an example of a chemical?An element, or any of these elements together, makes up a chemical. For instance, oxygen in the air is a molecule that is always made up of two different oxygen components. The simplest form of a chemical is an element since they serve as the building blocks for other chemicals.
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Radiation is a method of thermal energy transfer. it refers to the transfer of heat energy that moves –
Radiation refers to the transfer of heat energy that moves through empty space.
Depending on the energy of the radiated particles, radiation is frequently divided into ionizing and non-ionizing categories. More than 10 eV is carried by ionizing radiation, which is sufficient to ionize atoms and molecules and rupture chemical bonds.
Due to the significant differences in how toxic these substances are to living things, this distinction is crucial. Radioactive substances that generate radiation in the form of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, or photons are frequently sources of ionizing radiation.
Other sources include X-rays from radiography tests used in medicine as well as muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons, and other particles that are created when primary cosmic rays contact with the atmosphere of Earth.
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what quantity in moles of precipitate will be formed when 84.9 ml of 0.150 m agno₃ is reacted with excess cacl₂ in the following chemical reaction? 2 agno₃(aq) cacl₂(aq) → 2 agcl(s) ca(no₃)₂(aq)
There will be 0.01 moles of precipitate produced.
The energy released in this nuclear event is more than 100,000 times greater than the energy released in a typical chemical reaction.
When compared to chemical reactions, how much more energy is created by nuclear reactions?
The energy released by nuclei is a million times more concentrated than the energy created by atoms interacting with one another (chemical reactions). Because of this, nuclear weapons are significantly more potent and destructive than conventional weapons.
Are nuclear and chemical energies more potent than one another?
The energies generated in nuclear processes are several orders of magnitude higher than the energies involved in chemical reactions.
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. calculate the moles of water produced by the reaction of 1.70 mol of oxygen a major componet of gasoline is octane. when liquid octane is burned in air it reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapor
The number of moles of carbon dioxide CO₂ produced by the reaction. 14.1937 g of water.
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound made of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. its miles are determined within the gas nation at room temperature. inside the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible mild however absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
Exposure to CO2 can produce a ramification of fitness effects. those may encompass headaches, dizziness, restlessness, a tingling or pins or needles feeling, problem respiration, sweating, tiredness, extended coronary heart charge, extended blood pressure, coma, asphyxia, and convulsions.
CO2 is considered to be minimally poisonous with the aid of inhalation. The primary fitness outcomes due to CO2 are the result of its conduct as an easy asphyxiant. An easy asphyxiant is a gas that reduces or displaces ordinary oxygen in respiration air. signs of mild CO2 exposure may additionally encompass headache and drowsiness.
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select true or false: the electron configuration of the outermost electrons of atoms of the halogen group is ns2np7. group starts
False because halogen group atoms' outermost electron does not have the ns2np7 electrical configuration.
Describe halogens.Halogens are nonmetals. At room temperature, bromide is a liquid while fluoride, chlorine, & bromine are all gases. Iodine and astatine are solids.
Why is group 17 known as the halogens?The word "halogen" refers to substances that produce salts. All halogens have seven electrons within their valence shell, which causes them to react with metals quickly to produce salts. Halogens are the eighth group of elements as a result. Since the halogen elements already possess seven valence electrons, they only require one extra electron to complete a full octet. This characteristic makes them more reactive as non-metal groups.
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