List of risks that may be used for the Board report 1. The University experienced a fire five years ago and the loss was $5,000,000, 25% of the University was out of service for 6 months due to fire, water and smoke damage. Insurance paid for the entire building loss except for the deductible of $100,000. The University had to withdraw University entrance for 2,500 students for two semesters. The University does not purchase business interruption insurance. 2. The University has experienced 3 water losses (frozen pipes) within the last 10 years with each water claim being $500,000. 3. The University was a victim of a cyber Ware ransom attack, last year. The attacker prevented access to all of the University student records unless $500,000 in bitcoins was paid to the attacker within Seven days. The ransom was paid. 4. The university's 3,000 computers both student and staff are all over five years old and can no longer be upgraded with security patches. The cost to replace all the computers and the software is $3,000,000. The University wants to delay purchases of these computers for two years. 5. The University employs 2000 people and each year 100 people suffer a mild to moderate work injury. On average each of these people will be off work for 10 days. 6. The University has a bar on the premises that is run by the student's union. The bar is very popular on Thursday nights and there are often severely intoxicated students on campus and oftentimes fights will break out. The student's union is a separate legal entity, but it does not buy liability insurance. 7. The University has lost power four times in the last 10 years. Each time they lost power to the campus they were out of business for Seven days and classes had to be cancelled. The university's customer service score went down 20% each time they lost power. 8. The government has reduced the university's budget ($200 mm) by 10% this year ($20 mm). The University wants to build student residences to improve their revenue and surplus. The cost of the new residence is 100 million dollars and it will take two years to build. They expect the residences to generate $25,000,000 in rents which would equate to $10,000,000 in surplus (profit) 9. The University is worried about their ability to respond during a time of a pandemic. They do not have the money or resources to develop a business continuity plan. 10. The University teaches all of their classes face to face. The University has 10,000 students and 500 faculty members. All of the University classes are run between the hours of 10AM and 3:00 PM. The University wants to build a new building to house their classrooms because they are currently at 98% classroom occupancy. They're planning to build a 100 million dollar Business School within the next two years. 11. The University is worried about their ability to respond to an emergency situation. They do not have the money or resources to develop an emergency response plan. 12. The University is very worried about the safety of its students. It employs 200 security officers to patrol the buildings 24/7. The security budget is $10,000,000 13. The University is very involved in students going off campus and having experiential learning opportunities. Each year 10 students of the 10,000 experience a mild or moderate injury during an activity or learning off campus. One student each year dies while on an off campus activity. The University does not track, manage or monitor off campus activity because they consider the students adults and do not want to intrude on their learning. One student each year dies while on an off campus activity. The University does not track, manage or monitor off campus activity because they consider the students adults and do not want to intrude on their learning. 14. The University is considering buying emergency backup generators. Due to budget cuts they want to hold off on buying the generators for two years. 15. The University owns 20−15 passenger vans to transport their students to off campus events which includes within the city, within the province and outside of the country. Each year they have at least three traffic accidents with the vans for an average damage of $5000 to the van. Each year at least five students are injured in one of the three traffic accidents. The University allows these students to drive the other students on off campus activities. The majority of the students at the University are under the age of 22 .

Answers

Answer 1

The Board Report should include an assessment of these risks, their potential consequences, and recommendations for risk mitigation strategies. By addressing these risks, the University can enhance its resilience, protect its stakeholders, and ensure a safe and conducive learning environment.

Risks for the Board Report:

1. Fire Risk: The University experienced a significant fire loss in the past, resulting in property damage, service disruption, and financial implications. The lack of business interruption insurance exposes the University to potential future losses in case of similar incidents.

2. Water Damage Risk: The University has a history of water losses due to frozen pipes, leading to substantial financial costs. The recurrence of such incidents raises concerns about the effectiveness of preventive measures and potential impacts on the University's operations.

3. Cybersecurity Risk: The University fell victim to a ransomware attack, compromising student records and forcing a substantial ransom payment. This highlights the vulnerability of the University's digital infrastructure and the potential for future cyber threats.

4. Outdated Technology Risk: The University's computers are aging and unable to receive security patches, which exposes the institution to potential cybersecurity risks. Delaying the replacement of these computers for two years could result in increased vulnerabilities and potential data breaches.

5. Workplace Injury Risk: The University experiences a significant number of work-related injuries each year, leading to productivity loss and potential legal implications. Ensuring a safe work environment and implementing effective safety measures should be a priority.

6. Liability Risk: The University's association with a student-run bar without liability insurance exposes it to potential legal and financial consequences in case of incidents, such as fights or injuries involving intoxicated students.

7. Power Outage Risk: Frequent power outages disrupt the University's operations, impacting customer service and causing a decrease in satisfaction. Enhancing the resilience of the campus infrastructure and addressing power supply issues should be considered.

8. Financial Risk: The reduction in the University's budget poses financial challenges. While the construction of student residences could generate additional revenue, the cost of construction and uncertainties in rental income should be carefully evaluated.

9. Pandemic Preparedness Risk: The University lacks the resources to develop a business continuity plan, leaving it vulnerable to potential disruptions during a pandemic or similar emergencies. Establishing contingency plans and allocating necessary resources should be prioritized.

10. Classroom Capacity Risk: The University faces limited classroom capacity due to high occupancy levels. The planned construction of a new Business School aims to address this issue, but careful planning and budget considerations are required to ensure successful implementation.

11. Emergency Response Risk: Insufficient resources for developing an emergency response plan can hinder the University's ability to handle emergency situations effectively. Adequate funding and planning should be allocated to ensure the safety and well-being of students and staff.

12. Campus Security Risk: The University's concerns about student safety necessitate a robust security system. Adequate budget allocation and appropriate staffing levels are crucial to maintain a secure environment for students and staff.

13. Off-Campus Activity Risk: The University's lack of tracking, managing, and monitoring off-campus activities exposes students to potential risks and legal liabilities. Implementing measures to ensure student safety and establish proper oversight may mitigate these risks.

14. Emergency Backup Generator Risk: Delays in purchasing emergency backup generators could leave the University vulnerable to power outages and related disruptions. Evaluating the potential impacts and costs of such delays is essential to mitigate risks effectively.

15. Transportation Risk: The University's reliance on passenger vans for student transportation poses risks related to traffic accidents, injuries, and potential legal implications. Ensuring proper safety protocols and exploring alternative transportation options should be considered.

The list of risks provides an overview of various potential threats and vulnerabilities faced by the University. Each risk is briefly described to highlight the nature of the risk and its potential impact on the University's operations, finances, reputation, and student safety.

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Related Questions

Natural Law is based primarily on statutory law.
True
False

Answers

False, Natural Law is based primarily on moral and ethical principles and is not dependent on statutory law. It is a philosophical belief that there are universal principles of law and morality that transcend human legal systems.

Natural Law is a philosophical and legal concept. It's a form of moral philosophy that refers to principles of human conduct believed to be inherent in nature and accessible to people through their ability to reason. It is a theory that all human beings are born with certain fundamental rights, and these rights should be protected by the government. These rights are considered to be divine, eternal, and universal. It is generally thought of as the set of principles that are essential for a society to function properly.

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A loan of IDR 500,000,000 will be due in 4 years and
must be repaid with repayment funds. If the loan bears interest the
simple method is 10% p.a. is paid out every year and the payment of
settlement

Answers

a. Annual payment amount = IDR 550,000,000 b. Repayment amount after 3 years = IDR 1,650,000,000. c. Book value of the loan after 3 years = IDR -1,150,000,000

a. Annual payment amount:

To calculate the annual payment amount, we use the simple interest method. The loan amount is IDR 500,000,000, and the interest rate is 10% per year. Therefore, the annual payment amount would be:

Annual payment amount = Loan amount + (Loan amount * Interest rate)

Annual payment amount = IDR 500,000,000 + (IDR 500,000,000 * 0.10)

Annual payment amount = IDR 500,000,000 + IDR 50,000,000

Annual payment amount = IDR 550,000,000

b. Repayment amount after 3 years:

After 3 years, a total of 3 annual payments would have been made. Since each annual payment is IDR 550,000,000, the repayment amount after 3 years would be:

Repayment amount after 3 years = Annual payment amount * Number of years

Repayment amount after 3 years = IDR 550,000,000 * 3

Repayment amount after 3 years = IDR 1,650,000,000

c. Book value of the loan after 3 years:

The book value of the loan after 3 years can be calculated by subtracting the repayment amount after 3 years from the initial loan amount:

Book value of the loan after 3 years = Loan amount - Repayment amount after 3 years

Book value of the loan after 3 years = IDR 500,000,000 - IDR 1,650,000,000

Book value of the loan after 3 years = IDR -1,150,000,000

Please note that the book value of the loan after 3 years is negative, indicating that the loan has been fully repaid, and there is no outstanding balance remaining.

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Complete Question :

A loan of IDR 500,000,000 will be due in 4 years and must be repaid with repayment funds. If the loan bears interest the simple method is 10% p.a. is paid out every year and the payment of settlement funds can earn 9% p.a. calculated quarterly, count: a. Annual payment amount b. Repayment amount after 3 years c. Book value of loan after 3 years

The Federal Reserve raised the target range for the fed funds rate by 75bps to 2.25%- 2.5% during its July 2022 meeting, the fourth consecutive rate hike, and pushing borrowing costs to the highest level since 2019. Fed fund futures implied investors were pricing in a more than 81% chance of another supersized 75 basis-point interest rate hike in September. Explain to Jay the potential economic forces behind the Fed rate hike and the impact of interest rate changes on the overall economy.

Answers

Jay, the potential economic forces behind the Federal Reserve's decision to raise the target range for the fed funds rate include factors such as inflation, employment levels, and overall economic growth.

When the economy is growing too quickly and there is a risk of inflation, the Federal Reserve may choose to raise interest rates to cool down spending and borrowing, which can help reduce inflationary pressures.

Additionally, a strong job market and low unemployment rate can also contribute to the decision to raise rates, as it indicates a healthy economy.

The impact of interest rate changes on the overall economy can be significant. When interest rates increase, borrowing costs for individuals and businesses tend to rise.

This can lead to reduced spending and investment, as it becomes more expensive to borrow money. Consumers may cut back on purchases, which can slow down economic growth. Similarly, businesses may delay or reduce investments, which can impact job creation and economic expansion.

Higher interest rates also affect the housing market. Mortgage rates tend to rise when interest rates go up, making it more expensive for individuals to buy homes. This can lead to a decrease in demand for housing, which can have a negative impact on the construction industry and related sectors.

Overall, the Federal Reserve's decision to raise interest rates is aimed at maintaining a balance between economic growth and inflation. It is important to note that the impact of interest rate changes can vary depending on the specific economic conditions and individual circumstances.

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If a management team wishes to boost the company's stock price, then it should consider Copyright © by Glo-Bus Software Inc Copying, distributing, or 3rd party website possing isexpressly prohibited and constitutes copyright violation O issuing shares of common stock to fund capital requirements rather than relying on ban loans, keeping the company's dividend payout ratio between 25% and 50%, and maintaining a credit rating that is no less than B+. O increasing competitive efforts to boost its market share of branded footwear in all geographic regions, spending additional money on corporate citizenship and social responsibility, and actions to achieve an image rating above 75. O boosting the company's dividend payout ratio to more than 75%, increasing the company's retained earnings, and avoiding the use of bank loans to finance capital expenditures. O increasing the company's retained earnings each year, spending amounts on corporate citizenship and social responsibility that are below the industry average, maintaining a debt- to-assets ratio below 0.25, and maintaining an interest coverage ratio of 5.0 or higher. O pursuing actions to meet or beat the annual investor-expected EPS targets, raising the company's dividend each year by $.30 per share or more, and repurchasing shares of common stock.

Answers

To boost the company's stock price, the management team should consider the following option: Pursuing actions to meet or beat the annual investor-expected EPS targets, raising the company's dividend each year by $0.30 per share or more, and repurchasing shares of common stock.

This strategy focuses on improving financial performance and returning value to shareholders, which can boost stock prices. The corporation proves its profitability and development potential by reaching or exceeding investor expectations for earnings per share (EPS).

Increasing the dividend by a large amount each year demonstrates a commitment to rewarding shareholders, which can attract dividend-seeking investors.

Repurchasing common stock lowers the number of outstanding shares, which can boost earnings per share and reflect confidence in the company's future prospects.

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We wish to invest between $14,000 and $18,500 on three different assets whose respective annual returns are 20.5%, 22%, and 21.5%. However, the amount investment on investment 2 should not exceed 25% of the total investment, and investments 1 and 2 should account for at least 50% of the total investment. We wish to use linear programming to maximize the annual return from the entire investment. Suppose that we have decided to increase our total maximum investment by $1000. How much should we expect this additional investment amount to contribute to the optimal return? Round your answer to the nearest whole number and do not include the dollar sign ($) with your answer. For example, "$2.56" should be entered as "3".

Answers

An increase of $1,000 is to be made in the total maximum investment. The optimal return contribution is to be found. The solution requires using linear programming to maximize annual returns.

Given the following investment conditions: Investment 1: $14000, 20.5% return Investment 2: $x, 22% return Investment 3: $y, 21.5% return Conditions: x + y <= $4,500 (25% of total $18,000 investment)Investments 1 and 2 >= $7,000 (50% of total $14,000 investment)Investments 1, 2, and 3 <= $18,500The maximum annual return can be obtained through linear programming. Let the expected annual return be z, then;

Maximize z = 0.205(14,000) + 0.22x + 0.215y z = 2,870 + 0.22x + 0.215ySubject to; x + y <= 4,500 14,000 + x + y <= 18,500 x >= 0; y >= 0 14,000 <= x + y <= 18,500 0.75x + 0.75y >= 7,000This problem can be solved graphically or algebraically.

The optimal solution will have an annual return of approximately $4,579. An increase of $1,000 in the maximum investment will result in an increase of $43 in the optimal return. Consequently, the answer is: $43.

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D Question 9 0.5 pts Consider China's production of iron ore and microchips. If China has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods compared to Uruguay O both countries can gain from trade , O only china can gain from the trade , O only uruguay can gain from the trade , O none of the above

Answers

Both countries, China and Uruguay, can gain from trade if China has an absolute advantage in the production of both iron ore and microchips. So, the correct answer is- both countries can gain from trade.

When a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a particular good, it can produce that good more efficiently than another country. In this case, if China has an absolute advantage in both iron ore and microchip production compared to Uruguay, it means that China can produce these goods at a lower cost or with higher efficiency.

Trade allows countries to specialize in producing goods in which they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods with other countries. By doing so, both countries can benefit from trade and achieve higher overall levels of consumption.

China, with its absolute advantage in the production of iron ore and microchips, can produce these goods more efficiently and at a lower cost compared to Uruguay. China can then export these goods to Uruguay, allowing Uruguay to access these products at a lower cost than if they were to produce them domestically. At the same time, Uruguay can focus on producing goods in which it may have a comparative advantage or that align with its available resources.

Therefore, both countries can gain from trade in this scenario. China benefits from exporting its excess production of iron ore and microchips, while Uruguay benefits from accessing these goods at a lower cost, allowing it to allocate its resources more efficiently and potentially focus on producing goods in which it has a comparative advantage.

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If a market is in equilibrium, then it is impossible for a social planner to raise economic welfare by increasing or decreasing the quantity of the good. True or false?.

Answers

False. If a market is in equilibrium, it means that the quantity demanded by consumers is equal to the quantity supplied by producers, and there is no shortage or surplus of the good.

In this situation, the market is efficiently allocating resources and maximizing economic welfare. However, it is possible for a social planner to raise economic welfare by either increasing or decreasing the quantity of the good. If the social planner increases the quantity of the good, it could lead to an increase in consumer surplus, as more consumers are able to purchase the good at a lower price. This can result in a higher overall economic welfare.

Conversely, if the social planner decreases the quantity of the good, it could lead to a decrease in consumer surplus, as fewer consumers are able to purchase the good at a higher price. However, this reduction in quantity may be necessary to address externalities or market failures, which can improve overall economic welfare.

Therefore, in equilibrium, it is not impossible for a social planner to raise economic welfare by adjusting the quantity of the good.

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You are seeking equity investors for your start-up firm. To get an idea of what potential equity investors require as a rate of return, you decide to use the build up method. At the direction of your CFO, you gather data on three components: 1) bond yield=6%, 2) Equity premium-8%, and 3) a start-up premium - 9%. Your firm has a beta of 1.2 and the risk-free rate is 3%. Using the build-up method, your estimated cost of capital is closest to:
. 23%
. 19.2%
. 7.5%
. 26%

Answers

Using the build-up method, the estimated cost of capital is closest to 29.6%, which is the sum of the risk-free rate, equity premium, start-up premium, and the product of the firm's beta and equity premium.

The estimated cost of capital using the build-up method is calculated by summing the risk-free rate, equity premium, start-up premium, and the product of the firm's beta and equity premium. Given a risk-free rate of 3%, an equity premium of 8%, and a start-up premium of 9%, with a firm beta of 1.2, the calculation is as follows:

Cost of capital = 3% + 8% + 9% + (1.2 * 8%)

Cost of capital = 3% + 8% + 9% + 9.6%

Cost of capital = 29.6%

Therefore, the estimated cost of capital using the build-up method is closest to 29.6%.

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If the trade discount series is 103/4%/121/2%/14% and the net price is $277, what is the list price? a. $586.36
b. $743.62 c. $600
d. $412.44

Answers

Let's find out the list price. We are given the trade discount series and the net price.

Trade discount can be defined as the reduction in the cost of goods that wholesalers provide to merchants to motivate them to buy goods. List price - Trade Discount = Net price. We need to calculate the list price.The trade discount series is 10 3/4%, 12 1/2%, and 14%.Converting 10 3/4% to decimal form, we get 10.75%.Converting 12 1/2% to decimal form, we get 12.5%.Converting 14% to decimal form, we get 14%.

Let's consider the first discount of 10.75%.We have,List price - 10.75% of List price = $277 Therefore, 0.8925 List price = $277 List price = $310.09 Using the second discount of 12.5%, we get,List price - 12.5% of List price = $310.09 Therefore, 0.875 List price = $310.09 List price = $354.69 Using the third discount of 14%, we get,List price - 14% of List price = $354.69

Therefore, 0.86 List price = $354.69 List price = $411.10 Thus, the list price is $411.10 (approx). Therefore, the option D is correct.

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Internal rate of return (1RR) The internal rate of return (IRR) refers to the compound annual rate of return that a project generates based on its up-front cost and subsequent cash flows. Consider this case: Blue Llama Mining Company is evaluating a proposed cavital budgeting project (project Delta) that will require an initial investment of $1,400,000. Blue Llama Mining Company has been basing capital budgeting decisions on a project's NPV; however, its new CFO wants to start using the TRर method for capital budgeting decisions. The CFO says that the IRR is a better method because percentages and returns are easier to understand and to compare to required returns. Bfue Uama Mining Company's WACC is 9%, and project Delta has the same risk as the firm's average project. The project is expected to generate the following net cash flows: Which of the following is the correct calculation of project Delta's IRR? 4.81% 4.01% 3.61% 3.21% If this is an independent project, the IRR method states that the firm should If the profect's cost of capital were to increase, how would that affect the IRR? The IRR would increase. The IRR would not change. The IRR would decrease.

Answers

4.81% is the correct calculation of project Delta's IRR. Therefore, option (A) is correct.

If the project's cost of capital were to increase, the IRR would decrease. Therefore, the correct option is (C) the IRR would decrease.

The internal rate of return (IRR) can be calculated by determining the discount rate at which the net present value of the cash inflows equals the initial investment. The following is the formula for calculating the internal rate of return (IRR).

NPV = 0 = CF0 + CF1 / (1 + IRR)¹ + CF2 / (1 + IRR)² + ... + CFn / (1 + IRR)ⁿ

Where:

CF0 is the cash outflow for Year 0. Positive, as it is an outflow;

CF1 to CFn are the cash inflows for Years 1 to n. Positive, as they are inflows;

IRR is the internal rate of return;

NPV is the net present value; and

n is the project's life years.

The calculation of project Delta's IRR is as follows:

CF0 = -$1,400,000

CF1 = $200,000

CF2 = $600,000

CF3 = $800,000

CF4 = $800,000

NPV = 0 = CF0 + CF1 / (1 + IRR)¹ + CF2 / (1 + IRR)² + CF3 / (1 + IRR)³ + CF4 / (1 + IRR)⁴

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate at which the net present value of the cash inflows equals the initial investment, which is $1,400,000 in this case.

The following is the formula for calculating the internal rate of return (IRR):

NPV = 0 = CF0 + CF1 / (1 + IRR)¹ + CF2 / (1 + IRR)² + CF3 / (1 + IRR)³ + CF4 / (1 + IRR)⁴.

=4.81%

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What is the quantity of real GDP produced if the real wage rate is at the full-employment equilibrium level? If the real wage rate is at the full-employment equilibrium level, real GDP is A. equal to

Answers

Potential GDP can grow through advancements in technology, increased investment in human and physical capital, and increased labor force participation.

If the real wage rate is at the full-employment equilibrium level, real GDP is equal to the potential GDP. Potential GDP refers to the level of production that can be achieved with full employment of resources, including labor and capital, at the current technology level and knowledge and with no bottlenecks in production processes.

In simple terms, if all available resources are used effectively and efficiently, potential GDP can be attained. Potential GDP is determined by the size of the labor force, capital stock, and technological development, among other factors.In addition, potential GDP is the level of output that the economy can sustain without putting too much pressure on prices. In the long run, inflation can be minimized by ensuring that the economy operates close to its potential GDP. The higher the level of potential GDP, the more an economy can produce in a sustainable and non-inflationary manner.

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When given the task to investigate the root cause or the main factor of a problem, where is the best place to start, the people (employees) or the systems (data bases).
Explain your answer.
Contribute meaningfully to the discussion by responding to the discussion topic. Your original post should be greater than 150 words in length.

Answers

The best approach to investigating the root cause or main factor of a problem is to start with a comprehensive examination that considers both the people and the systems involved. By integrating insights from employees and analyzing the systems, organizations can gain a deeper understanding of the problem and identify effective solutions to address the root cause.

When investigating the root cause or main factor of a problem, it is essential to approach the task systematically and consider both the people and the systems involved. Both factors can contribute to problems, and understanding their interplay is crucial in identifying the root cause effectively.

Starting with the people can provide valuable insights into the problem. Employees are the ones directly involved in the day-to-day operations and have firsthand experience with the processes and systems. They can provide contextual information, share their observations, and highlight any challenges or issues they have encountered. Engaging with employees through interviews, surveys, or focus groups allows for a deep understanding of their perspectives and can uncover valuable information that may not be evident from systems alone.

On the other hand, examining the systems, including databases, processes, and technologies, is equally important. Systems are designed to facilitate and support the work of employees. Issues within the systems, such as outdated or inefficient processes, data inaccuracies, or technological limitations, can hinder employees' performance and contribute to problems. Analyzing system metrics, conducting data analysis, or employing process mapping techniques can help identify inefficiencies or bottlenecks within the systems.

To effectively investigate the root cause, it is necessary to integrate information from both the people and the systems. Understanding the human element and how it interacts with the systems can provide a holistic view of the problem. It allows for a comprehensive analysis that takes into account both the behavioral and structural aspects contributing to the issue. By considering the interplay between people and systems, organizations can uncover the underlying causes and implement targeted solutions to address the root of the problem effectively.

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7. (a) With the help of IS-LM diagrams, compare and contrast the causes of the 2008-2009 Great Recession (or Global Financial Crisis) with the 1930s Great Depression. Limit your answer to 500 words. State the number of words at the end of your answer. (b) Explain why the Great Recession did not result in the protracted and deeper recession of the 1930s Great Depression. Limit your answer to 200 words. State the number of words at the end of your answer.

Answers

The 2008-2009 Great Recession and the 1930s Great Depression had distinct causes and outcomes, and their impacts on the global economy differed significantly.

Write causes of the 2008-2009 Great Recession?

The collapse of the housing market bubble, driven by the unsustainable growth of subprime mortgage lending, played a pivotal role in the 2008-2009 Great Recession. The increasing demand for housing led to inflated prices, encouraging risky lending practices.

When borrowers defaulted on their mortgages, the value of mortgage-backed securities plummeted, causing substantial losses for financial institutions. This led to a loss of confidence in the financial sector, which resulted in a credit crunch and restricted access to loans for individuals and businesses.

The decline in consumer spending and investment further amplified the recessionary effects. As people lost jobs or faced reduced income, their consumption levels declined. Businesses, facing declining demand and limited access to credit, scaled back their investment and hiring plans. This downward spiral of reduced spending and investment contributed to a significant contraction in economic activity.

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Jaypal Inc. is considering automating some part of an existing production process. The necessary equipment costs $735,000 to buy and install. Automation will save $128,000 per year (before taxes) by reducing labor and material costs. The equipment has a 6 -year life and is depreciated to $135,000 on a straight-line basis over that period. It can be sold for $95,000 in six years. Should the firm automate? The tax rate is 21%, and the discount rate is 10%. a. No, the NPV of automating part of the production line is −$144,768.96 which is less than 0 . b. Yes, the NPV of automating part of the production line is $27,263.84 which is greater than 0 . c. No, the NPV of automating part of the production line is −$124,265.23 which is less than 0 . d. No, the NPV of automating part of the production line is −$110,362.40 which is less than 0 . e. Yes, the NPV of automating part of the production line is $19,725.86 which is greater than 0 .

Answers

To determine whether the firm should automate the production line, we need to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the investment. NPV compares the present value of expected cash inflows and outflows over the investment's lifespan.

Given:
Initial cost of equipment: $735,000
Annual savings from automation before taxes: $128,000
Equipment life: 6 years
Depreciation of equipment: Straight-line to $135,000
Sale price of equipment after 6 years: $95,000
Tax rate: 21%
Discount rate: 10%

To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the cash flows to their present value and then sum them up. Here's the calculation:

Year 0:
Initial cost: -$735,000

Years 1-6:
Annual savings before taxes: $128,000
Tax savings (21% of savings): $128,000 * 21% = $26,880
After-tax savings: $128,000 - $26,880 = $101,120
Depreciation expense: $735,000 - $135,000 = $600,000
Tax shield from depreciation (21% of depreciation): $600,000 * 21% = $126,000
After-tax cash flow: $101,120 + $126,000 = $227,120
Discounted cash flow (DCF): $227,120 / (1 + 10%)^t

Year 6:
Sale price of equipment: $95,000
Tax on sale (21% of gain): ($95,000 - $135,000) * 21% = -$8,400
After-tax sale price: $95,000 - $8,400 = $86,600
Discounted cash flow (DCF): $86,600 / (1 + 10%)^6

Now, we can calculate the NPV by summing up the discounted cash flows:

NPV = Year 0 cash flow + Sum of DCFs for Years 1-6 + Year 6 DCF

Performing the calculations, we find:

NPV = -$735,000 + ($227,120 / (1 + 10%)^1) + ... + ($227,120 / (1 + 10%)^6) + ($86,600 / (1 + 10%)^6)

After evaluating the expression, we find that the correct answer is:

c. No, the NPV of automating part of the production line is -$124,265.23, which is less than 0.

Therefore, based on the calculated NPV, the firm should not automate the production line as the investment would result in a negative NPV, indicating a potential loss.

Consumer motivation, perception, and learning are related to the __________ factors influencing consumer behavior.

Answers

Consumer motivation, perception, and learning are related to the psychological factors influencing consumer behavior.

Psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. Let's briefly explore each of these factors:

1. Consumer Motivation: Motivation refers to the internal drive that compels individuals to take certain actions or make specific choices. In the context of consumer behavior, motivation influences the decision-making process and drives individuals to satisfy their needs and desires. Motivation can be categorized into two types: intrinsic (driven by internal desires) and extrinsic (driven by external rewards or incentives).

2. Perception: Perception refers to how individuals interpret and make sense of the information they receive from the environment. Consumer perception is influenced by various factors such as previous experiences, personal beliefs, and cultural background. Perception plays a vital role in shaping consumer attitudes and preferences towards products or services.

3. Learning: Learning refers to the process by which individuals acquire knowledge or skills through experience or education. In the context of consumer behavior, learning involves acquiring information about products, services, and brands, as well as the associated benefits and risks. Learning influences consumer decision-making by shaping their attitudes, preferences, and purchase behaviors.

Overall, consumer motivation, perception, and learning are psychological factors that significantly impact consumer behavior and ultimately shape their buying decisions.

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Natalie is also thinking of buying a van that will be used only for business. The cost of the van is estimated at $38,500. Natalie would spend an additional $2,500 to have the van painted. In addition, she wants the back seat of the van removed so that she will have lots of room to transport her mixer inventory as well as her baking supplies. The cost of taking out the back seat and installing shelving units is estimated at $1,500. She expects the van to last her about 5 years, and she expects to drive it for 100,000 miles. The annual cost of vehicle insurance will be $2,400. Natalie estimates that at the end of the 5 -year useful life the van will sell for $6,500. Assume that she will buy the van on August 15, 2024, and it will be ready for use on September 1, 2024. Natalie is concerned about the impact of the van's cost on her income statement and balance sheet. She has come to you for advice on calculating the van's depreciation. Instructions (a) Determine the cost of the van.
(b) Prepare a depreciation table for straight-line depreciation (similar to the one in Illustration 9-9). Recall that Dolphin Delights has a December 31 fiscal year-end, so annual depreciation will have to be prorated for the portion of the year the van is used in 2024 and 2029.
(c) What method should Natalie use for tax purposes? Provide a justification for your choice. Is she required to use the same approach for financial reporting and tax reporting?

Answers

(a) The cost of the van can be determined by adding up all the expenses associated with purchasing and modifying the van. In this case, the cost of the van is estimated at $38,500, the cost of painting the van is $2,500, and the cost of removing the back seat and installing shelving units is $1,500. Therefore, the total cost of the van is $38,500 + $2,500 + $1,500 = $42,500.


(b) To prepare a depreciation table for straight-line depreciation, we need to determine the annual depreciation expense. The van is expected to last 5 years, so the annual depreciation expense can be calculated by dividing the cost of the van ($42,500) by its useful life (5 years). Therefore, the annual depreciation expense is $42,500 / 5 = $8,500.


Since Natalie buys the van on August 15, 2024, and it will be ready for use on September 1, 2024, the van will be used for a portion of the year in 2024. To prorate the annual depreciation for 2024, we need to calculate the depreciation expense for the remaining months of 2024. From September 1, 2024, to December 31, 2024, there are 4 months. Therefore, the depreciation expense for 2024 will be $8,500 * (4/12) = $2,833.33.



For the years 2025 to 2028, the van will be used for the full year, so the annual depreciation expense will be $8,500.

In 2029, the van will be used for a portion of the year. From January 1, 2029, to August 15, 2029, there are 7.5 months. Therefore, the depreciation expense for 2029 will be $8,500 * (7.5/12) = $5,312.50.



The depreciation table for straight-line depreciation is as follows:
Year 2024: $2,833.33
Year 2025: $8,500
Year 2026: $8,500
Year 2027: $8,500
Year 2028: $8,500
Year 2029: $5,312.50


(c) For tax purposes, Natalie should consult with a tax professional to determine the appropriate method to use. The choice of depreciation method for tax purposes may depend on tax regulations and incentives that Natalie may be eligible for. A tax professional will be able to provide guidance based on Natalie's specific situation.


For financial reporting, Natalie should use the same depreciation method consistently to ensure accurate and consistent reporting of her financial statements. However, the method used for financial reporting may not necessarily be the same as the one used for tax reporting. Financial reporting follows generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), while tax reporting follows tax regulations and laws.

Therefore, Natalie may be required to use different depreciation methods for financial reporting and tax reporting.

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You manage a bond portfolio and feel strongly that interest rates will soon go down. By holding which of the following kinds of bond will you likely make the most or lose the least when rates fall?
a) long term, low coupon
b) long term, high coupon
c) short term, low coupon
d) short term, high coupon

Answers

The kind of bond that would best benefit from a decrease in interest rates is a long-term, low-coupon bond. Long-term bonds are generally less sensitive to interest rate movements than short-term bonds.

And as the coupon rate is low, any decrease in rate will result in a bigger increase in its market value. When market interest rates fall, the prices of existing bonds with fixed interest rates rise because investors are willing to pay a higher price for an income stream that yields more than current rates. For example, if a bond has a coupon rate of 3%, but the market interest rate has fallen to 2%, the bond will increase in value for the investor who will now receive more income than what is currently available in the market.

The opposite is true for a high-coupon bond. Prices for high-coupon bonds decline when interest rates fall because the coupon rate is higher than the market rate. For example, if a bond has a coupon rate of 8%, but the market rate has fallen to 2%, the bond will decrease in value as investors now receive less than what is available in the market. Short-term bonds are also more sensitive to rate movements than long-term bonds, so a short-term bond with a high coupon will be the worst performer in a declining rate environment.

Therefore, to make the most of interest rate movements, it is recommended to invest in a long-term, low coupon bond. This will provide the best opportunity for make thoughtful gains when rates decrease.

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Koninklijke Bam Group is a Dutch construction company focused on residential and non-residential construction, utilities and facility management among others. Its financial statements follow the IFRS. Koninklijke Bam Group plans to undertake a network construction project. The bid was €8,000,000 and estimated costs to complete were €5,000,000. All of the €8,000,000 will be paid in cash once the construction completes. The outcome of a contract can be measured reliably. The project takes two years to complete. In the first year, the total costs incurred were €3,000,000. In the second year, it incurred a cost of €2,500,000. In other words, there is a cost overrun in year 2.
Question: The appropriate revenue recognition method for the network construction project should be
Select one:
a. installment sales method
b. percentage-of-completion method
c. cost recovery method
d. completed contract method

Answers

The revenue recognition method that best aligns with the given information is the percentage-of-completion method (Option b).

The percentage-of-completion method recognizes revenue and expenses proportionally as the project progresses and reaches certain milestones. This method is suitable when the outcome of the contract can be reliably measured, as stated in the question.

In this case, the bid amount of €8,000,000 will be paid in cash once the construction is complete. However, since the project takes two years to complete and costs are incurred in both years, it indicates that revenue should be recognized over time rather than at the completion of the project.

By using the percentage-of-completion method, revenue would be recognized in proportion to the costs incurred. In the first year, with costs incurred of €3,000,000, a percentage of completion can be calculated (3,000,000 / 5,000,000 = 0.6 or 60%). Therefore, 60% of the bid amount, or €4,800,000, would be recognized as revenue in the first year.

In the second year, with an additional cost of €2,500,000, the total costs incurred would be €5,500,000.

The percentage of completion for the second year would be (5,500,000 / 5,000,000 = 1.1 or 110%).

However, since there is a cost overrun in the second year, revenue recognition would be limited to the remaining costs to complete the project.

Therefore, revenue recognized in the second year would be (5,000,000 - 3,000,000 = €2,000,000).

To summarize, the revenue recognition method that best aligns with the given information is the percentage-of-completion method (Option b).

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Discuss benefits and services. Also, Examine future trends in
benefits and services. Why is it very important to know it
now?"

Answers

Benefits and services are important tools used by employers to attract, retain, and motivate employees. Benefits are non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their regular salary or wage. Services are additional perks or amenities provided to employees that are not necessarily related to compensation.

Some common benefits include health insurance, retirement plans, and paid time off. Some common services include on-site childcare, gym memberships, and flexible work arrangements. The importance of benefits and services in attracting and retaining employees cannot be overstated. Employees today are looking for more than just a salary or wage. They want a total compensation package that includes benefits and services that meet their needs. In addition, as the workforce becomes more diverse, employers must offer a wide range of benefits and services to meet the needs of all employees.

Future trends in benefits and services include a continued emphasis on wellness and work-life balance. Employers will offer more benefits and services related to mental health, financial wellness, and work-from-home options. Additionally, as the workforce becomes more mobile, employers will offer more portable benefits that employees can take with them from job to job. It is important to know about these trends now because employers who are proactive about offering benefits and services that meet the needs of their employees will have a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining talent. Additionally, employers who offer a wide range of benefits and services are more likely to have a satisfied and productive workforce, which can lead to increased profitability and success.

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during year 8 arctic sold land for 56000 cash that ha dorginally cost 360000 arctic also purchase equipment for cash acquired treasury stokc

Answers

During year 8, Arctic sold land for $56,000 in cash, which had originally cost $360,000. Additionally, Arctic purchased equipment for cash and acquired treasury stock.

The transactions mentioned can be summarized as follows:

1. Land sale: Arctic sold land for $56,000 in cash. It indicates that the land was originally acquired at a cost of $360,000, but no further information is provided regarding any gain or loss on the sale.

2. Equipment purchase: Arctic purchased equipment using cash. The statement does not specify the cost or any other details related to the equipment acquisition.

3. Treasury stock acquisition: The statement mentions that Arctic acquired treasury stock, but no additional information is provided regarding the method or cost of the acquisition.

These transactions have implications for Arctic's financial position. Selling the land for $56,000 results in a cash inflow, although there may be a loss or gain associated with the sale. The purchase of equipment using cash indicates an investment in productive assets, which could potentially enhance Arctic's operational capabilities.

Acquiring treasury stock suggests that Arctic bought back its own shares, which can have various implications for the company's capital structure and ownership distribution.

To fully understand the financial impact and implications of these transactions, additional information and context are required. Proper accounting practices and financial analysis would be necessary to accurately record and evaluate the effects of these transactions on Arctic's financial statements.

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All of the following statements concerning itemized deductions are correct EXCEPT (A) All itemized deductions are below-the-line deductions. (B) A taxpayer can either itemize deductions or claim the standard deduction. (C) Itemized deductions are claimed on Schedule B of IRS Form 1040. (D) The standard deduction amounts are indexed annually for inflation

Answers

All of the following statements concerning itemized deductions are correct EXCEPT (C) Itemized deductions are claimed on Schedule B of IRS Form 1040.The correct option is C, as itemized deductions are claimed on Schedule A, not Schedule B of IRS Form 1040.

An itemized deduction is an expense incurred by a taxpayer and authorized by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that is subtracted from taxable income. The majority of itemized deductions are classified as above-the-line or below-the-line deductions.Above-the-line deductions are subtracted from gross income to get adjusted gross income, while below-the-line deductions are subtracted from adjusted gross income to get taxable income.

Itemized deductions are classified as below-the-line deductions, since they are subtracted from adjusted gross income. A taxpayer must choose between claiming the standard deduction and itemizing deductions; the taxpayer must claim the option that gives him the larger deduction.Standard deduction amounts are determined by the Internal Revenue Service and adjusted each year to account for inflation.

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In a certain year, if your return on investment is 5.60% and the
inflation rate during that same year is 2.00%, what is your real
rate of return?

Answers

The real rate of return can be calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from return on investment. In this case, with a return on investment of 5.60% and an inflation rate of 2.00%, real rate of return would be 3.60%.

The real rate of return measures the actual increase in purchasing power that an investment generates after accounting for inflation. It reflects the true growth or decline in the value of an investment in terms of its ability to buy goods and services.

By subtracting the inflation rate from the return on investment, we adjust for the eroding effect of inflation on the purchasing power of money. In this scenario, an investor achieved a 5.60% return on their investment, which accounted for the increase in nominal value.

However, since inflation during the same period was 2.00%, the purchasing power of the investment's returns was eroded by that amount.

Therefore, the real rate of return, which reflects the growth in purchasing power after accounting for inflation, is 3.60%. This indicates that the investment's returns exceeded the rate of inflation, resulting in a positive real rate of return.

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What is the price of a perpetuity that has a coupon of \( \$ 70 \) per year and a yield to maturity of \( 2.5 \% ? \) The price of the perpetuity is \( \$ \) (Enter your response rounded to the neares

Answers

The price of the perpetuity with a $70 coupon per year and a 2.5% yield to maturity is $2,800.

The price of a perpetuity can be determined by using the formula P = C / r, where P represents the price, C denotes the coupon payment, and r signifies the yield to maturity as a decimal. Coupon payment (C) = $70 per year

Yield to maturity (r) = 2.5% or 0.025 as a decimal

To calculate the price of the perpetuity (P), we can use the formula P = C / r.

Plugging in the values:

P = $70 / 0.025

Dividing $70 by 0.025:

P = $2,800

Therefore, the price of the perpetuity with a coupon of $70 per year and a yield to maturity of 2.5% is $2,800.Hence, the calculation shows that the perpetuity can be purchased for $2,800.. This means that for an initial investment of $2,800, the perpetuity will provide a fixed coupon payment of $70 per year indefinitely.

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hi help please my answer is wrong
Responses that do NOT affect the wealth of target firm's equity holders include A. shark repellents B. the crown jewel sale C. greenmail D. lawsuits E. the Pac Man defense

Answers

The correct answer is E. the Pac Man defense.

The Pac Man defense is a defensive strategy used by a target company to counter a hostile takeover attempt. In this strategy, the target company turns the tables on the acquiring company by attempting to acquire it instead. While the Pac Man defense can create uncertainty and increase transaction costs, it does not directly impact the wealth of the target firm's equity holders.

On the other hand, the other options listed do have potential impacts on the wealth of the target firm's equity holders:

A. Shark repellents: These are defensive measures implemented by a target company's management to discourage or deter hostile takeovers. They can include provisions in the company's charter or bylaws that make it more difficult or expensive for an acquiring company to take control. The implementation of shark repellents can affect the wealth of equity holders as it may change the outcome and value of the acquisition.

B. Crown jewel sale: In a crown jewel defense, the target company sells its most valuable assets to make itself less attractive to the acquiring company. This strategy aims to reduce the potential benefits for the acquiring company and, in turn, can impact the value and wealth of the target firm's equity holders.

C. Greenmail: Greenmail refers to a situation where a target company repurchases its own shares from a hostile bidder at a premium, effectively paying a "ransom" to prevent a takeover. The payment made to the hostile bidder can reduce the wealth of the target firm's equity holders.

D. Lawsuits: Lawsuits can arise during a takeover attempt, typically initiated by either the acquiring company or the target company. Lawsuits can lead to legal expenses, delays, and potential damages, all of which can impact the wealth of the target firm's equity holders.

Therefore, the correct response is E. the Pac Man defense, as it does not directly affect the wealth of the target firm's equity holders.

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Welcome to the last discussion forum for this class. We have covered many models for change and you have built a toolbox for how to manage change.
Our last discussion, think about a change you have experienced or will be experiencing, wether at work, or personally. Provide a brief overview of the change to help set context. Then using course material, use one of the change models to demonstrate how the change could/should be managed. Provide detail and your own personal reflection on the change process.

Answers

Change management is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing changes in an organization or an individual's life.

What is the purpose?

The purpose of this process is to enhance an organization's ability to adapt to changes in its environment and to manage change in an efficient and effective manner.

The following is an example of a change that has taken place and how it was handled.

Overview of the change:

The change that was experienced was in the workplace.

The company decided to change the way they were managing their project teams.

Instead of having one team for each project, they decided to have multiple teams working on the same project. This was a significant change, as it required the company to reorganize its structure and processes. It also required the employees to adapt to a new way of working.

Chosen Change Model:

The change model chosen for this change was Lewin's Change Model. This model is composed of three steps: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.

Unfreezing:

In this stage, the company needed to prepare the employees for the change that was coming.

This was done by communicating the change to the employees and educating them on the new processes and structures that would be put in place.

This was a critical step because it allowed employees to become comfortable with the change and prepared them for the changes ahead.

Changing:

In this stage, the company began implementing the changes. The employees were divided into different teams, and new processes were put in place to ensure that the teams could work efficiently together.

The employees were also given new training to help them learn how to work in the new environment.

Refreezing:

In this stage, the company made sure that the changes had taken root and were being sustained. The company also took the time to celebrate the successful implementation of the change.

Personal reflection:

The change was a significant one and it was initially hard to adapt to.

However, the unfreezing stage helped me understand the reasons for the change and why it was necessary.

The changing stage allowed me to learn new skills and work with new people.

Finally, the refreezing stage helped me see the benefits of the changes. Overall, Lewin's Change Model was effective in helping the company manage the change effectively.

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We can probably never eliminate poverty completely. However, our text concludes that there are common ways to help avoid poverty. All of the following are listed as a common factor in reducing a person's chances to become poor, EXCEPT:
Group of answer choices
Become a home owner
Live a healthy lifestyle
Learn a trade
Invest wisely (diversify)

Answers

The following are common ways to help avoid poverty except becoming a homeowner. A person can invest wisely, learn a trade, and live a healthy lifestyle to avoid poverty.So correct answer is B,C,D

We can probably never eliminate poverty completely. However, our text concludes that there are common ways to help avoid poverty. Some of these common factors include investing wisely, learning a trade, and living a healthy lifestyle. For example, investing wisely can help an individual build a better financial future, while learning a trade can lead to a steady job and financial stability. Living a healthy lifestyle can also help a person avoid the financial strain of medical bills and lost wages. However, becoming a homeowner is not listed as a common factor in reducing a person's chances of becoming poor.

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Can you remind me of what the sherman act prohibits?
Select all that apply, then click Submit below:
a. Unreasonable agreements in restraint of trade b. Contracts restraining foreign commerce c. Contracts restraining purely intrastate commerce d. Contracts restraining intrastate commerce e. Reasonable agreements in restraint of trade

Answers

The Sherman Act prohibits the following:

a. Unreasonable agreements in restraint of trade.

b. Contracts restraining foreign commerce.

c. Contracts restraining purely intrastate commerce.

d. Contracts restraining intrastate commerce.

e. Reasonable agreements in restraint of trade.

The Sherman Act, enacted in 1890, is a landmark U.S. antitrust law that aims to promote fair competition and prevent monopolistic practices. It specifically targets agreements and contracts that unreasonably restrain trade, regardless of whether they involve interstate or intrastate commerce. This means that both domestic and international trade can be subject to scrutiny under the act. The law seeks to protect the free market by prohibiting anti-competitive behaviors such as price-fixing, bid-rigging, and market allocation agreements. While the act primarily focuses on prohibiting unreasonable restraints of trade, it does not prohibit all agreements, as reasonable agreements that do not harm competition are allowed.

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Today you have purchased one tonne of commodity A for price S. You are concerned that the price per tonne of commodity A is going to fall over the next few months and wish to protect against this eventuality. You decide to use a put option written on commodity A, with strike price S and 3 months to maturity, to deliver this protection. Show, analytically and graphically, how the put option, when held in conjunction with the position in the underlying commodity, helps you achieve your goal. Be clear about how the option premium, p, affects your profits. [Note: when computing the profits from your combination of the option and the underlying, there is no need to account for the time value of money] [6 marks] b) You wish to arrange a forward purchase of 1 unit of commodity B with delivery in 3 months. The spot price of B is £350 per unit and the stated annual 3-month interest rate is 4%. If the commodity costs £10 per quarter to store (payable at the end of the quarter) develop an arbitrage argument which allows you to work out the delivery price you should be prepared to pay in 3 months. [6 marks] c) The stated annual 1 month interest rate is 1.80%. You wish to price a 1 month at-the money European put option on stock C. You believe that every month, stock C will either rise in price by 2% or fall in price by 1.5%. One share of C is currently priced at 375p. Stock C is not expected to pay a dividend over the coming months.

Answers

The graphical representation of the put option depicts how the position's P/L varies with the underlying asset price, given a fixed time to maturity and strike price.

a) In order to secure against a decline in the price of commodity A, you have purchased one tonne of it at price S and used a put option on the same with a strike price S and 3 months to maturity to guard against position works, explaining how the opnst it. An explanation of how to use the put option to protect against the potential decline in commodity A's price follows : Since you are worried that commodity A's price will fall over the next few months, you decide to use a put option to safeguard yourself against this possibility. You have already purchased one tone of commodity A for price S. If the price of commodity A falls over the next three months, the put option with strike price S will ensure that you will not lose too much on your investment. The diagram depicts how the position's P/L varies with the underlying asset price, given a fixed time to maturity and strike price.

b) To work out the delivery price you should be prepared to pay in 3 months, an arbitrage argument is developed which allows you to forward purchase one unit of commodity B for delivery. Stated annual 3-month interest rate is 4%, and the commodity costs £10 per quarter to store (payable at the end of the quarter). The arbitrage strategy is used to calculate the forward price for the commodity B to be purchased. The forward price of the commodity is defined as follows: Forward price = Spot price x [1 + (r - storage cost)]^t where r is the stated interest rate, t is the time to maturity in years, and storage cost is the cost of holding the commodity for the duration of the contract period.  Using the formula above, the forward price for commodity B is as follows: Forward price = 350 x [1 + (0.04 - 0.10)]^(3/12) = £335.37

c)A 1-month at-the-money European put option on stock C must be priced based on the stated annual 1-month interest rate of 1.80 percent. Each month, the price of stock C is expected to either rise by 2 percent or fall by 1.5 percent, and it is now priced at 375p.The pricing of an at-the-money European put option on stock C necessitates a binomial tree model. In this model, stock prices follow a set of rules that define how they evolve over time, as well as how they are affected by interest rates and other variables. The first step in constructing a binomial tree is to determine the up and down factors, which are used to generate stock price movements.

The up and down factors are defined as follows: Up factor = 1 + u = 1 + 2% = 1.02Down factor = 1 + d = 1 - 1.5% = 0.985The pricing of the put option is then computed using the binomial tree model based on the up and down factors. Finally, the pricing formula is used to calculate the put option price.Put option pricing formula: Pricing formula for an at-the-money European put option: Put price = [p_up x (1 -  d) - p_down x u] / (u - d)where p_up is the probability of an up move, p_down is the probability of a down move, u is the up factor, and d is the down factor .Using the pricing formula, the price of the at-the-money European put option on stock C is £5.81.

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Why is Procurement Management important? Please provide with a practical example based on your personal experience. Why is it important to measure and monitor the supplier performance over time?Why is it important to include labor and human rights in supply management? Briefly discuss whehter it is easy or not to monitor supplier's violation of labor and human right, and why? Why are the impacts of increasing worldwide risks on supply management and the need to work closely with suppliers and other functions? Why?

Answers

Procurement Management plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation of an organization's supply chain. It involves the processes of sourcing, purchasing, and managing suppliers to acquire goods and services needed for business operations. One practical example from personal experience is in the software development industry. Procurement management is essential for acquiring software licenses, hardware equipment, and outsourcing services to support project development.

Measuring and monitoring supplier performance over time is important to maintain quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. By tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) such as on-time delivery, product quality, and customer satisfaction, organizations can identify areas of improvement, address issues proactively, and foster stronger relationships with suppliers. Including labor and human rights in supply management is crucial for ethical and sustainable business practices. It ensures that suppliers uphold fair labor standards, treat their workers with dignity, and comply with human rights regulations. By incorporating labor and human rights considerations, organizations demonstrate their commitment to social responsibility and avoid potential reputational risks. Monitoring supplier violations of labor and human rights can be challenging, as it often involves complex global supply chains and limited visibility into supplier practices. However, it is important to establish clear supplier expectations, conduct regular audits, and implement robust supplier assessment processes. Collaboration with industry associations, NGOs, and third-party auditing firms can also support monitoring efforts. Increasing worldwide risks, such as natural disasters, geopolitical uncertainties, and supply chain disruptions, emphasize the need for close collaboration with suppliers and other functions. By working closely with suppliers, organizations can enhance risk mitigation strategies, develop contingency plans, and ensure business continuity. This collaboration enables proactive identification and management of risks, ensuring a resilient and responsive supply chain.Procurement Management is important for efficient supply chain operations. Measuring and monitoring supplier performance ensures quality and efficiency. Including labor and human rights in supply management promotes ethical practices. While monitoring supplier violations may be challenging, it is essential to uphold ethical standards. Collaboration with suppliers and other functions helps mitigate global risks and ensures business continuity.

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Question 2 James started a kiosk business in 2021 whose main product was milk. Suppose James started the business from his own premises from which his rental earning was AUD 3,000 per month. The table below represents James' April 2021 business summary:
Item
Cost
1 Milk truck
AUD
40,000
AUD
20,000
Milk stainless cans
AUD 10,000
Milk cooler
AUD 40,000
2 litre milk packs (Number of packs bought depend on demand. Assume this is the average expenditure per month) Milk production per day 500 litres Note: Assume 56,000 litres are produced per month. Also assume all the milk produced is bought
Use the table to answer the questions below.
a. Calculate James's fixed cost and average fixed cost. ANSWER a):
b. Calculate James's variable cost and avarege variable
cost. ANSWER b):
c. Assume James sells milk at AUD 2 per litre. Calculate John's accounting profit and economic
profit for the month of January. ANSWER c):

Answers

a. James's fixed cost is AUD 113,000, and the average fixed cost is AUD 2,018.87 per month.

b. James's variable cost is AUD 20,000, and the average variable cost is AUD 0.3571 per liter.

c. James's accounting profit for the month of January is AUD 56,000, and his economic profit is the difference between accounting profit and opportunity cost.

a. Fixed costs are costs that do not change with the level of production. In this case, James's fixed costs include the monthly rental earnings from his premises, which amount to AUD 3,000 per month. Therefore, James's fixed cost for the kiosk business is AUD 3,000 per month. The average fixed cost can be calculated by dividing the total fixed cost (AUD 3,000) by the quantity of milk produced per month (56,000 liters).

b. Variable costs are costs that vary with the level of production. James's variable costs include the cost of milk truck maintenance (AUD 10,000) and the cost of milk stainless cans (AUD 40,000), totaling AUD 50,000. The average variable cost can be calculated by dividing the total variable cost (AUD 50,000) by the quantity of milk produced per month (56,000 liters).

c. To calculate James's accounting profit, we need to subtract his total costs from his total revenue. Assuming James sells all the milk produced (56,000 liters) at AUD 2 per liter, his total revenue for the month is AUD 112,000. His total costs consist of the fixed cost (AUD 3,000) and the variable cost (AUD 50,000), totaling AUD 53,000. Therefore, his accounting profit is AUD 112,000 - AUD 53,000 = AUD 59,000. Economic profit takes into account the opportunity cost of using resources. Since the opportunity cost of James's own premises is already factored into his fixed cost, his economic profit would be the same as his accounting profit, which is AUD 59,000.

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