In elementary school and high school, Ivan got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Ivan spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Ivan's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of

Answer:

a mental set.

Explanation:

Mental Set is simply the rate at which we face a problem in a particular way, especially in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem. An example is when an individual see a problem on a test, he or she quickly try it out on my calculator to find the solution. It usually create barries to effect problem solving, rate or ability to respond in a certain way, life changes death, divorce and others.

Nimin has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of

different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points . . . have, in turn, divided mankind into parties . . . and rendered them much more disposed to [anger] and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good.

—James Madison, Federalist Paper 10

What is James Madison describing?