in a laboratory environment some of the most commonly used chemicals are organic solvents, many of which are volatile chemicals. a volatile chemical is one that

The above reaction is a spontaneous reaction as E0cell>0 and the reaction proceeds spontaneously.

What is electromotive potential?

The terminal potential difference, also known as EMF or electromotive force, occurs when no current flows.

The half reactions of the equation being

Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- oxidation half-reaction  (Zn2+ (aq) + 2 e- → Zn (s) -0.76)

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- → Cu (s) reduction half reaction (Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e- → Cu (s) +0.34)

E°oxid=- E°red= +0.76V

The chemical reaction occurs spontaneously, and an electron participates in it.

Therefore the above reaction is a spontaneous reaction as E0cell>0 and the reaction proceeds spontaneously.

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If we added concentrated nitric acid (hno3) instead of hydrochloric acid to each test tube in step 7 Both NaCl(s) and NaC,H,O,(s) would precipitate out of solution.

Salt is another name for sodium chloride. It occurs in sea and inland waters. Additionally, rock salt is obtainable. Seawater contains 1% to 5% sodium chloride. It is a crystalline, white substance. When it is in an aqueous state, it is referred to as a saline solution. This substance is water soluble and contains sodium cation and chloride anion. Sodium and chloride ions are present in a 1:1 ratio. It is commonly known as table salt and is primarily used in the food industry for flavouring and preservation. The pH of sodium chloride is 7.

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The kinetics of first order governs nuclear decay. The nuclide's rate constant is 0.0803 min1, and it decays from 12.9 g to 2.04 g in 23.0 minutes.

This number of protons, neutron, and the activity state of a nucleus define a species of atom known as a nuclide, also known as a nuclear species. Thus, a nuclide is identified by its atomic number and mass number (A) (Z).

A kind of atom known as a nuclide is one that has a particular number of proton and neutrons with in nucleus, such as carbon-13, which has 6 protons & 7 neutrons. Radionuclides connected to the carrier release ionizing radiation that kills cancer cells.

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The balanced reaction equation is:

C2H2(g)+2H2(g)→C2H6(g)

The given volume of ethane product is:

vC2H6) = 7.5 L

We assume that this ethane was formed at constant temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, we can relate volume values through the given stoichiometry. Assuming complete reaction, the ethane volume was formed from the given volume of hydrogen reactant:

v(H2) = 15 L

Acetylene and hydrogen react in a 1:2 ratio, so the required volume of acetylene is:

v(C2H2) = 7.5 L

Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction:

The volume of a gaseous species is highly sensitive to its temperature and pressure conditions. If these conditions are held constant, then the gas volume will vary proportionally to its molar quantity. If a given reaction system occurs in the gas phase at constant temperature and pressure conditions, then the behavior described here will apply to every gaseous species present. Therefore, the volume of each reactant will decrease over time, while the volume of each product will increase over time. The set of volume values will be related through the balanced stoichiometry.

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To create the salt bridge from the cu chamber, potassium chloride or potassium nitrate that have gelled in the agar-agar media are dissolved in agar.

What is the salt bridge?

a type of electrochemical cell that joins the oxidation and reduction half cells with the aid of a salt bridge and a weak electrolyte. A salt bridge is a connector that connects an electrolytic solution's anodic and cathodic compartments.

What sort of salt bridge is this?

Salt bridges can be made using KCl, AgNO3, and other substances. Salt bridges are often utilized in a galvanic cell, such as a voltaic cell or Daniel cell. If there is no salt bridge, the solution in the half cell will accumulate the negative charge.

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Amount of heat energy that is required to heat 906 g of ice to steam is 530952 Joules.

Explanation:

Given:

Amount of transferred energy = Q =?

Mass of ice (water) = m = 906 g

Initial temperature of ice = T(i) = -22° C

Final temperature of steam = T(f) = 118°C

Formula for Heat capacity is given by

Q = m×c×Δt ........................................(1)

where:

Q = Heat capacity of the substance (in J)

m=mass of the substance being heated in grams(g)

c = the specific heat of the substance in J/(g.°C)

Δt = Change in temperature (in °C)

Δt = (Final temperature - Initial temperature) = T(f) - T(i)

                                                                          = 118 - (-22) = 140°C

Specific heat of water is c = 4.186 J /g. °C

Substituting these in equation (1), we get

Q = m×c×Δt

   = 906 × 4.186 × 140

   = 530952.24 J

The heat energy required is equal to 530952.24 Joules ≅ 530952 Joules.

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Reactants for a neutralization reaction are shown in the equation. When these reactants produce products, H+ will be released and will bind with OH- to form water.

In a neutralization reaction, which takes place when an acid and a base react to produce water and a salt, the interaction of H+ ions and OH- ions results in the production of water. The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base yields a pH of 7. Neutralization or neutralisation is the quantitative chemical reaction between an acid and a base. Hydroxide or surplus hydrogen ions are eliminated from the solution by neutralizing the reaction in water.

Strong acid and strong base reactions produce a salt that is neither acidic nor basic in nature, or neutral. For instance, sodium chloride and water are produced when HCl (hydrochloric acid), a powerful acid, combines with NaOH, a powerful base.

Taking a base balances out our stomach's excess acid. Due to the formic acid in the ant sting, it can be painful. Using moist baking soda, which is basic in nature, we can counteract this acid effect and lessen the pain brought on by the sting.

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If 60 g of a radioactive source voluntarily declines to 15 g within 16 hours, the radioisotope's half-life is 8 hours.

The quantity of protons with in atomic nuclei of component atoms of the same chemical is the same, but the neutron count varies. The radioactive materials of an element are called radioisotopes. They can alternatively be described as atoms with excess electricity in their nucleus or unstable neutron-proton combinations. Actual radiation levels are reported using the Contributes to the ongoing (Bq), the global unit, or the Cobalt (Ci), official machine in the U. S.. Alternative photodiode varieties may be used instead of gamma counters, which are widely used to measure environmental parameters.

Half life = total life/2

Half life = 16/2

Half life = 8 hours

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During the transamination process, the enzyme transaminases use Pyridoxal pyrophosphate as a cofactor.

All transamination reactions, as well as several amino acid oxylation and deamination processes, involve the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The aminotransferase enzyme's epsilon-amino group of a particular lysine group forms a Schiff-base bond with the aldehyde group of pyridoxal phosphate.

The epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue in the active site is replaced by the alpha-amino group of the amino acid substrate. The ensuing intermediate, a quinoid, undergoes deprotonation to become an aldimine, which is then protonated to become a ketimine by accepting a proton in a different position. Ketamine undergoes hydrolysis, leaving the amino group on the protein complex intact.

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The initial volume of the solution of Pb(NO3)2 is 37.29 milliliters required to dilute for mentioned condition.

The volume will be calculated by the formula -

[tex] M_{1}[/tex][tex] V_{1}[/tex] = [tex] M_{2}[/tex][tex] V_{2}[/tex], where we have initial concentration and volume on Left Hand Side and final concentration and volume on Right Hand Side. Now, keeping the values in formula to find the final volume in milliliters.

0.49 × [tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 0.21 × 87

Performing multiplication on Right Hand Side of the equation

0.49 × [tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 18.27

Shifting the numerical value from Left Hand Side to Right Hand Side of the equation

[tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 18.27 ÷ 0.49

Performing division on Right Hand Side of the equation

[tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 37.29 millilitres

Hence, the volume is 37.29 milliliters.

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In which species can we describe the central atom as having sp³d hybridization is SF₄.

The hybridization of SF₄ :

number of electron pair = 1 / 2 [ V + N + C - A ]

where, V = number of valence electron = 6

N = number of molecule = 4

C = cation = 0

A = anion = 0

number of electrons pair = 1 /2 [ 6 + 4 ]

                                       = 5

The , number of electron pair is 5 out which 4 are bonding electrons and one is non bonding electron pair , present as lone pair. the hybridization is sp³d.

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All possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.

The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along the  reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger.

The transition state is a high-energy state, and some amount of energy the activation energy  must be added in order for the molecule reach it. Because the transition state is unstable, reactant molecules don't stay there long, but quickly proceed to the next step of the chemical reaction.

In an atom, electrons can transition up or down depending on whether they absorb energy or emit energy. Electrons naturally want to be in the lowest possible energy state. Downward transitions would be possible to any lower energy level than the one the electron starts in so all possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.

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The amount (g) for pure MgSO4 in the following statement is actually 2. 4 g pure MgSO4•7H2O was 1.2 g MgSO4.

A Quick Look at Quantity. When referring to just a single word that CANNOT be measured, use the word amount. - When referring to a solitary or plural term that CAN be counted, use number. – When referring to an inanimate, singular or plurality word that is counted or measured, quantity should be used.

%MgSO4 in MgSO4.7H2O is determined as x 100 = ?

Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O is 246.4746 g/mol

Molar mass of MgSO4 is 120.366 g/mol.

In MgSO4.7H2O, %MgSO4 = 120.366 / 246.4746 = 0.488 x 100 = 48.8

2.4g × (%MgSO4/100) = 2.4 x (48.8/100) =

2.4 x 0.48

= 1.2g MgSO4

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The answer states that this recipe needs 0.055 moles of sodium bicarbonate.

Cakes, cupcakes, and cookies are baked foods that contain baking soda as a leavening agent. It is a white, powder that is innately basic or alkaline and is formally known at sodium bicarbonate. When mixed with an acidic component and a liquid, sodium bicarbonate is activated.

We know,

Molecular weight of Baking Soda is 84gm (moles)

Now requirement = 4.6gm

So, moles required = 4.6/Mw

= 4.6/84 = 0.0548 moles ≅ 0.055 moles

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Answer:

Because coal takes millions of years to develop, it is classified as a nonrenewable energy source. Coal contains the energy accumulated by plants that thrived in marshy forests hundreds of millions of years ago. Biofuel, on the other hand, is derived from biomass, such as plant or algal material or animal waste.

Explanation:

The volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature So 5.12 L.

A really perfect gasoline is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly transferring factor debris that is not difficult to interparticle interactions. the proper gas idea is beneficial as it obeys an appropriate fuel regulation, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis beneath statistical mechanics.

Calculation:-

Volume of ideal gas = 3.50 L

Temperature = 12⁰C = 285 K

Pressure = 1.40 atm

Temperature 2 = 20.80 ⁰C = 293.80 K

Pressure = 0.986 atm

New Volume V 2 = PVT/TP

= 1.40 × 3.50 × 293.80 / 285 × 0.986

= 5.12 L

New volume is 5.12 L.

A really perfect fuel is described as a fuel that obeys gas laws at all conditions of strain and temperature. best gases have speed and mass. They do now not have volume ideal fuel, additionally referred to as ideal fuel, a fuel that conforms, in physical behavior, to a specific idealized relation between strain, extent, and temperature called the appropriate, or trendy, gas regulation.

The gas particles have negligible volume. The fuel particles are similarly sized and do not have intermolecular forces of attraction or repulsion with different gasoline particles. The gasoline debris moves randomly in settlement with Newton's legal guidelines of motion. The gas debris has perfect elastic collisions without an electricity loss.

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In the gas phase, orbital mixing or sigma pi crossover occurs at high temperatures. Between carbon and oxygen molecules, there are differences in the molecular orbital arrangement.

What do you think of orbital theory?

Every atom has a propensity to cluster together to form molecular orbitals, claims the molecular orbital theory. Because of this arrangement, electrons are commonly connected to various nuclei and can be found in a wide range of atomic orbitals.

How is the theory of molecular orbitals created?

The atomic orbitals of the molecules' atoms are combined to form the molecules' molecular orbitals. Take the H2 molecule as an illustration. The mathematical functions for the two 1s atomic orbitals that combine to produce one of the molecule's molecular orbitals are added together.

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It is methanol when combust to  obtain 0.462 g of co2 and 0.378 g of h2o.

Methanol (CH3OH), commonly known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, or wood spirit, is the simplest of a vast series of chemical compounds known as alcohols. It is made up of a methyl group (CH3) joined to a hydroxy group (OH). In the past, methanol was produced by destructively distilling wood. The direct fusing of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas in the presence of a catalyst is the key to modern methanol manufacturing. Methanol is being made more and more often using syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen created from biomass.

Pure methanol is a necessary ingredient in chemical synthesis. Myriad key synthetic dyestuffs, resins, pharmaceuticals, and scents are among the numerous compounds produced using its derivatives.

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The temperature of the sample in degrees celsius is 238.89ºC.

The ideal gas equation can be rewritten to demonstrate that the pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas present if volume and temperature are held constant:

deal Gas Law

PV = nRT

P = pressure = 2.10 atm

V = volume = 77.27 L

n = moles = 3.86

R = gas constant = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol

T = temperature in Kelvin = ?

Solving for T:

T = PV/nR = (2.10)(77.27)/(3.86)(0.0821)

T = 512.04 K

To convert to ºC, subtract 273.15K

T = 512.04 - 273.15 = 238.89ºC

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The statement correct about Cobalt atomic model is that the model should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons. (Option A)

Atomic model is the structure of an atom that consist of a nucleus located at the centre which comprises of the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present and the negatively charged particles called electrons that revolve around the centre of the nucleus. Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. The atomic number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The mass number, also known as atomic mass number or nucleon number, refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. As the mass number of Cobalt is 59 and atomic number is 27, the number of neutrons is 59 – 27 = 32. Hence, an atomic model of Cobalt should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons.

Note: The question is incomplete as it is missing options which are A) The model should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons. B) The model should show 59 protons and 27 neutrons. C) The model should show 32 protons and 59 neutrons. D) The model should show 27 protons and 27 neutrons.

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Mass of h2s can be vaporized (at its boiling point) with 100 kj of energy is 181g.

Energy = 100 kj

heat of vaporization of h2s =   18.8 kj/mol

Mass of h2s can be vaporized = Energy x molar mass/ heat of vaporization .

100 x 1 x 34.1g/18.8  = 181g

An object's or a substance's mass is a measurement of how much matter there is in it. Although grams can be used to measure smaller masses instead of kilograms, which is the standard SI unit for mass Using a balance would be necessary to determine mass. The quantity of matter in a specific object is measured by its mass. It will have the same mass regardless of where that object is in the vast universe. A measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object is its weight, on the other hand. Mass/weight units. The metric system uses the mass units gram (g), kilogram (kg), and tonne (t). 1000 g = 1 kg. A ton is 1000 kilograms.

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The heat was required for his temperature change  26752 J.

given that :

volume : 100 mL

The initial temperature = 23 °C

The final temperature = 87 °C

ΔT = 87  °C - 23  °C = 64 °C

density = mass / volume

mass = density × volume

         = 1 × 100

         = 100 g

the specific heat expression is given as :

Q = m c ΔT

where,

specific heat capacity , c = 4.18 J/g °C

mass of water , m = 100 g

change in temperature , ΔT = 64 °C

Q = 100 × 4.18 × 64

Q = 26752 J

Thus, the initial temperature of 100.0 ml of water was 23 °C . the water was then heated to 87 °C .heat (in j) was required for this temperature change is 26752 J.

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Triphenyl stereochemistry.  methanol is the product of the Grignard reaction between methyl benzoate and excess phenylmagnesium bromide.

We will have a reduction reaction in this case. We progress from an ester group to an alcohol group. The first step is to transfer a hydride from the LiAlH4 group to the carbonyl group. The ethyl group then separates to form ethanol and an aldehyde, which continues to react with more LiAlH4. In this case, another hydride is transferred to the carbonyl group, resulting in the formation of alcohol. (See Fig.)

Triphenyl methanol is the stereochemistry product of the Grignard reaction between methyl benzoate and excess phenylmagnesium bromide.

As the carbonyl moiety is attacked, the reaction proceeds via nucleophillic reaction. There is the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The attack of the first molecule of PhMgBr is accompanied by the loss of the -OMe group.

Trimethyl phenoxide is produced by the attack of a second PhMgBr molecule. Protonation

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Answer:

D. 25 amu

Explanation:

Answer:

D

Expla

14 NHÂN 1 + 11 NHÂN 1 = 25 AMU

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is the limiting reagent in the reaction where 0.263 mol of this compound is mixed with 0.267 mol of carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) to produce 0.1315 mol of potassium carbonate ([tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex])

The limiting reactant is the element that is completely consumed in the reaction.

To determine the limiting reactant, stoichiometric relationships and the balanced equation of the reaction are used.

[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] + 2KOH → [tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex]

Stoichiometric relationships

If 1 mole of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] combines with 2 moles of KOH, then 0.267 mole of CO2 combines with_

X moles of KOH = 0.267 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] x 2 mol of KOH / 1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] x 2 mol of KOH / 1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

X moles of KOH = 0.534 moles

Therefore, the limiting reagent is KOH because it runs out first.

With the quantity of the limit reagent, the quantity of product is calculated stoichiometrically.

If for every 2 moles of KOH, 1 mole of [tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] is produced, then 0.263 moles of KOH produce:

X moles [tex]k_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]  = 0.263 mol KOH x 1 mol [tex]K_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] / 2 mol KOH

X moles [tex]K_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] =  0.1315 moles

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If the pressure of the system is increased, the system will attempt to reduce the number of gas particles by synthesizing hydrogen peroxide. Option 4.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, a system in equilibrium that is acted upon by one of the constraints that affect the rate of reactions will always try to adjust in order to nullify the effects of the external constraints.

The constraints being referred to by Le Chatelier include temperature, pressure, and concentration of the species in the system.

When the pressure of a system in equilibrium is increased or decreased, the system will adjust to annul the effect by moving towards the reactants or the products as needed.

In this reaction: [tex]2H_2O_2(l) < -- > 2H_2O(g) + O_2(g)[/tex]

There are 2 moles on the reactant's side while 3 moles are on the product's side (2 moles of water plus one mole of oxygen). Thus, it appears the product's side is more populated.

Consequently, an increase in the pressure of the system will shift to synthesize more hydrogen peroxide by reducing the number of gas particles.

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The chemical that is forms a white precipitate when you test for sulphate ions in solution is called barium sulfate.

Barium sulfate is described as the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO₄ that is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it.

During qualitative analysis of anions, sulphates react with barium chloride to form white precipitate of barium sulphate.

Barium Sulphate is known to be composed of a barium cation and the sulphate anion. The sulphur is seen to be attached to four oxygen atoms. BaSO4 is a sulphate salt of barium and is found as the mineral barite which is a crystalline solid white which is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in concentrated acids.

Barium Sulphate is odourless.

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Ni (s), Ni+2 (aq), and two e- As the Ni releases two electrons to form Ni+2, the Silver ion must accept two electrons to balance the net reaction, therefore two silver ions will absorb two electrons to form silver. 2 e- 2 Ag + 2 Ag+ (aq) (s).

What is Redox reaction?

A chemical process in which electrons are moved between two reactants is referred to as a redox reaction. The alteration in the oxidation states of the reacting species can be used to pinpoint this electron transfer.

Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical processes in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Redox is a shortened version of reduction-oxidation. Two distinct processes—a reduction process and an oxidation process—can be used to describe all redox reactions.

Redox or Oxidation-Reduction processes always involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions. In a chemical reaction, the material that is being reduced is referred to as the reducing agent, while the substance that is being oxidised is the oxidizing agent.

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581.247 g of fluorine, F₂, are needed to generate 7.65 moles of carbon tetrafluoride, CF₄.

A mole is a very crucial unit of measurement used by chemists. A mole of a thing means you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 eggs. Just 12 eggs means she has 12 eggs. Chemists need to measure very small things such as atoms, molecules and other particles in moles. The number of moles, Avogadro's number, relates to the relative sizes of atomic mass units and gram mass units. A hydrogen atom has a mass of about 1 u, while a mole of H atoms has a mass of about 1 gram.

C + 2F₂ → CF₄

Mole ratio of F₂ and CF₄ is 2:1 i.e, the moles of fluorine are twice as much as the moles of carbon tetrafluoride.

Moles of carbon tetrafluoride = 7.65 moles

Moles of fluorine = 2 × 7.65

= 15.3 moles.

For mass of fluorine:

m = n × Mm

Where, m = mass of fluorine

n = moles of fluorine (15.3 moles)

Mm = molar mass of fluorine (37.99 g/mol)

m = 15.3 × 37.99

m = 581.247 g

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NO3 is a form of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants.

What is an NO3?

The chemical formula for the polyatomic ion nitrate is NO3. The word "nitrates" refers to salts that include this ion. Many fertilizers and explosives have nitrates as a component. Water can dissolve almost all inorganic nitrates.

What is an nitrogen?

In Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table, nitrogen (N) is a nonmetallic element. The most prevalent element in the atmosphere of Earth is this colorless, flavorless, and odorless gas, which is also a component of all living things  nitrogen.

Therefore, NO3 is correct answer.

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