The following hybridization states are applicable for the various abbreviations displayed:
sp = XY₂sp² = XY₂Z, XY₃ sp3³ = XY₄, XY₂Z₂, XY₃Zsp³d = XY₅, XY₂Z₃, XY₃Z₂, XY₄Zsp³d² = XY₆, XY₄Z₂, XY₅ZThe number of electron pairs surrounding the core atom in a molecule affects its hybridization state.
The idea of hybridization is an approximation that describes the bonding in some chemical species by mixing atomic orbitals of various energies to generate orbitals of suitable energies that can be employed in chemical combinations.
The number of electron pairs that surround the center atom determines its hybridization state in a molecule.
2 electron pairs result in sp hybridization.
Sp2 hybridization is caused by three electron pairs.
Sp3 hybridization is caused by 4 electron pairs.
Sp3d hybridization is caused by 5 electron pairs.
Sp3d2 hybridization is caused by 6 electron pairs.
Remember that the molecule's core atom is surrounded by both bond pairs (Y) and lone pairs (Z) of electrons.
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What Is the rate of diffusion? Select the correct answer below; a. the process of molecules dispersing in space in response dilferences concentration b. the escape gas molecules through a tiny hole into vacuum c. the amount Of gas passing through some area per unit of tire d. none of the above
The rate of diffusion is the process of molecules dispersing in space in response differences concentration.
What Is the rate of diffusion?The change in the no. of diffusing molecules in a cell is known as diffusion. While the change in the no. of diffusing molecules over time in a cell is known as Rate of diffusion.
Molecule:The group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds such as covalent or ionic bond is known as molecule.
Molecules are of three types mainly:
Monoatomic (have one atom only)Diatomic (Have two atoms)Polyatomic (have 3 or more atoms).To know more about rate of diffusion visit
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chemist carries out this reaction and obtains 11.4 g of tungsten. if the percent yield is 89.4%, what mass of wo3 was used?
Chemist carries out this reaction and obtains 11.4 g of tungsten. if the percent yield is 89.4%, The mass of WO₃ was used is 16.1 g.
given that :
percent yield = 89.4%
theoretical yield = 11.4 g
the percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield ) × 100 %
Theoretical yield = (actual yield / percent yield ) × 100 %
= (11.4 g / 89.4 ) × 100 %
= 12.8 g
The mass of the WO₃ = (12.8 g W / 183.84 g/mol W ) ×231.84 g/mol WO₃
= 16.1 g WO₃
The mass of was used is 16.1 g.
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During the biodiesel synthesis, a mixture will be added to a separatory funnel and two layers will form. Identify the components of each layer.
Top:
Bottom:
In Top layer biodiesel and in bottom layer glycerin with methanol, water, and other salts.
What is biodiesel ?A domestically generated, clean-burning, and renewable alternative to petroleum diesel is biodiesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits.Biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel, which means it is compatible with existing diesel engines and distribution infrastructure, in contrast to the vegetable and waste oils used to power converted diesel engines. However, as most engines cannot run on pure Biodiesel without modification, it is typically combined with petroleum-based diesel. Blends of biodiesel can be used as heating oil as well.Recycled greases that have not been converted into biodiesel, raw or refined plant oil, or refined plant oil are not biodiesel and should not be used as fuel for vehicles. In comparison to biodiesel, fats and oils have a much higher viscosity, and low-level vegetable oil blends can result in long-term engine deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling, and other maintenance issues that can shorten engine life.To learn more about biodiesel refer :
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what prediction can be made about the entropy change during the proposed synthesis of solid nitrogen?
Entropy decreases during the proposed synthesis of solid nitrogen
What is entropy?
One of the most crucial ideas in both information theory and physics is entropy. Entropy is a measure of the degree of chaos in a physical or biological system that is used informally. The less information we know about a system, the higher its entropy.
In the middle of the 19th century, debates about the effectiveness of heat engines gave rise to the idea of entropy. Students have struggled with Carnot's cycle and other sorts of expansion of real and ideal gases for generations without ever fully understanding why they were doing so.
A change in entropy, S, was defined in several previous textbooks using the equation:
S = Qreversible / T (i)
where Q denotes the amount of heat present and T denotes the thermodynamic temperature. However, it is more typical today to find entropy stated in terms of the level of disorder in the system and to define the entropy change, S, as:
ΔS = -ΔH/T (ii) (ii)
When we raise a substance's temperature in a chemical process, molecular mobility increases along with entropy. In contrast, molecular mobility and entropy should both decrease as a substance's temperature is dropped.Hence, entropy decreases during the proposed synthesis of solid
nitrogen
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a galvanic (voltaic) cell consists of an electrode composed of iron in a 1.0 m iron(ii) ion solution and another electrode composed of silver in a 1.0 m silver ion solution, connected by a salt bridge. calculate the standard potential for this cell at 25 °c. refer to the list of standard reduction potentials.
The galvanic or voltaic cell has a cell potential of 1.1 V.
Using the Nernst equation: Under unusual circumstances, the cell potential of an electrochemical cell can be determined using the Nernst equation.
Now that we are aware of that;
E= 0.0592/nlog - E° Q E° = 1.1 - 0.0592/2 log(1/1)
E° = 1.1 V
Consequently, the voltaic or galvanic cell's cell potential is 1.1 V.
electrode: the metal strip on which the reaction occurs.
An electrode where oxidation takes place is an anode.
an electrode where reduction takes place is a cathode.
A voltaic cell's salt bridge is the chamber of electrolytes required to complete the circuit.
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this is the chemical formula for methyl tert-butyl ether (the clean-fuel gasoline additive mtbe):a chemical engineer has determined by measurements that there are 1.1 moles of carbon in a sample of methyl tert-butyl ether. how many moles of hydrogen are in the sample?be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
According to the chemical formula (C5H12O),0.0723 moles of hydrogen using ratio and proportion.The tert-Butyl methyl ether molecule consists of 12 H atom(s), 5 Carbon atom(s) and 1 Oxygen a total of 18 atom(s).
What is the purpose of tert-butyl methyl ether?Since the 1980s, flammable methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been added as a fuel additive to unleaded gasoline. The pollution-reducing compound MTBE raises the octane and oxygen content of gasoline.
What class of substance is an MTBE?Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), also called tert-butyl methyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether, is an organic molecule having the chemical formula (CH3)3COCH3. MTBE is a colorless, combustible liquid that is only sporadically soluble in water.
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explain why the spectra belongs with methyl butanoate. did the spectra you picked match your initial description?
Ester group presence is shown by the carbonyl stretching C=O. for ester, which is found to be about 1735 cm-1.
It is an oily layer that forms on water at normal temperature and is a colourless liquid with low solubility in water. In addition to this, the structure of methyl butanoate can also be determined using IR spectra.
What is the purpose of methyl butanoate?
A white liquid with an apple-like odour is methyl butyrate. It serves as a solvent as well as a flavouring and aroma ingredient.
Methyl butyrate is a member of the group of organic substances called fatty acid methyl esters.
"Methyl butanoate" is the name given to the ester produced by the condensation reaction between methanol and butanoic acid.
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calculate the rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin.
The rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin is 0.73.
What is chromatography ?
Separating ingredients in a mixture using chromatography is a procedure. The mixture is dissolved in the mobile phase, which starts the process off, and then transports it through the stationary phase, which is the final phase.
What is experiment ?
A scientific experiment is a test carried out to ascertain what occurs to a subject under a given set of circumstances.
Therefore, rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin is 0.73.
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how would the retention times of the compounds change if the solvent composition was changed from 55 vol% acetone and 45 vol% water to 85 vol% acetone and 15 vol% water?
The retention times of the compounds change if the solvent composition was changed from 55 vol% acetone and 45 vol% water to 85 vol% acetone and 15 vol% water is decreases..
The acetone and the water mixture is polar . this makes the example of reversed phase reaction. Acetone is the polar molecule and the water is also o polar molecule and there mixture is polar mixture.
For the polar solutes which are separated by the hydrophilic interaction chromatography. the the solvent composition changed from the 55 vol% of the acetone and the 45 vol% of the water to the 85 vol% of the acetone and the 15 vol% of the water , the retention times decreases.
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explain why solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added
Solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added because the hydroxide salts formed have different solubility in water.
What is a precipitation reaction?
The definition of "precipitation reaction" is "a chemical process occurring in an aqueous solution where two ionic bonds join, producing an insoluble salt." Precipitates are insoluble salts that are the result of precipitation processes.
Ammonium hydroxide, a chemical that can react with ionic compounds, is created when aqueous ammonia is present. Ammonium hydroxide reactivity with the other compounds behave differently due to their precipitation rate.
Therefore solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added because the hydroxide salts formed have different solubility in water.
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if the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid proceeds purely by the expected anti addition the product will be
If the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid proceeds purely by the expected anti addition the product will be erythro racemic mixture of the 2R,3S/2S,3R enantiomers.
What is the meaning of racemic mixture?
A mixture is known as racemic mixture, when that mixture contains equal quantities of two enantiomers, or substances that have dissymmetric molecular structures that are mirror images of one another. A racemic mixture is also known as racemate.
Hence, addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid results in the formation of racemic mixture with two enantiomers.
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The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.
The location of electrons is described by the electron-pair geometry, and the location of atoms is described by the molecular structure.
What makes molecular structure different from electron-pair geometry?Electron-pair geometry is the configuration of all electron density zones around a core atom (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons). It is the arrangement of electron pairs surrounding a main atom.
The molecular structure of a molecule is made up of the way its atoms are arranged. It refers to how the atoms of a molecule are arranged, usually in reference to one central atom.
The electron-pair geometries will match the molecular structures when there are no lone pairs of electrons surrounding the centre atom, but they will differ if there are lone pairs present.
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A solution containing 1.00 mg of iron (III) (as the thiocyanate complex) in 100 mL was observed to transmit 60.0 % of the incident light compared to an appropriate blank
Molar mass of Iron (III) thiocyanate= 230.0922 g/mol
a) What is the absorbance of the solution at this wavelength?
b) What is the transmittance of a solution of iron four times as concentrated?
Thiocyanate is a frequently utilized ligand because it offers valuable precursors for a variety of coordination complexes and has multiple bonding mechanisms to one or more transition metal ions.
What is thiocyanate complex ?Thiocyanate typically forms terminal bonds with first row transition metals via the nitrogen.
Thiocyanates have a variety of uses in the construction business, agriculture, metal and steel industry, textile and fiber industry, and so forth.The thiol group of thiocyanic acid is deprotonated to produce thiocyanate, a pseudohalide anion. It serves as a metabolite for humans. It is a sulfur molecular compound and a pseudohalide anion. It is an isothiocyanic acid and thiocyanic acid conjugate base.To know more about Thiocyanate complex please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/14970414
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if your titration results in a magenta color, what is the limiting reactant and what is the excess reactant at that point?
As more ions are added, which decreases reading accuracy, if the titrated solution is dark in color at the conclusion of the titration, the molar concentration or molarity of HCl will be higher than the true value.
What does the term "titration" mean?
Chemical qualitative analysis employs the titration method, commonly referred to as titrimetry, to determine the concentration of a particular analyte in a mixture. Titration is a crucial analytical chemistry technique also referred to as volumetric analysis.
The titration principle is what?
The basic concept of the titration is as follows: The next step is to provide a titrant or standard solution to the sample to be tested.
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heat is lost to the styrofoam calorimeter. assuming a 6.22 c temperature change for the reaction of hcl (aq) with naoh (aq), calculate the heat loss to the inner 2.35g styrofoam cup. the specific heat of styrofoam is 1.34 j/g*c
The amount of heat loss to the inner 2.35g styrofoam cup is 19.6 joules.
Given in question that;
The calorimeter made of Styrofoam loses heat. Styrofoam's specific heat is 1.34 j/g*c, assuming a temperature change of 6.22 c for the reaction between hcl (aq) and naoh (aq).
Change in temperature; ∆T = 6.22°c
weight of substance; W = 2.35 g
Specific heat of styrofoam; Cp = 1.34 j/g°c
To find heat loss;
Q = w x Cp x ∆T
where, change in temperature; ∆T
Weight of substance; W
Specific heat of 2.35g of material; Cp
Thus, Q = 2.35 g × 6.22°c × 1.34 j/g°c
Q = 19.58 joules
So, 19.6 joules heat is lost
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a solution is prepared by dissolving 40.0 g of sucrose, c12h22o11, in 250. g of water at 25°c. what is the vapor pressure of the solution if the vapor pressure of water at 25°c is 23.76 mm hg?
The vapour pressure of mentioned solution of sucrose and water is 23.5 mm Hg.
The formula to be used for the calculation is from Raoult's law -
vapour pressure = vapour pressure of water × mole fraction
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Molar mass water = 18 g/mol
Molar mass sucrose = 342.3 g/mol
Moles of water = 250/18
Moles of water = 13.9
Moles of sucrose = 40/342.3
Moles of sucrose = 0.12
Mole fraction of water = 13.9/(0.12 + 13.9)
Mole fraction of water = 13.9/(14.02)
Mole fraction of water = 0.99
Vapour pressure = 23.76 × 0.99
Vapour pressure = 23.5 mm Hg
The vapor pressure of the solution is 23.5 mm Hg.
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Question 1 (5 points)
Balance the following equation. Remember to put 1 in spaces that you would normally leave blank.
Answer:
Coefficient of 1 for all except Cl2, which has a coefficient of 3.
Explanation:
The left side of the equation has 6 chlorine atoms, so the right side also needs 6 chlorine atoms.
a 95-g aluminum spoon (specific heat 0.88 j/g °c) at 74 °c is placed in 280 g of water at 25 °c and the temperature of the two become equal. specific heat of water is 4.184 j/g °c. what is the final temperature when the two become equal?
The final temperature of the solution is 81.95 degree c.
What degree of temperature is too much for people?
People frequently cite a 2010 study that established the maximum limit of safety to be a moisture temperature of 35 C, or 95 F at 100% humidity or 115 F at 50% humidity. At this temperature, the human body can no longer cool itself by evaporating sweat from the skin.
Briefing:
The final temperature is:
To calculate the amount of heat released or absorbed, we use the equation: We use the equation: to calculate the amount of heat released or absorbed.
(95g)(0.885J per gm degree c) = (180)(4.184 per gm degree c)
Since T2a1=T2copper,
We can describe them as x and find x by solving for x.
T2 = 81.95 degree c.
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Which substance is important to the structure of the cell membrane because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape?
Phospholipid is the substance which is important because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape.
The primary element of cell membranes is phospholipid. All cell membranes have a double layer of them, which are arranged in a line. By preventing some substances from passing through, the double layer of phospholipids that develop helps to safeguard the cell.
A lipid called cholesterol prevents cell membranes from becoming overly rigid.The cell membrane is made up of a particular class of lipids called phospholipids. Phospholipids are amphipathic, which means they include both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components that can mix with water.
Hence, Phospholipid is the substance which is important because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape.
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suppose rory applies a current to an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. which species is produced at the cathode? o2(g)o2(g) na(s)na(s) h2(g)h2(g) br2(l)br2(l) which species is produced at the anode?
The species is produced at the cathode
2Na + 2e⁻ → 2Na followed by 2Na + H₂O → Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂
The species is produced at the anode
2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
What do anode and cathode mean?The negative or reducing electrode, known as the anode, undergoes electrochemical reaction when it oxidizes and releases electrons to the external circuit. During the electrochemical reaction, the cathode, also referred to as the positive or oxidizing electrode, is reduced after receiving electrons from the external circuit.
Balanced reaction:
2Na + 2Br → Br₂ + Na₂⁺ + 2OH⁻
At cathode:
2Na + 2e⁻ → 2Na followed by 2Na + H₂O → Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂
At anode:
2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
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The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.
The electron-pair geometry describes the location of electrons and the molecular structure describes the location of atoms.
What distinguishes molecular structure from electron-pair geometry?The arrangement of all regions of electron density around a core atom is known as electron-pair geometry (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons). It is the configuration of electron pairs around a central atom.
The arrangement of the atoms within a molecule constitutes the molecular structure. It is the configuration of atoms within a molecule, typically in relation to a single centre atom.
When there are no lone pair of electrons pairs surrounding the centre atom, the electron-pair geometries will be identical to the molecular structures; but, if the central atom has lone pairs, the geometries will change.
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How many atoms are in 1×10−10 g Au?
3.06x1011 atoms are found in 1 10 10 g of gold.
Why is gold called Au?Because of the Latin term aurum, gold's symbol on the periodic table is Au. It is a pricey metal with a high boiling point that is utilized for coins and/or jewelry.
The substance gold. The element number 79 for gold is Au. Gold's Latin name, Aurum, or shining morning, and its earlier Greek origins predate the Anglo-Saxon term for it.
1 mole Au/197 g x 6.02x1023 atoms/mole x 1.00x10-10 g Au = 3.06x1011 atoms
The chemical element gold has the atomic number 79 and the symbol Au (derived from the Latin word aurum). This places it among the naturally occurring elements with higher atomic numbers.
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describe what difference, if any, there would be between the boiling point of alcohol measured in houston and in denver
The boiling point of alcohol will vary between Texas and Denver due to differences in air pressure.
What four different types of alcohol exist?The four types of alcohol are rubbing, isopropyl, denatured, and ethyl. The most popular and well-known variety is ethanol, also referred to as grain alcohol or ethanol. Since it is created by the fermentation of glucose and yeast, it is present in beer, wine, and liquor.
Do you know what alcohol is?When we talk about alcohol, we most often mean the alcohol found in beer, beer, and spirits. Due to the alcohol in such drinks, you become intoxicated. The type of alcohol contained in drinks is known as ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Yeast ferments the carbohydrates found in grains, fruit, and veggies to create
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the rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial .
The rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial grooves.
What is glaciers ?
The word "glacial" is also applied to chemical compounds that have a propensity to crystallize into ice at temperatures just below room temperature. Pure organic acids that are present in their pure and anhydrous form are where this type of phenomenon that results in the formation of ice-like crystals occurs.
What is glacial grooves?
Rock and sediment fragments are mixed into the ice as glaciers flow over land. The sole of the glacier, which is where the inclusions are, resembles a rough sandpaper that can scratch bedrock as a result of these inclusions.
Therefore, rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial grooves.
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a 0.350 m solution of sodium hydroxide is reacted with 25.00 ml of an unknown molarity of sulfuric acid. it takes 17.3 ml of sodium hydroxide to react completely with the sulfuric acid. determine the molarity of the sulfuric acid.
The molarity of the sulfuric acid that reacted with sodium hydroxide is 0.12 M.
In stoichiometry problems, first, we have to make the chemical reaction. The reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
2 NaOH + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O
For NaOH
The molarity = M = 0.350 MThe volume = V = 17.3 mLThe number of molesAccording to Avogadro's law, the coefficient of NaOH and the coefficient of H₂SO₄ is the ratio for the number of moles.
n NaOH : n H₂SO₄ = 2 : 1
n H₂SO₄ = n NaOH ÷ 2
n H₂SO₄ = 6.055 mmol ÷ 2
n H₂SO₄ = 3.0275 mmol
For H₂SO₄
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what kind of intermolecular forces act between a hydrogen chloride molecule and a chloromethane molecule?
The type of intermolecular forces act between a hydrogen chloride molecule and a chloromethane molecule is dipole dipole interaction.
Since we know that chloromethane and hydrogen chloride both the molecules are polar in natures.They are attracted by the dipole-dipole interaction between them.So they have dipole dipole interaction between them.Dipole–dipole interactions are weak interactions brought forth by the near proximity of induced or permanent dipoles. Van der Waals interactions are the name given to these forces taken as a whole. These interactions are widespread in proteins and range widely in strength. Examples of polar compounds that interact dipole-dipole include hydrogen chloride (HCl), carboxylic acids (such as acetic acid), and amino acids. A polar molecule's positive end will pull another molecule's negative end and change the other molecule's position.To learn more about dipole- dipole interaction visit:
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a sample of saline solution has a mass of 165.0 g. it is placed in a 54.3-g evaporating dish. after evaporation, the dish and its contents have a mass of 56.7 g. what is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution?
Mass percentage is a term that represents the concentration, basically mass by mass percentage. It tells about the percentage of a component in a whole component. Therefore, 25.85% is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution.
What is percentage by mass?Mass percentage represents the the percentage of each element that is making a particular compound. Mass percentage does not have any unit as numerator and denominator contains the same unit.
Mathematically,
Percentage of mass = (component’s mass ÷ total mass) x 100%
Total mass = 165.0g+ 54.3g
= 219.3g
mass of sodium =56.7 g
Percentage by mass = (56.7 g/ 219.3g )×100
= 25.85%
Therefore, 25.85% is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution.
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how much heat is evolved when 1 mole of benzene is burned in excess oxygen under standard thermodynamic conditions
When 1 mole of benzene burns in abundant oxygen under typical thermodynamic circumstances, heat is released that is equal to -781.0 Kcal mol^-1.
A subfield of physics known as thermodynamics studies the relationship between energy, entropy, the physical characteristics of matter and radiation, as well as heat, work, and temperature. With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. It belongs to the chalcogen group in the periodic table, is a very reactive nonmetal, and is an oxidizing agent that easily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds like benzene. With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. The periodic table classifies it as a part of the chalcogen group.
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What happens to the temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate?.
The temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate, until all of the ice has melted, the mixture's temperature does not alter in any way; after that, it gradually climbs.
What is mixture?
Combinations of two or more different types of chemicals are known as mixtures. Separating them physically is possible. Examples include a mixture of water and sugar, a salt and water solution, different gases, air, and so on.
Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures are the two types of mixtures. While homogeneous mixtures look consistent throughout, heterogeneous mixtures can be visually divided into several components. Solution, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas, is the most typical kind of homogeneous mixture.
Therefore, The temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate, until all of the ice has melted, the mixture's temperature does not alter in any way; after that, it gradually climbs.
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5. given the ratio of reactants, what is the possibility of obtaining di- and polychlorinated product? explain.
The ratio of reactants is chlorination of 2,3 dimethyl butane the possibility of obtaining do and the polychlorinated product is not seen.
When a mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light a substitution reaction occurs and the organic product is chloromethane. Because there are various hydrogen atoms that can be extracted in the first propagation step.
Abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the middle carbon of propane results in 2-chloropropane. In the presence of sunlight, methane reacts with chlorine to form chloromethane. The chlorination of methane is a free radical substitution reaction. Chlorine cannot turn into free radicals in the dark, so no reaction takes place. Therefore, the presence of sunlight is essential for the reaction to proceed.
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