While it is true that evolution happens when new features start to accumulate, this is not the only time it happens.
Why did the development of wings play such a significant role in the evolution of insects?Long before birds, bats, or pterosaurs, between 300 and 360 million years ago, insects first ascended to the air. Insecta swiftly established themselves as one of the most diverse and successful animal classes, a position they still hold today, thanks to the development of wings that allowed them to colonize new environments and ecological niches.
What kind of evolution is convergent?Convergent evolution can be seen in the similarities between the bodies of sharks and dolphins, vertebrates and cephalopods, and bats and insects. Similar structures are produced by convergent evolution.
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under anaerobic conditions in the muscle what is the net yield of atp from glycolysis when glycogen is used as a starting material
The net yield of ATP from glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in muscle when glycogen is used as a starting material is 2ATP.
Under anaerobic conditions, two molecules of ATP are generated from the oxidation of glucose to lactate via anaerobic glycolysis. Hexose sugar, or a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms, is what glucose is. The first carbon has an aldehyde group attached to it, and the other five carbons each have a hydroxyl group. During glycolysis, glucose is ultimately broken down into pyruvate and energy; A total of 2 ATP are produced in the process. Once pyruvate is formed, pyruvate will have different fates in different organisms depending on the availability of oxygen. In animals, where there is an adequate oxygen supply, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. In the absence of oxygen, it enters anaerobic respiration where it is converted to lactate. Under anaerobic conditions, NADH is not converted to ATP; Therefore, the net production of ATP is only 2 ATP.
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URGENT!!!!! What are the tructural, behavioral, and phyiological adaptation of the chicken of the wood muhroom?
The structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptation of the chicken of the wood mushroom is as follows:
Behavioral Changes
The Psilocybin cubensis is underside contains gills that can swivel such that they are always perfectly aligned to gravity. this implies that the gills will continue to successfully release spores even if the mushroom moves or bends.
Structural changes
The underside of the Psilocybe cubensis is gilded. As a result, the mushroom's surface area grows, enabling it to generate millions of basidiospores (spores) at once.
Physiological Changes
Exoenzymes can be secreted by Psilocybin cubensis, and these enzymes can then break down organic matter. Following digestion, the Psilocybe cubensis consumes the substance and puts it to use as needed. They can eat a wider range of materials as a result, which makes it easier for them to discover more edible material.
Hence, Fungi possess a unique adaptability. Exoenzymes, which are responsible for digesting organic molecules outside of the plant body, are secreted as a result of adaptation.
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on 1 in this exercise, the kirby-bauer diffusion test was used to test the sensitivity of s. epidermidis to penicillin, novobiocin, and gentamicin. what results would you predict if the sensitivity of e. coli was tested. explain your answer.
In the Kirby-Bauer test, bacteria are plated on solid growth medium and antibiotic wafers (white disks, pictured) are added to the plate.
After allowing the bacteria to grow overnight, areas of clear medium surrounding the discs indicate that the antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth. If the observed inhibition zone is greater than or equal to the size of the standard zone, the microorganism is considered to be sensitive to the antibiotic. On the contrary, if the observed inhibition halo is smaller than the standard size, the microorganism is considered to be sensitive. it is resistant. Advantage. This test is used to determine the antibiotic of choice to treat an infection. It can be useful for monitoring antimicrobials and for the selection of suitable antibacterial agents. It does not require special equipment for its performance and can be interpreted by all medical personnel. The test is done by taking a sample from the infected site. The most common types of tests are listed below. A health professional will take a blood sample from a vein in his arm with a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected in a test tube or vial.
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what is similar about the mechanism of how alternative splicing is regulated in eukaryotes and transcriptional regulation in bacteria
Alternative splicing can allow one gene to produce distinct mRNAs. This is the mechanism of how alternative splicing is regulated in eukaryotes and transcriptional regulation in bacteria.
For the synthesis of proteins, mRNA is a form of RNA required. A protein is produced by cells, and the mRNA is rapidly degraded afterward. The mRNA produced by vaccines does not penetrate the nucleus and does not change DNA. an RNA subtype present in cells. The genetic material necessary for producing proteins is carried by mRNA molecules. They move the data from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are produced.
The cells of eukaryotes are nucleated creatures. Eukaryotes include all animal species, plants, fungi, and a wide variety of single-celled creatures. One of the three domains of life is known as the Eukarya, which is a class of organisms. The remaining two domains are bacterial and archaeal.
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explain the relationship between monomers and polymers: a. using polysaccharides as an example: b. using proteins as an example: c. using nucleic acids as an example:
Building block of polymers is called Monomer. A polymer is serial repitition of monomer.
a) Carbohydrates are classified as polysaccharides and monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides(monomer). Example - Starch is a polymer of glucose(monomer). b) Protein is a polymer of amino acid (monomer). Example - polymers is polypeptide, monomers are amino acids. c) In case of nucleic acid for example- Nucleotides are monomers (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil) and polymers are DNA & RNA (Nucleic acid).
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the major model of vesicle fusion holds that actual fusion of a vesicle with its target membrane is driven by the interaction of pairs of proteins called vesicle and target ... select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a snares. b rab proteins. c cops. d tethers.
According to the vesicle fusion model, the interaction between protein pairs known as vesicle and target SNAREs causes a vesicle to fuse with its target membrane.
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are small proteins that are membrane-crossing segments or chains of lipids that are bonded to the surface of the vesicle and the membrane, respectively. Together, the SNARE proteins form a compact bundle of alpha helices that draws the membranes together.
The fusion of a vesicle with a membrane can be powered by as few as two or three of the SNARE complexes.
Therefore, the correct option is option a.
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in principle, at least, one way to increase the concentration of glucose 6‑phosphate (g6p) is to drive the equilibrium reaction to the right by increasing the intracellular concentrations of glucose and pi. the maximum solubility of glucose is less than 1 m, and the normal physiological concentration of g6p is 250????m. assume a fixed concentration of pi at 4.8 mm. the calculated value of K′eq is 4.74×10−3 m−1. calculate the intracellular concentration of glucose when the equilibrium concentration of glucose 6‑phosphate is 250????m, the normal physiological concentration.
Answers for both scenarios: The concentration (Gle= 13.7 M) can't be soluble in the first scenario while during the second situation the concentration (Gle= 116 μM) is normal and physiologically reasonable.
For the first scenario:
The equilibrium reaction is:
3.8* 10⁻³ = [250*10⁻⁶]/[0.0048][Gle]
Gle = 13.7 M
This can't be soluble at the concentration.
For the second scenario:
c. ΔG⁰ = 13.8 + (-30.5) = -16.7 KJ/mol
-16,700 = -8.315 (298) In Keq
K = 845
845 = [[250*10⁻³] [1.32*10⁻⁶]/ [3.38*10⁻⁶] [Gle]
{Gle} = 1.16*10⁻⁴
= 116 μM
Yes, the concentration is normal and physiologically reasonable.
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how are genomic libraries created? a. there is only one method - commercialized genomic testing kits. b. there is only one method - mrna is used with reverse transcriptase to make complementary dna. c. there are multiple methods - the main one uses molecular cloning to amplify fragments of genomes for further study and addition to a collection (the genomic library). d. there are multiple methods - the main one uses analysis of rna to condense genetic material into readable bits that align themselves into a genomic library.
There are multiple methods - the main one uses molecular cloning to amplify fragments of genomic study and addition to a collection
What are genomic libraries?A genomic library is a comprehensive collection of cloned DNA snippets that make up an organism's whole genome.
Methods such as shot gun experiment is used , in which the entire genome of the is cloned in a random sequence .Construction of a genomic library involves the isolation of genomic DNA, purification of the genomic DNA and fragmentation of genomic DNA into desired size , then cloning of the fragmented DNA using a suitable vector .An organism's entire genome can be represented statistically by a genomic library, which is made up of overlapping genomic DNA segments cloned into such a backbone vector.Hence, genomic libraries are created by different methods .
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your research project involves sea cucumbers, a poorly-understood group of echinoderms. you are trying to determine whether they block polyspermy by changing membrane potential like sea urchins do. in the chart below, you have counted the number of embryos that complete normal development after fertilization in either normal or low-sodium artificial sea water (asw), for each of three sets of experiments. looking over your data, what do you conclude?
Fast block (charge differences across the plasma membrane stop more sperm from binding as sodium ions seep into the egg and generate depolarization, a reduction in the membrane potential).
The development of blastocysts won't be hampered if a small mass of cells detached from a human blast ula since this mass is made up of embryonic stem cells that will differentiate into the many cell types that the organisms require. Right, the last drop off will support the play area and feed the developing child. On either side of the neural tube in the growing embryo of a vertebrate, somites are blocks of mesoderm. So, a crucial developmental stage that resulted in the construction of the original embryo's dorsal side may have been do
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he cell-cell junctional structure that regulates the intercellular fluid transport between cells is:
Gap junctions in animal cells function similarly to plasmodesmata in plant cells in that they are channels between nearby cells that facilitate the passage of ions, water, and other substances. However, gap junctions and plasmodesmata are structurally distinct.
Cell junctions are required for communication with the cell's outside area. Cell junctions are classified into numerous types, including tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.
A tight junction is the junction that prevents fluid leakage between epithelial cells. Claudins and occludins are two proteins discovered that aid in the tightening of the cell-cell border.
These connections are present in epithelial cells in the skin and cavities. This sort of junction also governs water transport in epithelial cells. It serves as a physical barrier and aids in the regulation of cell polarity.
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Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon
A) occurs continuously in the cell.
B) starts when the pathway's substrate is present.
C) starts when the pathway's product is present.
D) stops when the pathway's product is present.
E) does not result in the production of enzymes.
Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon starts when the pathways substrate is present is . B
What is structural gene ?Structural genes are the genes that code for proteins and RNAs except regulatory factors. They create physical structures inside cells like the cytoskeleton which gives our cells shape and support. Structural genes are divided into different type such as:
Cell receptor genes Environment genes Behavioural genesTherefore Induction is common in metabolic pathways that result in the catabolism of a substance and the inducer is normally the substrate for the pathway.
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production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents.
Cloning is the technique of creating a cell or creature that is genetically identical to the original.
It is a hotly debated subject that affects both researchers and the general public. The regular meiotic process is avoided throughout the cloning process. The polymerase chain reaction is a method for replicating sections of parental DNA (PCR). The embryo created from this DNA can subsequently be implanted into a uterus to develop and flourish. Since the purpose of cloning is to create an identical replica rather than one with genetic variation, meiosis does not take place in this situation.
A female gamete (rarely a male) develops without fertilization as part of the parthenogenic reproductive strategy. It can occur in plants, mammals, and higher vertebrates but not in invertebrates.
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Alleles for which pair of genes are most likely to act as though they are being inherited independently?.
Because homologous chromosomes pairs during meiosis are oriented at random, genes on different chromosomes assort separately.
Which genes are most likely to pass down in pairs?The likelihood of two genes inheriting together increased depending on how close they were to one another on a chromosome. . Conversely, genes that were more apart on the same chromosome were more likely to split apart during recombination.
Which gene pair is more likely to independently assort?circumstance makes it most likely for allele pairs to assort independently of one another In general, there are many more independent allele pairs in an organism than there are chromosome pairs.
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based on the nature of the interaction between dna and histones, what is the most likely requirement for all dna-binding proteins?
In DNA-binding proteins, restriction enzymes predominate. The majority of proteins that bind to DNA would be very negatively charged.
DNA-binding proteins include nucleases, which cut DNA molecules, different polymerases, transcription factors, which control the process of transcription, and histones, which are involved in chromosome packing and transcription in the cell nucleus. Zinc finger, helix-turn-helix, leucine zipper, and other nucleic acid-binding domains can all be found in DNA-binding proteins, among many others. There are other more bizarre examples, including effectors that resemble transcription activators. In order to have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA, proteins with DNA-binding domains are known as DNA-binding proteins. Because the primary groove of B-DNA exposes more functional groups that identify a given sequence, sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins typically interact with chromosomes.
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chromosomal rearrangement mechanisms which mechanism of generating chromosomal rearrangements involves nonhomologous end-joining (nhej)? multiple choice legitimate crossing-over transposition dna breakage illegitimate crossing-over
Answer:Induction of chromosomal translocations with CRISPR-Cas9 and other nucleases: Understanding the repair mechanisms that give rise to translocations
Explanation: vote brainiest
Hemophilia is an example of what type of disorder?
a. disorder caused by a dominant gene
b. disorder inherited only from the mother
c. X-linked recessive disorder
d. disorder with genes located on the y chromosome
Answer:
The answer is C!
hope this helps
Explanation:
a researcher has just discovered what she thinks is a new species. initially, all she knows is that it is eukaryotic. to which of the kingdoms could this new organism possibly belong?
Archaea are prokaryotes that live in severe settings, such as inside volcanoes, whereas Bacteria, such as E. coli, are more common creatures.
What is the primary distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Prokaryotes are always unicellular, but eukaryotes are sometimes multicellular. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells are 100 to 10,000 times bigger and considerably more complicated than bacterial ones. Eukaryotic DNA is kept in the nucleus, whereas prokaryotic DNA is stored in the cytoplasm.
A cell wall is a protective structure that permits prokaryotes to live in both hyper- and hypo-osmotic environments. Some soil bacteria may produce endospores that are resistant to heat and drought, allowing the organism to persist until favourable conditions return.
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hromatin immunoprecipitation and dna sequencing (chip-seq) can be used to identify regions of the genome that can indicate promoters, enhancers, and transcription factor-binding motifs. chip-seq is an example of: genetic approach all of these approaches none of these approaches evolutionary approach biochemical approach
Chip-seq is an example of biochemical approach.Thus correct option(d).
The biological approach believes behavior to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is the only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological and thus physical point of view. Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological.
An example of the biological approach to psychology would be the fear response. The fear response gives way to fight, or freeze behaviors. Which course of action an individual takes in the presence of a stressor relies on their biological make-up.
Psychologists can better understand how the brain and physiological processes may affect how individuals think, behave, and feel by examining the biological underpinnings of human behavior.
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chloroplasts were only examined and labeled in the spirogyra slide. relate the function of these organelles to explain why they were not present in the onion root tip slide.
The onion fruiting body (bulb), which is used for energy storage rather than photosynthesis, has a single layer of clear epidermal cells that do not have chloroplasts.
Each cell consists of a cell wall, a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, and a big vacuole. rge central vacuole are organelles found only in plant cells. The chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is responsible Chloroplast, cell wall, plastids, and a la for photosynthesis.
Most of these are invisible because they are translucent and too small to see under a light microscope. These can only be seen with an electron microscope.
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which cell engulfs a microbe, digests its proteins, and presents peptide antigens in combination with mhc ii molecules?
Macrophages and dendritic cells engulfs a microbe, digests its proteins, and presents peptide antigens in combination with MHC ii molecules
What are macrophages?
Important immune system cells called macrophages are created in response to an infection or an accumulation of damaged or dead cells.Large, specialized cells called macrophages can identify, engulf, and kill target cells. The Greek words "makro" for large and "phagein" for "eat" are combined to form the word "macrophage."Function:
Macrophages may have different names according to where they function in the body. For example, macrophages present in the brain are termed microglia and in the liver sinusoids, they are called Kupffer cells.What are dendritic cells?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) known as dendritic cells (DCs) have a crucial function in the adaptive immune system. Since antigen presentation is DCs' main job, the cells are sometimes referred to as "professional" APCs. Because they grow branched extensions called "dendrites" to increase their surface area and improve exposure to antigens throughout development, dendritic cells get their name.Hence, macrophages and dendritic cells perform these functions
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If a drought causes a decrease in resources in an ecosystem, how are the
organisms living in the ecosystem affected?
If a drought causes a decrease in resources in an ecosystem, then the organisms living in the ecosystem will be affected due to the decrease in an abiotic factor that is fundamental for survival.
Why do abiotic factors fundamental for survival?Abiotic factors such as water and normal levels of environmental temperature are fundamental for survival because they are required to carry out metabolic activities.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that abiotic factors can be considered as fundamental for survival due biological systems require them to carry out metabolic processes.
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All of the following statements are true. Which one statement describes the biggest impact that sickle-cell disease has over the organs and organ systems of the body?Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot function to transport oxygen in the body.
Organ injury. sickle-shaped red blood cells as a result of mutated hemoglobin proteins. Sickle cells that restrict blood flow deplete organs of both oxygen and blood. In sickle cell anemia, blood oxygen levels are also abnormally low. This deficiency in oxygen-rich blood can be lethal and harm nerves and organs including the kidneys, liver, and spleen.
The most frequent cause of Sickled cells complications and the main reason patients with Sickled cells visit the ER or hospital is pain. Sickled cells can become caught and impede blood flow throughout the body when moving via tiny blood veins, which hurts.
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animals and plants both have diploid and haploid cells. how does the animal life cycle differ from the alternation of generations exhibited by plants?
A diploid-dominant life cycle is characteristic of animals like humans. Haploid and diploid multicellular stages can both be found in the alternation of generations life cycle.
Despite the possibility that the diploid stage could preserve the entirety of the haploid stage. The generations of a plant's life cycle alternate. Animals go through four stages in their life cycle: birth, development, reproduction, and finally, death. Although these stages are shared by all animal species, they appear in varied ways depending on the species. In the diplontic life cycle, the diploid sporophyte is the most important stage. Gametic meiosis can be seen. Brown algae, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and other organisms with a diplontic life cycle are examples.
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The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the.
The flexibility of the smooth muscles allows the arteries to sustain a rapid, significant rise in pressure.
What makes an artery resilient to pressure?They have an outer layer of collagen and a thick wall to prevent the artery from rupturing under the intense pressure. In order to maintain pulse flow, the artery wall also has an inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers.
What property makes arteries resistant to high pressure?The aorta and pulmonary arteries, which are the closest to the heart, are elastic arteries because they have much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries do. The elastic arteries' ability to maintain a relatively constant pressure gradient despite the heart's continuous pumping is due to this property.
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a) the first fossils of animals with hard parts appeared about 541 million years ago. what percentage of geologic time does the fossil record represent? express your answer as a percentage with two significant figures. % (b) modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) appeared about 300,000 (0.3 million) years ago (mounier and lahr, 2019). for what percentage of earth’s history has earth been occupied by modern humans? express your answer as a percentage with two significant figures. %
a) The fossil record accounts for 20% of all geologic time.
b) 0.007% of earth’s history has earth been occupied by modern humans.
What are fossils, and what do they contain?Fossils are the remains or traces of extinct living things. Examples include fossilized bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, amber-preserved objects, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA traces.
The collection of all known and undiscovered fossils over a period of time is known as the fossil record.
Among the reasons fossil records are significant are:
1) Scientists can learn about the Earth's past by studying fossil records.
2) The evolution of organisms that are alive today is inferred from fossil records.
3). It is useful to comprehend the evolution of life in.
Therefore, 20% of geologic time is represented by the fossil record.
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Environmental sustainability is the responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletion and degradation of natural resources so that future generations can benefit from long-term resource availability and environmental health capable of supporting life on Earth. One way we can all contribute to environmental sustainability is through smart growth. Smart growth covers a range of development and conservation strategies that help protect our health and natural environment.
Some of the strategies utilized in smart growth communities include A) Preservation of open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas, B) Emphasis on mixed-use communities, where people can live, work, and live in retirement, C) Reinvestment in existing infrastructure and rehabilitating historic buildings helps conserve resources and E) Design of communities that make it easy for people to walk, bicycle, or take public transit instead of driving, reducing air pollution (Options A, B, C and E).
What are smart growth community strategies?Smart growth community strategies are those procedures aimed at enhancing the development of a given area while maintaining natural resources and avoiding contamination.
The procedures (smart growth community strategies) can be very useful to enhance the quality of life of people in cities and simultaneously maintain the overall health of the ecosystems.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that smart growth community strategies are the new methods to produce suitable development in the community by minimizing environmental effects on the ecosystems.
Complete question:
Environmental sustainability is the responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletion and degradation of natural resources so that future generations can benefit from long-term resource availability and environmental
health capable of supporting life on Earth. One way we can all contribute to environmental sustainability is through
smart growth. Smart growth covers a range of development and conservation strategies that help protect our health
and natural environment. Identify some of the strategies utilized in smart growth communities. Choose ALL that apply.
A) Preservation of open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical
environmental areas.
B) Emphasis on mixed-use communities, where people can live, work, and
live in retirement.
C) Reinvestment in existing infrastructure and rehabilitating historic
buildings helps conserve resources.
D) Design communities that cater only to residential development, excluding
business and industrial spaces.
E) Design of communities that make it easy for people to walk, bicycle, or
take public transit instead of driving, reducing air pollution.
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compare your d1s80 pcr product with those of the rest of the class. did any students have genotypes similar to yours? how could you explain such similarities?
The mitochondrial DNA itself will vary between students because each of us inherited it from our moms; but since the same region is being amplified, the sequences of our PCR result will be the same.
Despite the fact that each student's mitochondrial DNA is unique because we all received it from our mothers, the sequences of our PCR results will be the same because the same region is being amplified. The fluid around the nucleus contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria per cell (the cytoplasm).
The majority of DNA is stored on chromosomes in the nucleus, while mitochondria only store a little amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is referred to as "mtDNA," or mitochondrial DNA. In the human mitochondria, 16,500 DNA base pairs, or about 5% of the total, are present.
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in cremation, the supplies heat to raise the temperature of the cremation chamber to the point where combustion of the human remains and container is possible.
In cremation, the burner supplies heat to raise the temperature of the cremation chamber.
Cremation is a thermal process that reduces human remains to bone fragments. In this process the only remains of the human body is skeleton. soft parts, skin and hair etc. everything will be burned. The temperature required is between 1400 to 1600 degrees F. There are four main elements of cremation;
TransportationStorage cremation process ReturnTransportation means transfer of dead person to cremator
Cold storage of dead person before cremation.
The cremation or burning of dead person.
Return of cremated to authorized person.
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which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate? a. urin acid b. protein c. glucose d. creatinine
Answer:
b. protein
Explanation:
Match the four pathways of sympathetic neurons with the region of the body having effector organs Innervated by each pathway. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway Adrenal medulla pathway Spinal nerve pathway Splanchnic nerve pathway Match each of the options above to the items below Neck, torso, and lilmbs Head/eye Adrenal gland
The correct pathways of sympathetic neuron with the regions of the body are:
Neck, torso, and limbs → spinal nerve pathwayHead/eye → postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathwayAbdomen/pelvis → Splanchnic nerve pathwayAdrenal gland → adrenal medulla pathwayWhat are the pathways of sympathetic neuron?The sympathetic pathways depart the central nervous system through the ganglionic neuron found in the spinal cord at the intermediolateral column between the thoracic and mid-lumbar levels. Essentially, they are divided into preganglionic neurons, postganglionic neurons and sympathetic ganglia.
The effector organs innervated by each pathway are neck , torso and limbs to the spinal nerve pathway, head to the postganglionic nerve pathway, abdomen to splanchnic nerve pathway and adrenal gland to adrenal medulla pathway.
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