There are sorts of autonomic ganglia: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic primarily based totally on their functions. The former have a tendency to be located near the spinal wire while the later lie close to or inside the viscera of the peripheral organs that they innervate.
The top thoracic sympathetic ganglia are located across the heads of the ribs and are included through the pleura. The decrease or 3 ganglia are on the perimeters of the vertebral bodies. The thoracic sympathetic trunk runs among the ganglia and simply in the front of the somatic nerves.
To learn more about parasympathetic, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14929483
#SPJ4
all of the following are primary goals proposed by david mcclelland except a need for all of the following are primary goals proposed by david mcclelland except a need for autonomy achievement affiliation power
The primary goals proposed by David McClelland are the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power. Autonomy is not one of the primary goals proposed by McClelland.
David McClelland was a psychologist who developed a theory of motivation based on the idea that individuals have different needs that drive their behavior.
According to McClelland, the three primary needs that motivate people are the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power. The need for achievement is the desire to excel and to accomplish goals.
The need for affiliation is the desire to establish and maintain social relationships. The need for power is the desire to control and influence others. These three needs can vary in intensity from person to person, and they can change over time in response to different life experiences and situations.
Autonomy, or the desire for independence and self-direction, is not one of the primary needs proposed by McClelland.
Learn more about mcclelland:
https://brainly.com/question/29493927
#SPJ4
which methods are typically used to collect saliva or mucus samples from the oral and nasal cavities?
Mucous is created by the sinuses and then goes into the nasal cavity where it is pushed back to the back of the nose and subsequently swallowed. The nasal cavity is the interior of the nose.
The purpose of the mucus is to trap pollutants in the air and to preserve the moisture and health of the skin inside the nose. Mucus in the nasal cavity does not operate to remove oxygen from inhaled air,genomic techniques,Method of DNA-DNA hybridization.,16S and 23S rDNA sequencing; amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis.Numerous cellular as well as viral pathogens are frequently identified using both immunologic and biochemical methods. Quick approaches for growing infectious pathogens include immunological testing.To enable for the growth of only the suspected pathogen, nonsterile items like faeces should be grown onto BLANK media.
Learn more about Mucous by using this link:
https://brainly.com/question/3299712
#SPJ4
I have gills for breathing under water. I have lungs for breathing on land. What am l
Answer:
frog
Explanation:
Frog is an animal that live in both land and in water.
Answer: It is a Lungfish
Explanation:
The Lungfish is the only species of fish that have lungs and gills.
quantitative traits multiple choice encode genes for continuous traits. are polygenic. are influenced by the environment. are polygenic, encode genes for continuous traits, and are influenced by the environment. are polygenic and are influenced by the environment.
The quantitative traits are influenced by the environment, the details are given below.
Generally, quantitative traits are multifactorial, which means they may be encouraged through numerous polymorphic genes and environmental conditions. A quantitative trait is one which has measurable phenotypic variant inside a populace due to underlying variability in genetic and/or environmental influences. Quantitative trait is managed through several genes, with every gene having notably small effect, and without problems suffering from environments. Therefore, they are also referred to as polygenic traits.
To learn more about traits check the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/9089686
#SPJ4
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase
Answer:
catalysts
Explanation:
i wouldnt explain
cell bio what makes it possible for a combination of signal molecules to evoke a response that differs from the sum of the effects that each signal could trigger on its own
It is done by the ability of different intracellular relay systems to interact. The correct option is D.
What is intracellular relay systems?Transcription factors that regulate gene expression are frequently targets of such signaling pathways.
Thus, intracellular signaling pathways link the cell surface to the nucleus, resulting in changes in gene expression in response to extracellular stimuli.
Cells communicate with one another through direct contact or by the release of a substance from one cell that is taken up by another.
Because different intracellular relay systems can interact, a combination of signal molecules can elicit a response that differs from the sum of the effects that each signal could elicit on its own.
Thus, the correct option is D.
For more details regarding cell signaling, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14412293
#SPJ1
Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A)The tendency of different cells to display different receptors
B)The ability of different receptors to activate different intracellular relay systems
C)The ability of different signal molecules to bind to the same receptors
D)The ability of different intracellular relay systems to interact.
E)The ability of the same signal molecule to bind to different receptors
according to the theory, your genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience.
According to any of the range for the reaction, your genetic potential is a fixed quantity but whether want to you reach and full intellectual potential is always dependent upon the present environmental stimulation and our experience especially in our childhood.
Range of Reaction is the concept that anybody responds to the surroundings in a completely unique manner primarily based totally on his or her genetic makeup. According to this idea, your genetic ability is a set quantity, however whether or not you attain your complete highbrow ability depends upon the environmental stimulation you revel in, specifically in childhood.
Think approximately this scenario: A couple adopts a baby who has common genetic highbrow ability. They increase her in an incredibly stimulating surroundings. What will occur to the couple’s new daughter? It is in all likelihood that the stimulating surroundings will enhance her highbrow effects over the route of her life. But what takes place if this test is reversed? If a baby with an incredibly robust genetic history is positioned in an surroundings that doesn't stimulate him: What takes place? Interestingly, in line with a longitudinal take a look at of tremendously talented individuals.
Learn more about genetic potential visit : brainly.com/question/28768650
#SPJ4
Correct Question:
According to the range of reaction, your genetic potential is a ___ but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience especially in childhood.
explain how the results seen in pulse-chase experiments of the endomembrane system in neurons/axons relate to microtubule function
The endomembrane system allows various functions of the eukaryotic cell to be compartmentalized (eg, protein degradation occurs in the lysosome), allowing for a greater degree of cellular specialization.
The system is based on dynamic interactions between different compartments, facilitated by vesicle traffic between them. Microtubules are abundant in neurons and occupy axons and dendrites as paraxially aligned arrays. These microtubule arrays provide a structural backbone for axons and dendrites that allow them to acquire and maintain their specialized morphologies. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, and the Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane. These cellular components work together to modify, package, label, and transport proteins and lipids that make up membranes Transmembrane proteins, or soluble proteins transported to other parts of the endomembrane system, move from the ER, into vesicles, and fuse with the cis side of the Golgi. The Golgi apparatus consists of several layers of membranes, called cisternae..
To learn more about compartmentalized please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/13455131
#SPJ4
1. Which of the following phyla in the animal kingdom exhibit an asymmetrical body plan? choose all that apply
a. placozoa
b.nematoda
c.arthropoda
d.porifera
Answer:
A and C
Explanation:
I took the quiz
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
if a heterozygous male with the genotype ww is mated with a homozygous recessive female of genotype ww, there is a chance that____of the offspring will be heterozygous.
W w
w Ww ww
w Ww ww
if the heterozygous, ww, is crossed with a homozygous dominant, ww, then the probability of having a homozygous recessive offspring is_____.
W w
W WW Ww
W WW Ww
If a heterozygous male with the genotype Ww is mated with a homozygous recessive female with the genotype ww, then the probability of heterozygous offspring is 0.5 or 50%. The offspring are Ww, Ww, ww, and ww.
Genotype:
The final combination of the alleles of the genes chosen for a given study is referred to as a genotype.
The likelihood of heterozygous offspring is 0.5 or 50% if a heterozygous male with the genotype Ww mates with a homozygous dominant female with the genotype WW. If a heterozygous male with the genotype Ww is mated with a homozygous recessive female with the genotype ww, then the probability of heterozygous offspring is 0.5 or 50%. The offspring are Ww, Ww, ww, and ww. There are four children: WW, WW, Ww, and Ww.
As a result, the preceding description is accurate.
To learn more about genotypes please click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/16882362
#SPJ4
a biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of cells is taken from the body and analyzed. if you were performing the analysis, what features would indicate to you that the patient has cancer? select all that apply.
The correct options are:
d). Cells undergo more mitosis than usual.
e). Cells divide even when there are no growth factor signals.
A biopsy can be done to look for abnormalities due to more mitosis than usual, which can be structural or functional, such as kidney or liver issues or swelling in a specific organ. A specific ailment can be diagnosed if aberrant cells are seen when the tissue sample is inspected under a microscope.
A biopsy can also be performed to evaluate the grade and severity of an illness that has already been diagnosed, such as the level of inflammation (such as the aggressiveness of cancer).
The complete question is:
A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of cells is taken from the body and analyzed. If you were performing the analysis, what features would indicate to you that the patient has cancer? Select all that apply.
a. Cells are sending out signals for new blood vessels to grow.
b. Cells have contact inhibition.
c. Cells lack telomerase activity.
d. Cells undergo more mitosis than usual.
e. Cells divide even when there are no growth factor signals.
f. cells express high levels of tumor suppressor genes.
To learn more about biopsy click on this link: https://brainly.com/question/29515634
#SPJ4
Using _____, researchers have created chronically anxious, ulcer-prone rats by giving them unpredictable electric shocks.
Using any classical conditioning, the researchers had been creating chronically anxious, with the ulcer-prone rats by using them unpredictable to avoid electric shocks.
Classical conditioning is a sort of mastering that occurs unconsciously. When you research through classical conditioning, an automated conditioned reaction is paired with a particular stimulus. This creates a behavior. Classical conditioning (additionally called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is mastering thru affiliation and changed into determined through Pavlov, a Russian physiologist.
In easy terms, stimuli are related collectively to supply a brand new found out reaction in someone or animal. For example, each time you return back domestic carrying a baseball cap, you're taking your baby to the park to play. So, each time your baby sees you return back domestic with a baseball cap, he's excited due to the fact he has related your baseball cap with a experience to the park. This mastering through affiliation is classical conditioning.
Learn more about classical conditioning Visit : brainly.com/question/17583598
#SPJ4
give an example of a cell found in the human body that meets one of these criteria. explain how that unique shape is tied to the function that those cells perform.
Since each cell has a different function, they vary in size and shape. Typically, a cell's shape corresponds to its purpose.
How many cells are in the human body?For example, they calculate that we contain 50 billion fat cells and 2 billion heart muscle cells. The researchers added up their results and discovered that there are 36,2 trillion cell units.
The function of the cell will determine the geometry of the cell. As an illustration, red blood cells have a disc shape to carry more oxygen. b) Cytoskeleton - The cytoskeletal organization of the cell affects its form in a number of ways.
The three parts that make up a cell are the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains intricate arrangements of small fibers and hundreds or perhaps thousands of tiny, unique entities known as organelles.
To learn more about cells refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/3717876
#SPJ4
what effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on intra-alveolar pressure? multiple choice question.
The thoracic cavity expands and the diaphragm contracts during inspiration. As a result, the interalveolar pressure is reduced, allowing air to enter the lungs.
Mechanism of ventilation:
Air is moved through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs during ventilation, also known as breathing. Due to pressure gradients created by the diaphragm and thoracic muscles contracting, air flows through the passages.Pulmonary ventilation:
Breathing is the general name for pulmonary ventilation. The act of air entering the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and exiting the lungs during expiration is known as it (exhalation). Pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases in the lungs cause air to flow.As a result of these three pressures, the lungs are ventilated:
Inspiration
The act of bringing air into the lungs is known as inspiration (inhalation). As a result of the contraction of muscles, it is the active phase of breathing. The thoracic cavity expands and the diaphragm contracts during inspiration. As a result, the interalveolar pressure is reduced, allowing air to enter the lungs. The breath of inspiration fills the lungs.
Expiration
The act of releasing air from the lungs during the breathing cycle is known as expiration (exhalation). The diaphragm relaxing and tissue recoiling elastically cause the thoracic volume to decrease and the interalveolar pressure to rise during expiration. The act of exhaling forces air out of the lungs.
Hence, the interalveolar pressure is reduced, allowing air to enter the lungs.
To learn more about ventilation click on the click
https://brainly.com/question/15580429
#SPJ4
Where would a swivel joint be found?
A) elbow
B) neck
C) shoulder
D) wrist and forearm
Answer: They are located in your neck, your wrist, and your elbow.
Explanation:
Brett learned that his car is better protected from the weather when it has been recently washed and waxed. Which best describes the major group of macromolecules that is protecting his car and how it is performing this task?.
Brett learned that his car is better protected from the weather when it has been recently washed and waxed. The macromolecule that protects his car is the lipid that is present in the wax coating.
What is a lipid?The lipid is a macromolecule that is made up of carbon and hydrogen, and the macromolecule is hydrophobic in nature and does not come into contact with water. The wax is a lipid, so it does not like the water, and when the wax is applied to the car, the car is protected from water damage.
Hence, the macromolecule that protects his car is the lipid that is present in the wax coating.
Learn more about lipids here.
https://brainly.com/question/28775384
#SPJ1
Lipids are the biomolecules which protects the car because of their non-polar nature which makes them insoluble in water.
What are lipids?A lipid is the biochemical molecules that are insoluble in water. They serve as the energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers in cells and include major classes of molecules such as fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain other membrane components.
Lipids are the hydrocarbon compounds that serve for a variety of purposes, such as energy storage, structural elements, and even in cell signaling. Lipids and fats play a major role in the human body's homeostatic system.
Wax is a substance which naturally coats stems and leaves of the plant. Therefore, the plant does not lose a lot of water because of the presence of wax.
Learn more about Lipids here:
https://brainly.com/question/3498396
#SPJ1
Which of the following terms should not be used to describe a human with three copies of chromosome 12?
A. Polyploid
B. Triploid
C. Aneuploid
D. Euploid
E. 2n 1
F. Trisomy 12
Polyploid, Triploid and Euploid terms should not be used to describe chromosome 12
What are chromosomes?
The thread-like chromosomes that convey the genetic information from cell to cell are formed of protein and a single DNA molecule. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of cells in both plants and animals, including humans. There are 46 chromosomes in all, including 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Children receive half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father since each pair comprises two chromosomes, one from each parent. The dissolution of the nucleus during cell division allows for the visualization of chromosomes under a microscope.Living things have different numbers and shapes of chromosomes. One or two circular chromosomes may be found in most bacteria. All animals and plants, including humans, have linear chromosomes. Actually, there are a certain number of chromosomes for each species of plants and animals. For instance, a fruit fly has four pairs of chromosomes whereas a dog has 39 and a rice plant has 12. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans are known as autosomes, whereas the twenty-third pair is known as the sex chromosomes. Typically, people with two X chromosomes (XX) are biologically female, whereas people with one X and one Y chromosome are naturally male (XY). There are, however, several exception to these laws.Chromosomes 12:
Each human cell typically has 23 pairs of the 46 chromosomes that make up the human genome. One of the pairings is made up of two copies of chromosome 12, one from each parent. Between 4% and 4.5 percent of all DNA in cells are found on chromosome 12, which covers almost 134 million DNA base pairs.Hence, Polyploid, Triploid and Euploid terms should not be used to describe chromosome 12
To learn more about chromosomes 12 click on the link
https://brainly.com/question/27700470
#SPJ4
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that
A: proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates.
B: the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.
C: one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia.
D: extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.
E: most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
The correct option is E : most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. Proteins are broken down into amino acids during catabolic processes, lipids into fatty acids, and polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
These building components are subsequently employed in anabolic processes to synthesize compounds. Catabolic processes provide energy. They have exergonic properties. Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones in a catabolic process.
The initial step in breaking down amino acids so that they may be transformed to sugars is oxidative deamination. The process begins with the amino group of the amino acids being removed.
As the amino group is removed, it becomes ammonium and then enters the urea cycle to create urea in the liver. It is subsequently released into the bloodstream and carried to the kidneys, which discharge the urea as urine.
Learn more about to Catabolism visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/29461502
#SPJ4
ATTTGCAT is the ________, which is one of the eukaryotic control sites for transcription.A) TATA boxB) OctamerC) GC boxD) GCAT box
ATTTGCAT is the TATA box, which is one of the eukaryotic control sites for transcription. Correct answer: Letter A.
Since, it is a short DNA sequence that is usually centered at the transcription start site and consists of a consensus sequence of 6-8 base pairs, usually ranging from 5'-ATTTGCAT-3' to 5'-TATAAGAT-3'.
What is the TATA box?Is a core promoter element found in the promoter region of many eukaryotic genes.
The TATA box is important for the binding of the transcription factor TFIID, which is a critical factor for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes.
Learn more about transcription in eukaryotes:
https://brainly.com/question/14748263
#SPJ4
why was protein hypothesized to be the hereditary material? why did people think it was so unlikely that it could be dna?
In traditional times, many scientists hypothesized that proteins were hereditary material because DNA is made up of only 4 nucleotides whereas proteins were made from 20 different kinds of amino acids.
In previous times, scientists believed that it was impossible for DNA that just had 4 nucleotides to be the hereditary material. They could not find out how information could be shuffled in just four nucleotides id DNA were to be the hereditary material.
Hence, scientists in the past believed that proteins were hereditary material as they were made of 20 different kinds of amino acids. They thought that variations were caused in organisms due to proteins.
To learn more about DNA, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/16099437
#SPJ4
the sleepy russian town of belushya guba declared a state of emergency when it was overrun by polar bears. this species had never ventured into the town until climate change melted the sea ice, which comprised much of the bears’ primary hunting and migration routes. the plight of the bears and the town exemplifies the changes characteristic of
The sleepy russian town of belushya guba declared a state of emergency when it was overrun by polar bears. This species had never ventured into the town until climate change melted the sea ice, which comprised much of the bears’ primary hunting and migration routes. the plight of the bears and the town exemplifies the changes characteristic of the Anthropocene.
What is migration?
Migration is regarded as any type of human movement, regardless of its motivation. Migration within a single country as well as migration across borders is included in this. The definition of "migrant" is more elusive. According to the European Committee on Migration, the term "migrants" can refer to emigrants, returning migrants, immigrants, refugees, displaced persons, people with immigrant backgrounds, and/or members of ethnic minority populations that have been formed through immigration, depending on the context.
To learn more about migration from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/18259786
#SPJ4
what does the follicular epithelium of the thyroid do? how could you distinguish these cells from other cells of the thyroid? 0 word(s)
The follicular cells soak up the iodinated thyroglobulins from the colloid gift in the lumen of the thyroid follicle. This system is beneathneath the have an effect on of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Afterward, lysosomal digestion and intracellular proteolysis launch the thyroid hormone withinside the shape of T3 and T4.Thyroid epithelial cells (additionally called follicular cells or thyrocytes) are the most important mobileular kind withinside the thyroid gland and are accountable for the manufacturing and secretion of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).Thyroid follicular cells shape a easy cuboidal epithelium and are organized in round thyroid follicles surrounding a fluid stuffed area called the colloid.
To learn more about thyroid follicle, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/29577567
#SPJ4
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a) Motor neuron - efferent neuron
b) Ganglion - knot like mass of the nerve cell bodies
c) Sensory neuron - afferent neuron
d) Somatic nerves - serve the eyes and ears
The mismatched pair is somatic nerves - serve the eyes and ears.
Thus, the correct option is D.
What are somatic nerves?The somаtic nervous system is а component of the peripherаl nervous system аssociаted with the voluntаry control of the body movements viа the use of skeletаl muscles. It is responsible for аll the functions we аre аwаre of аnd cаn consciously influence, including the movement of our аrms legs аnd other pаrts of our body. It is аlso responsible for the reflex аrc, which involves the use of interneurons to perform reflexive аctions. Besides these, there аre thousаnds of other аssociаtion nerves in the body.
Crаniаl nerves аllow sensory informаtion to trаnsmit from the orgаns of the brаin (eаrs, eyes, nose, аnd mouth), аs well аs conveying motor informаtion from the brаin to these orgаns.
For more information about somatic nerves refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13278789
#SPJ4
true or false? the sea star die-off of 2013 is currently the most extensive marine-disease event ever documented.
Answer: If My memory is right i believe it is true
Explanation: Did this some time ago on a test .
The genetic code is three-letter code. If the code were a four-letter code, how many codons would exist in the genetic code? the answer should be 256, please explain. Will give a thumbs up.
If the code were a four-letter code, 256 codons would exist in the genetic code.
The number of codons are determined by [tex]4^{n}[/tex] where n is the number of codes in one codon.
So in four letter code, [tex]4^{4} = 256[/tex].
The genetic code is a set of rules that living cells use to convert information encoded in genetic material into proteins. There are two types of genetic code. The genetic code can be expressed using RNA or DNA codons. RNA codons are found in messenger RNA (mRNA) and are the codons that are actually "read" during polypeptide synthesis.
The genetic code aids in the prediction of the amino acid sequence of a protein from genetic material. Knowing the amino acid sequence of a protein helps us predict its structure and understand some of its properties and functions.
To learn more about genetic code, here
https://brainly.com/question/29413263
#SPJ4
Lactoferrin and transferrin are used by the body to bind iron, keeping it from microbes that might otherwise colonize. Pathogenic microbes get around this limitation by doing which of the following?
Producing their own iron binding molecules known as siderophores
Stripping the iron bound to lactoferrin/transferrin molecules
Pathogenic microbes get around this limitation by producing their own iron binding molecules known as siderophores Stripping the iron bound to lactoferrin/transferrin molecules.
Lactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF), is a transferrin family protein with multiple functions. Lactoferrin is a globular glycoprotein with an approximate molecular mass of 80 kDa that is found in a variety of secretory fluids including milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin increases iron uptake by intestinal cells by entering the cell via its own receptor. Iron is then set to release from lactoferrin within the intestinal cell and translocated to the bloodstream via transferrin.
A pathogenic organism is one that is responsible for the disease in its host (person). The World Health Organization (WHO) identified harmful organisms, viruses, toxins, parasites, and chemicals as potential hazards in food. Pathogens are classified into bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They can be found in almost every environment on the planet, and the bacteria carried by the average human, primarily in the gut, outnumber human cells.
For more information on lactoferrin/transferrin, visit :
https://brainly.com/question/28027182
#SPJ4
Neurexins are cell adhesion proteins that are important for connecting neurons at the synapse. Mammals have 3 neurexin genes. However, 2000 forms of neurexin proteins are found in cells where they play a role in determining synapse specificity. What mechanism most likely underlies this diversity?.
The mechanism that most likely underlies the diversity observed where 3 neurexin genes are used to make about 2000 forms of neurexin proteins found in cells is gene splicing.
What are genes?Genes are specific regions of DNA in a living organism that codes for a particular protein or gene product.
The products of a gene are synthesized from the gene through the process of transcription and translation.
In the process of transcription, the nucleotide sequence of the gene is used to synthesize mRNA.
The mRNA synthesized from the gene is then used by the ribosomes to make proteins in the process called translation.
Multiple gene products or proteins can be synthesized from a single as a result of a process known as gene splicing.
Gene splicing is a post-transcriptional modification that occurs in the mRNA molecule that has been produced from the such that different regions of the
are added or removed to produce new mRNA molecules that are then used to make proteins.
Learn more about gene splicing at: https://brainly.com/question/15585472
#SPJ1
After a virus binds to a specific host cell _________, it enters the cell via either receptor-mediated _______ or by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell.receptor , endocytosis
After a virus connects to a particular host cell receptor, it either enters the cell by integrin endocytosis or by fusing with the target cell's plasma membrane.
The viral life cycle's first step of infection, known as viral entry, occurs when the virus gets in contact with the host organism & introduces viral material there. Initial contacts between viruses and cell membranes occur independently of fusion proteins. The virus fusion proteins finally connect to specific receptors on the cellular membrane as the virus moves all along fluid cell's outer surface (4). The two membranes will continue to be separate if merely binding took place. The viral particle must first engage in non-covalent contacts with one or more of the receptor-specific viral replication anchored into to the lipid bilayer before it can infect a new cell.
Learn more about virus
https://brainly.com/question/2401502
#SPJ4
what is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? question 2 options: it hydrolyzes the host cell's dna. it uses viral rna as a template for dna synthesis. it uses viral rna as a template for making complementary rna strands. it converts host cell rna into viral dna.
The function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses is to alter the genome of the host cell in retroviruses.
A retrovirus is a type of virus that alters the genome of a host cell by inserting a DNA copy of its RNA genome[a] into the DNA of that host cell. This enzyme is known as reverse transcriptase. HIV belongs to retrovirus group, destroys the white blood cells known as CD4 cells, which aid in the body's fight against infection and disease. Reprogramming a virus-infected CD4 cell to produce new HIV copies takes place. To accomplish this, HIV requires the assistance of the enzymes reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase.
RNA genomes carried in retrovirus particles are transformed into double-stranded DNA by retroviruses. To produce RNA, reverse transcriptase first transcribes a complementary strand of DNA: Hybrid DNA
know more about reverse transcriptase here: https://brainly.com/question/29583400
#SPJ4
Which postulate of natural selection is deliberately enforced by dog breeders using artificial selection?.
Dog breeders actively assert that reproduction and survival are not influenced by chance by using artificial selection.
Advantage in reproduction biological selection?The mechanism of evolution known as reproductive advantage modifies the population's heritable features. Natural selection, according to the theory of evolution, is the process through which a species' phenotype—its outwardly manifested genetic traits—can change over time.
Why is reproductive success critical to the process of natural selection?Long life is not favored by natural selection unless it allows for or resulting in increased reproductive success. Similar to this, even though we might wish it were the case, there isn't necessarily a premium placed on intelligence, physical prowess, or beauty unless these qualities actually result into more offspring than normal.
To know more about dog breeders visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/20694342
#SPJ4