When added to a growing chain, dNTPs prevent DNA synthesis because they lack a hydroxyl group in the 3' position.
What is Sanger sequencing?
The "chain termination method," often known as Sanger sequencing, is a technique for figuring out the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The Sanger Sequence is a technique that was created in 1977 by two-time Nobel laureate Frederick Sanger and his colleagues.
The Sanger sequencing process consists of three key phases.
DNA SEQUENCE FOR ENDING CHAIN PCR
Chain-termination PCR is a unique form of PCR that uses the DNA sequence of interest as a template. While chain-termination PCR functions similarly to normal PCR, it differs significantly in that modified nucleotides (dNTPs) known as dideoxy ribonucleotides are added (ddNTPs).
ELECTROPHORESIS OF GEL TO SEPARATE SIZE
The second stage involves separating the chain-terminated oligonucleotides by size using gel electrophoresis. The oligonucleotides will be drawn toward the positive electrode on the other side of the gel in gel electrophoresis because DNA is negatively charged. DNA samples are placed into one end of a gel matrix and an electric current is applied.
DNA SEQUENCE DETERMINATION & GEL ANALYSIS
The final step consists of simply reading the gel to ascertain the input DNA sequence. Each terminal ddNTP will match a specific nucleotide in the original sequence as DNA polymerase only creates DNA in the 5' to 3' direction beginning at a supplied primer.
Hence, When added to a growing chain, dNTPs prevent DNA synthesis because they lack a hydroxyl group in the 3' position.
To learn more about sanger sequencing click the link
https://brainly.com/question/26101335
#SPJ4
TRUE/FALSE the two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain
It is true that he two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain.
What is Neuron?
Neurons, also known as neurones or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system. They are the cells in charge of absorbing sensory information from the outside world, issuing motor commands to our muscles, and converting and relaying electrical impulses at each stage along the way.
Information is transmitted via neurons. Between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system, information is transmitted using electrical impulses and chemical signals.
Therefore, It is true that he two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain.
To learn more about Neuron
Here: https://brainly.com/question/11538106
#SPJ4
a deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in which one of the following? group of answer choices an increased ph in the intestinal lumen an increased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins a decreased formation of bile salt micelles increased levels of blood chylomicrons decreased amounts of fat in the stool
A deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in a decreased formation of bile-salt micelles.
The pancreas produces bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase and colipase, enzymes that degrade dietary lipids). Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid. The decreased production of bicarbonate will lead to a decrease of intestinal pH. Low levels of pancreatic lipase results in the decreased digestion of dietary triacylglycerols, this will lead to the formation of fewer bile salt micelles. The reduced pH will also interfere with the bile salts to effectively form micelles. Intestinal cells will have less substrate for chylomicron formation, and less fat soluble vitamins will be absorbed. Therefore, more dietary fat will be excreted in the feces. Thus, deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in a decreased formation of bile-salt micelles.
To learn more about pancreas visit the link- https://brainly.com/question/401066
#SPJ4
know of them as packrats. let's assume that the trait of bringing home shiny objects (h) is dominant to the trait of carrying home only dull objects (h). suppose two heterozygous individuals are crossed a: hh 1 b: hh 2 c: hh 1 what will be the genotypic ratio of the offspring? what will be the phenotypic ratio?
The genotypic ratio can be determined by calculating Punnett square ratios as 1:2:1. Consequently, these are the monohybrid cross-ratios: For a monohybrid cross, the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1. A 3:1 phenotypic ratio would be appropriate.
How can I determine the phenotypic ratio of a progeny?We examine the alleles of the parent organisms and predict the frequency at which those genes will be expressed by the offspring in order to determine a phenotypic ratio. nearly always.
What does the phenotypic 9 3 3 1 ratio mean?The ratio of 9:3:3:1 simply implies that nine of them are wild-type, or normal; six of them display one mutant and one normal character; three of them are normal for one trait while the other three are normal for the opposite trait; and one of them exhibits both mutant traits.
To know more about phenotypic ratio visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/11552649
#SPJ4
what is the appropriate order of test positivity with different types of laboratory tests following infection with hiv?
The appropriate order of test positivity with different types of laboratory tests following infection with hiv are HIV RNA comes after the HIV p24 antigen, then HIV antibody.
Even though HIV tests are very accurate, the virus cannot be found right away after infection. The sort of test performed will determine how quickly HIV can be detected. The three HIV testing methods are antibody, antigen/antibody, and nucleic acid assays (NAT). Antibody tests look for HIV antibodies in a person's blood or oral fluid. After exposure, it may take 23 to 90 days for an antibody test to show HIV. Antibody tests, which are also the quickest available tests, are the only HIV self-tests authorized by the FDA. HIV is often more difficult to detect using tests that require blood from a vein than it is with tests that use oral fluid or blood from a fingerstick. Antigen/antibody testing can identify both HIV antibodies and antigens. A person's immune system creates antibodies in response to viral exposure, such as HIV. An individual's immune system is triggered by foreign chemicals known as antigens.
To know more about HIV please refer: https://brainly.com/question/20890118
#SPJ4
a vaginal swab for anaerobic culture is received in the laboratory. how should this specimen be handled?
Answer:
The specimen should be rejected
Explanation:
Hope it helps!
Which of the following describes the role of proteins?
They produce the energy the cell needs to function.
They take the message of RNA back to the nucleus of the cell.
They lead to a particular function and trait in an organism.
They contain all the genetic information of an organism.
Answer:
I think it is the 3rd one
Explanation:
hope this helps
true or false? early dyes were extracted (taken) from various plants and other living creatures. true false
Answer:
Your answer would be TRUE
Explanation:
Early dyes were used to make coloured clothing such at denim or shirts. You're welcome, mate <3
1) Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a molecule that controls a
repressible operon?
A) The molecule binds to the promoter region and decreases the affinity of RNA polymerase for
the promoter.
B) The molecule binds to the operator region and blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to
the promoter.
C) The molecule increases the production of inactive repressor proteins.
D) The molecule binds to the repressor protein and activates it.
An operon is referred to as repressible if its transcription is typically on until a repressor protein inhibits it.The operator does not readily attach to the repressor protein.It must have the presence of the its corepressor because it is generated in an inactive state.
C) The chemical stimulates the synthesis of dormant repressor proteins.
What causes repressor protein production?As a result, in a functional group known as an operon, structural genes are connected to an operator gene.
In the end, a regulator gene that generates a little protein molecule is called a repressor regulates the operon's activity.
What triggers repressor activation?Repressor,an amino acid binds with met repressor and activates it when it is present.The repressor's presence just on DNA strand prevents RNA production,The repressor separates from the operator whenever the amino acid is absent, and RNA production continues.
to know more about DNA AND RNA visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29493400
#SPJ4
with age, the spine stiffens as a result of shrinkage of the intervertebral disc spaces, and the vertebrae become brittle. this increases the risk of
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) affects the discs that separate the bones of the spine. As it ages, the spine begins to show signs of wear as the discs dry out and shrink. These age-related changes can lead to arthritis, herniated disc, or spinal stenosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF INJURY: Falls and motor vehicle accidents are the most common mechanisms of injury among older adults. When evaluating an older patient who has multiple bruises in various stages of healing, the EMT should do all of the following EXCEPT: accuse a caregiver of physical abuse. You receive a call from a sick person. When he arrives, he finds the patient, a 75-year-old man, lying unconscious in his bed. Which of the following statements about a decreased level of consciousness in the elderly patient is correct? A decreased level of consciousness is not a normal part of the aging process. Falls are common and expensive, especially among Americans age 65 and older. But falls are preventable and don't have to be an inevitable part of aging. Every second of every day, an older adult (65+) falls in the US, making falls the leading cause of injury and injury death in this age group.
To learn more about herniated please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/29566791
#SPJ4
Which statement is a hypothesis?
A. Most of the earthworms moved to the shaded area during the experiment.
B. If an earthworm is given a choice it will move toward darkness rather than light.
C. Do earthworms prefer bright light or darkness?
D. The earthworms must all be the same species.
Answer:
The statement that is a hypothesis is B. If an earthworm is given a choice it will move toward darkness rather than light.
Explanation:
Hypotheses are usually in the form of if-then statements. B is the only statement with an "If" at the beginning. Hope this helped :)
Answer:
the answer is B.
Explanation:
a hypothesis is a prediction of the result of your experience before u preform the experiment
for a specific enzyme/substrate system, which condition will
always result in an increase in v0 (assuming nothing else
changes)?
An increase in v0 will always follow a decrease in Km and an increase in Vmax for a particular enzyme/substrate system.
A catalyst is a material that speeds up a chemical reaction without really being a reactant. Enzymes are the biological catalysts that drive biochemical reactions in living things. Most enzymes are proteins, however certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can also function as enzymes. Enzymes play a crucial role in reducing a reaction's activation energy, or the amount of energy required for the reaction to start. Enzyme/substrate system function by attaching to reactant molecules and holding them so that chemical bond-forming and bond-breaking processes proceed more quickly.
Learn more about enzyme/substrate system here
https://brainly.com/question/11370054
#SPJ4
What does it mean to say that parasitism and other species interactions are dynamic?.
Depending on alterations in the environment, the nature of the relationship may change over time.
What does it mean when someone says that a parasite is one?When one species outcompetes the other, often without really damaging the host organism, it is referred to as "parasitism" between the two plants or animals.
Why is the relationship between two species caused by parasitism harmful?A good illustration of how species interactions are integrated is parasitism. The majority of the time, parasites do not directly cause the death of their hosts, but rather greatly weaken them, increasing their susceptibility to disease, metabolic problems, general ill health, and predation.
To know more about parasitism visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/22589174
#SPJ4
wallerian degeneration . answer unselected describes the breakdown on the soma distal to the site of an injury unselected describes the breakdown of schwann cells distal to the site of an injury unselected describes the breakdown of astrocytes distal to the site of an injury unselected describes the breakdown on an axon distal to the site of injury
This research interestingly showed that the events that cause axon destruction do in fact morphologically resemble Wallerian degeneration in mammals: Severed axons remain intact for a defined latent phase of 6–8 h, then exhibit beading and cytoskeletal breakdown, and finally undergo complete fragmentation.
Similar to this, adult Drosophila brain primary cultures' PDF+ CNS axons that were cut showed degeneration within a day (Ayaz et al. 2008).
But looking at how WldS modifies disease models can provide some hints. There are two other theories for how damage causes Wallerian degeneration: either a prod generation signal produced at the location of the lesion (for example, calcium influx via the cut end) or the absence of a prosurvival signal coming from the cell body.
Learn more about to Wallerian degeneration visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/10071979
#SPJ4
pathways that transmit information from internal organs to the brain are called , whereas pathways that transmit information from proprioceptors and the body wall are called
pathways that transmit information from internal organs to the brain are called viscerosensory, whereas pathways that transmit information from proprioceptors and the body wall are called somatosensory.
The somatosensory system transmits information from sensory receptors in the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles, allowing one to perceive and respond to stimuli arising from the external environment as well as from the position or movement of the body. The viscerasensory, or internal organs, provide visceral sensory input. Sensory neurons monitor the heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder so that the CNS can regulate them. Proprioceptors are sensory receptors found deep in tissues (such as skeletal or heart muscle, tendons, the gastrointestinal wall, or the carotid sinus) that function in proprioception (as in response to changes in physical tension or chemical condition within the body).
Learn more about somatosensory here:
https://brainly.com/question/7331754
#SPJ4
Use the mohs hardness to answer the following question
Emerald has a hardness of 7.5 -8. Which two materials could scratch emerald?
Answer:
diamond and corundum
Explanation:
diamond has a hardness of 10 and corundum has a hardness of 9, both are higher than 8
1. Which of the following is a general feature of kinases? (13% answered correctly) A. NONE OF THESE B. The catalyzed reaction must be protected from water C. ALL OF THESE D. Kinases convert aldoses to ketoses E Phosphoryl groups are transferred from AMP to an acceptor
B. The catalyzed reaction must be protected from water is a general feature of kinases.
What are kinases?
Kinases are the enzymes that facilitate the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Other molecules in the cell might change their state and become active or inactive as a result. Numerous cell processes involve kinases. Certain kinases that are connected to cancer are the focus of some cancer treatments.
The enzymes known as kinases are responsible for catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy molecules like ATP that can donate phosphate to particular substrates. This method is known as phosphorylation. Kinases are members of the phosphotransferase family of enzymes.
For more questions like Kinases click the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/28198626
#SPJ4
describe how modeling the evolution of the fully developed eye can be seen as an overall model of the process of evolution by natural selection.
Early eyes may have been simple eyespots that could only distinguish between light and dark. Later, some animals developed spherical eyes that could focus light onto an image.
Critical to the eyes that form these images was the development of lenses that could focus the light. The complex human eye may have evolved through natural selection acting on small changes, from simple patches of light-sensitive cells to producing sharp images. Not in an obvious way, but possible further intermediates were certainly advantageous. Many scientists are fascinated by studying the evolution of the eye because the eye is a clear example of similar organs found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, protozoa, plants and animals. This review traces the evolution of vision from a putative origin in cyanobacteria to humans. Circadian clocks, phototropism, and phototaxis require the ability to detect light. Photosensory proteins allow us to reconstruct the molecular phylogenetic tree.
To know more about Circadian clocks, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14300618?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
How much did Venice pay to build the MOSE?
The cost of the MOSE project is estimated at €5,496 million, €1.3 billion more than the original estimate.
MOSE will cost about $8 billion to build, and in its first year, reports say it will cost $328,000 each, nearly double the original estimate.
MOSES is effective in preventing flooding caused by 'acqua alta' flooding. Saved Venice from 120cm of flooding earlier this week.
Venice is being seriously threatened at an alarming rate by rising sea levels and land subsidence. The MOSE project will prevent the Venetian Lagoon from submerging in the Adriatic Sea and prevent the famous city of Venice and its surrounding areas from being flooded.
Learn more Mose Project in Venice at :
https://brainly.com/question/376587
Correct Question?
What were the actual cost of the Mose Project in Venice and the Estimated cost of the Project?
write the two hardy-weinberg equations for a trimorphic gene, the equation for allele frequency and the equation for phenotype frequencies of individuals.
The two Hardy-Weinberg formulations for a trimorphic gene are, respectively, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and Phenotype = genotype + development, which expresses the frequency of alleles and the frequency of phenotypes in an individual.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, describes allele frequency & how these alleles are divided into genotypes within a population. The two variables p and q stand in for the genotypes, whereas p2, 2pq, and q2 stand in for the alleles.
The total number of phenotypic categories will be equal to (2n + 1) if n represents the total of gene pairs.
Phenotype describes how DNA manifests physically. The physical traits that are present in a population are easily described by the phenotypic ratio. A ratio called phenotype frequency measures how frequently a specific feature occurs in a population throughout one generation.
Learn more about Hardy-Weinberg equations at
https://brainly.com/question/29315680?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
course hero what are homologous features? explain why they are important in biological classification, and give an example of a homologous feature.
They point to linkages in evolution. One such instance is the humerus bone, which is present in all vertebrates with limbs and was passed down from the ancestor of all vertebrates with limbs (an early amphibian).
What is the humerus bone and what does it do?The bone in your upper arm between your elbow and shoulder is called the humerus. Its primary job is to give your shoulder support and a wide range of arm movements.
What makes the humerus significant?The humerus supports the arm structurally and serves as the place at which numerous significant upper body muscles, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles, insert.
To know more about homologous features visit;
https://brainly.com/question/28297468?
#SPJ4
After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.
The epididymis is where the sperm travel to finish developing. Sperm then travel to the vas deferens.
In what order do sperm flow through quizlet?Spermiogenesis occurs at e:. What is the sequence in which sperm moves through these organs as it travels from the testicles. the proximal part of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla.
Which component of the male reproductive system acts as a conduit for the sperm as it travels from the testes to the seminal vesicle?The stiff, spaghetti-sized vas deferens is responsible for carrying sperm from the epididymis. From each epididymis, one of these ducts travels to the prostate's back where it connects with one of the two seminal vesicles.
To know more about sperm flow visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/14395184
#SPJ4
totemism is the belief system in which . nature itself is considered sacred a tribe is organized strictly along kinship lines clans adopt plants or animals as their sacred symbol it is taboo to eat any animals
Totemism is the belief system in which clans adopt plants or animals as their sacred symbol.
Totemism, machine of notion wherein human beings are stated to have kinship or a magical dating with a spirit-being, along with an animal or plant. The entity, or totem, is concept to engage with a given relations institution or an man or woman and to function their logo or symbol. A totem might be a grizzly bear/oak tree/catfish, or a flag, a totem way lots to the humans it represents. unique layout or visible item representing a quality, type, group, etc.
Therefore, totemism is a system where clans adopts plants/animals.
To learn more about animals check the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/25897306
#SPJ4
you are called to the scene of the crime as a forensic entomologist. you find an insect species on the corpse that is not native to the area. what could this mean?
When discovered by forensic entomologists, insect species not endemic to the area were found in the carcasses.
This means that the corpse was not assigned to a specific area, the person was killed or died somewhere and is now dumped here.
Forensic entomology is the study of insects or arthropods in criminal investigations. Even in the early stages, insects are attracted to damaged bodies and can lay eggs. This test method is commonly applied by calculating the age of corpse-eating insects and analyzing larval necrophages to estimate the time of death (post-mortem interval), changes in corpse position, and cause of death. increase.
In biology, the species is the basic unit of classification, the taxonomic rank of organisms, and the unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sex or mating type can produce fertile offspring, usually through sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behavior, or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of chronospecies because they cannot study fossil reproduction.
Learn more about species from:
https://brainly.com/question/13259455
#SPJ4
The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the.
The flexibility of the smooth muscles allows the arteries to sustain a rapid, significant rise in pressure.
What makes an artery resilient to pressure?They have an outer layer of collagen and a thick wall to prevent the artery from rupturing under the intense pressure. In order to maintain pulse flow, the artery wall also has an inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers.
What property makes arteries resistant to high pressure?The aorta and pulmonary arteries, which are the closest to the heart, are elastic arteries because they have much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries do. The elastic arteries' ability to maintain a relatively constant pressure gradient despite the heart's continuous pumping is due to this property.
To know more about arteries visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/12681967
#SPJ4
Meiosis produces four haploid cells from a single cell. If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis ii, ___________ of the four haploid cells after meiosis ii will have _______ chromosomes.
Following meiosis II, the four haploid cells will have 23 chromosomes.
What procedure resulted in four haploid cells?Starting with a single diploid cell and ending with four haploid cells, meiosis entails two nuclear and cell divisions without an interphase in between. The four stages of each division—meiosis I and meiosis II—are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
How many haploid cells are generated during meiosis?Therefore, meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that are each genetically distinct and have half the DNA of the parent cell (Figure below). The parent cell of a human cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), hence the cells created during meiosis have 23. Gametes will develop from these cells.
To know more about meiosis visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/29383386
#SPJ4
once the hummingbird dna is cloned, we have the problem of finding the piece of dna that holds our gene of interest. explain how nucleic acid hybridization will accomplish this task.
The capacity of the gene's DNA to base-pair with a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule is utilized in nucleic acid hybridization to identify the gene's DNA.
What is nucleic acid hybridization?
Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA during the process known as hybridization (or hybridisation) in molecular biology. Under physiological settings, a double-stranded DNA sequence is typically stable, but altering these conditions in the lab will cause the molecules to break into single strands. In addition to being complimentary to one another, these strands might also be complementary to other sequences in the area. The single-stranded molecules are able to "hybridize" or anneal to one another when the environment's temperature is lowered.
Nucleotide hybridization is essential for DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA, as well as for molecular biology methods including Southern and Northern blots, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the majority of DNA sequencing methods.
To learn more about nucleic acid hybridization from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/4158091
#SPJ4
Which tissue type forms binding supporting and transporting structures and usually contains collagen for strength.
Collagen, which gives muscle tissue its strength, also produces structures that are binding, supporting, and transporting.
What kind of tissue provides binding and support?In addition to holding structures together and providing support for organs and the body as a whole, connective tissues also function to repair damaged tissues, store fat, transport substances, and defend against disease. They exist everywhere over the body.
What type of connective tissue contains the most collagen?In comparison to loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue includes more collagen fibers. Fibers are arranged in tidy, parallel bundles in dense regular connective tissue, It contains collagen fibers as well as elastic fibers, both of which offer excellent tensile strength and elasticity in one direction.
To know more about collagen visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/28207973
#SPJ4
the most common complication of pregnancy is: group of answer choices gestational diabetes preeclampsia severe nausea and weight loss caused by hyperemesis gravidarum ectopic pregnancy
The most common complication of pregnancy among all the choices is severe nausea and weight loss caused by hyperemesis gravidarum.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a type of nausea and vomiting that occurs during pregnancy. It is like a severe version of morning sickness, with symptoms including severe nausea and feeling faint and dizzy, especially when waking up.
When it happens, the patient usually needs to be hospitalized and treated with IV fluids and anti-nausea medication. That's because persistent vomiting can lead to dehydration and weight loss. If not treated, hyperemesis can have long-term effects on both the mother and the child.
Learn more about hyperemesis at https://brainly.com/question/4609334
#SPJ4
Yeast cells can carry out both fermentation and cellular respiration, depending on whether oxygen is present. In which case would you expect yeast cells to grow more rapidly? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Because they can do aerobic cellular respiration, yeast would expand more quickly in the presence of oxygen. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration), in contrast to aerobic cellular respiration, only generates 2 ATP molecules.
_________________
Hope this helps you!
Have a great day!
consider a negatively charged protein adsorbed on anion-exchange gel at ph 8. (a) how will a gradient from ph 8 to some lower ph be use- ful for eluting the protein?
As the pH falls, the protein becomes protonated, which lessens the intensity of the negative charge. With time, protein retention gets weaker.
Ion exchange chromatography is used to separate ionizable substances based on their overall charge. This method allows the separation of similar types of molecules that would be difficult to separate by other methods because the charge carried by the target molecule may be easily regulated by changing buffer pH.
Ion exchange chromatography is widely used to separate charged biological components such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, or nucleotides. Amino acids protein , which are zwitterionic compounds with chemical groups that are both positively and negatively charged, are the building blocks of protein. Depending on the pH of their environment, proteins might have a net positive charge, a net negative charge, or no charge at all. The pH level where there is no net charge on a molecule is known as its isoelectric point, or pI.
To learn more about protein, refer:-
brainly.com/question/28751921
#SPJ4