The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by its DNA sequence, therefore two organisms that share a gene ought to have similar or even identical amino acid sequences. That's because recently in evolutionary history, closely similar species most likely diverged from one another.
By counting the number of differences between two species' DNA or amino acid sequences, molecular clocks can be used to assess how closely two species are related. Sometimes referred to as gene clocks or evolutionary clocksThe methods used by biologists to ascertain the arrangement of amino acids in proteins have been refined. Evolutionary relationships that might otherwise go undiscovered might be discovered by comparing the amino acid sequences in homologous proteins of comparable and varied animals.A protein may differ depending on the changes in the amino acid chains (in shape and function). It may change the trait they are coded for. For instance, if the amino acid sequence is altered, the protein might not function properly. It might result in constructive, negative, or neutral changes.
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How could you increase the rate of cyclosis in
plant cells?
Answer: By adding growth hormone.
Explanation: Cyclosis also known as protoplasm streaming. By the help of this movement cells are enable to get oxygen and nutrients. Cyclosis is regulated by various factors including, temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, light, cellular injury, cellular shock etc.
Addition of growth hormone 'Auxin' increases the cyclosis i.e. rate of the movement of protoplasm.
Around the mid-1850s, Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered pea plants with true-breeding white-flowered pea plants. The results of his research provided us with the basic principles of heredity. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Reset Help once Every gene is a sequence of at a specific position along a chromosome called a homologous pairs twice Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent that form alleles genes The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented in a diploid cell. DNA nucleotides locus Variations in inherited characteristics is due to the presence of which are alternative versions of
Every gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides located at a certain location along a chromosome.
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent and forming homologous pairs.
A chromosomal pair's homologs share the same genetic locus. As a result, in a diploid cell, each genetic location is represented twice.
The pure breed purple flowered plant's genotype will be PP. The pure breed white flowered plant's genotype will be pp. As a result, the dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio will be 1:0.
Mendel observed a dominant to recessive ratio of 3:1 when he set up a Parental (P) hybrid between true breeding purple and white flowered plants to develop the F1 and then allowed the F1 to self-pollinate to generate the F2.
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jim was in a car accident and suffered damage to the posterior ramus of several spinal nerves in his lumbar region. what problems might he experience as a result?
sufferes both posterior ramus of several spinal nerves in his lumbar region
Anesthetists must have a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve (PRSN) in order to efficiently and securely administer a facet joint block. The lateral branch and medial branch are the PRSN's two primary beginning branches, according to the major anatomy textbooks. 1–4 However, the explanation of PRSN anatomy can be a bit hazy in some textbooks. 5–11 This lack of interest reflects the conventional anatomical belief that these nerves are of no clinical importance. These nerves have, however, received more clinical attention over the past 30 years, both in the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain as well as in the comprehension of disability following spinal surgery. Textbooks on anatomy have not evolved to reflect this interest.
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Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel, or blended with petroleum-derived diesel (petrodiesel) in any percentage. Such blends are referred to as BXX wherein XX stands for the percentage by volume of biodiesel in the blend.
B20—a blend of 20% by volume ____________: 80% by volume ________________— has demonstrated significant environmental benefits (fewer harmful emissions) with a minimum increase in cost.
A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from petroleum is biodiesel.
Describe biodiesel ?A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from petroleum is biodiesel (hereafter referred to as "petrodiesel").A lye catalyst, methyl or ethyl alcohol, and the feedstock oil (often soybean oil in the United States) are combined to create biodiesel (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide).The glycerin is separated from the fatty acid molecules of the feedstock oil during the transesterification process, and each fatty acid molecule then joins an alcohol molecule.Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines that complies with ASTM D 6751 specifications and is made from natural oils like soybean oil.To ensure proper performance, fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced in accordance with ASTM D6751, which is a strict industry standard.To learn more about biodiesel refer to:
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quasars emit significant amounts of radiation from the lyman-alpha transition. when the spectrum is observed on earth, it is found that the lyman-alpha line is accompanied by many absorption lines, called the lyman-alpha forest. what is the origin of these lines?
The Lyman-alpha absorption strains withinside the quasar spectra end result from intergalactic gas by which the galaxy or quasar's mild has traveled.
Infalling gas found, star-forming galaxies probable number one electricity supply of Lyman-alpha radiation emitted from big H₂ gas blobs. Billions of lightyears away, big clouds of hydrogen gas produce a unique sort of radiation, a form of ultraviolet mild referred to as Lyman-alpha emissions. The Lyman-alpha absorption strains withinside the quasar spectra end result from intergalactic gas by which the galaxy or quasar's mild has traveled.
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The meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain. CSF is a liquid found within the meninges that help to protect and cushion the brain, increasing its buoyancy. If a tear occurs in the meninges, CSF will begin to leak, leading to:
By offering defense, sustenance, and waste elimination, CSF benefits the brain. The neuroaxis is protected hydromechanically by CSF.
What part does CSF play in the brain?The tissue that lines the ventricles (empty spaces) in the brain produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, seen in blue). It moves through and around the brain and spinal cord to protect them from harm and supply nutrition.
Does the brain receive buoyancy support from CSF?CSF protects the neuroaxis hydromechanically in two different ways. First, CSF works as a cushion, protecting the brain from the skull. Second, CSF makes the brain and spinal cord buoyant, lowering the brain's effective weight from its usual 1,500 grams to a much smaller 50 grams.
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, in bacterial cells, the translation of blank can begin as soon as the blank of it peels away from the dna template. in eukaryotic cells, however, transcription and translation are separated in space and time as a result of the eukaryotic cell's
The transcription and translation processes in a bacterial cell are linked and occur concurrently in the cell's cytoplasm.
However, in eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and the mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation after numerous post-transcriptional changes.
The answer is incorrect.
In general, translation is separated into three stages: start, elongation, and termination . The binding of a particular initiator methionyl tRNA and the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit is the initial step of the initiation stage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
After the assembly of initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi), mRNA, and separated 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits into an 80S ribosome with Met-tRNAi positioned at the ribosomal P site at the initiation codon, translation of mRNA into protein starts.
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Full Question
In bacterial cells, the translation of mRNA can begin as soon as the leading 5’ end of the mRNA molecule peels away from the DNA template. This coupling can be used for eukaryotic cells as well: True / False
Which of the following occurs during anaphase?
chromosomes condense and become visible
cell membrane divides
chromatids pull towards opposite poles of the cell
nuclear membrane forms
Suppose that the mean systolic blood pressure for women over age seventy is 132 mmlig (millimeters of mercury), with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. Suppose that the blood pressures are normally distributed Complete the following statements (a) Approximately? mmlig and 139 mmHg. . of women over seventy have blood pressures between 125 (b) Approximately 95% of women over seventy have blood pressures between and mm mmHg 1 x 5 ?
From the data given in the question:
Approximately 65% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHgApproximately 95% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between and 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.The mean value for systolic blood pressure is 132 mmHg and with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. So, the proportion of women who have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHg is
P (125 < x < 139)
125 = 132-7
139 = 132 + 7
By empirical rule, about 68% of the data lies within 1 standard deviation of the average of about 68% of women.
132 - 2*7 = 118
132 + 2*7 = 146
About 95% of women over 70 years have a bp between 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.
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Compare antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin (Amoxil) to amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin). Adding a beta-lactamase inhibitor, like clavulanate, increases coverage against:A. Gram negative and anaerobic pathogensB. Gram positive pathogensC. MRSA
Augmentin (amoxicillin / clavulanate) is an antibiotic that contains both amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate. It is used to treat several bacterial illnesses. Amoxil (amoxicillin) is a penicillin antibiotic that is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections.
Augmentin can cure the same germs as amoxicillin, but it is also effective against other more difficult-to-treat diseases, such as: Infections of the sinuses. Infections of the ears. Bacterial infections linked to COPD.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as doxycycline, azithromycin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, mupirocin, and fluoroquinolones, target a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, whereas narrow-spectrum antibiotics, such as vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and sarecycline, target a narrow range of clinically important bacteria.
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quizlet you cross a true-breeding, red-flowered snapdragon with a true-breeding, white-flowered one. all of the f1 are pink. what does this say about the parental traits?
what does this say about the parenting style . Red displays partial dominance over white.
In genetics, dominance refers to a gene's (allele's) greater impact over another gene that affects the same inherited trait. The T allele (and the attribute of tallness) is said to be entirely dominant if a pea plant with the alleles T and t (T = tallness, t = shortness) is the same height as a TT person. It is said that T is partially or incompletely dominant if the T t individual is shorter than the T T but still taller than the t t individual. This means that T has a greater influence than t but does not completely mask t, which is said to be recessive.
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Thermogenesis has been studied the plants in the genus Arum, including skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. In these plants, what hypotheses have been provided to explain the reason behind thermogenesis? Select ALL that apply
a) protection from frost damage
b) leaf production and photosynthesis.
c) seed germination.
d) heat source for pollinators
c) pollinator attraction.
Answer:
a,b,c
Explanation:
Protection from frost damage, leaf production and photosynthesis along with seed germination explain the reason behind thermogenesis.
What is thermogenesis?
The process through which organisms produce heat is known as thermogenesis. All warm-blooded creatures experience it, and a few thermogenic plant species including the Eastern skunk cabbage, the Voodoo lily, and the huge water lilies of the genus Victoria also experience it.
One of the primary purposes of transpiration, which serves as the upper terminal mover of the water circulation in plant systems, is thermoregulation. It establishes a constant water flow from the plant's root system to its leaves and other vegetative organs, uniting them into one whole.
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What is the conflict at the heart of the hero’s life as they know it and their eventual destiny? how do frodo baggins and katniss everdeen exemplify this stage of the hero’s journey? cite evidence from the text to explain.
He is aware that the conflict that drives the hero's existence and determines his ultimate fate forces the hero to embark on an adventure
As he knows, the hero's ultimate fate and the conflict at the center of his existence invite the hero into an adventure and ask him to leave the regular world in pursuit of anything that creates conflict.They may be able to ignore the phone at first, but they soon realize that something vital is at risk.The protagonist is in the normal world during exposure, generally in his or her hometown or native environment.The term "hero journey" refers to the tale of a figure on a quest for a certain destination. The protagonist's journey reveals all of the experiences the character had while pursuing his goals and how they shaped his character and personality.To learn more about existence please click on below link
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Which of the following best describes the structure of hemoglobin? Select all that apply.
a. Globin molecules contain iron.
b. Hemoglobin consists of four globin molecules.
c. Hemoglobin consists of two globin molecules.
d. Each globin molecule associates with numerous heme groups.
e. Each globin molecule surrounds a heme group.
f. Heme groups contain iron.
Option B,E,F. Each of the four globin molecules cells that make up hemoglobin encircles an iron-containing heme group. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin. It is made up of two distinct protein pairs called the and chains.
The and chains of hemoglobin contain 141 and 146 amino acids, respectively. Each component is covalently connected to a heme molecule, just like in myoglobin. Red blood cells include hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissue cells.
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Who is Gregor Mendel
Answer:
Explanation:
the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, the acknowledged father of genetics, Mendel developed three principles of inheritance that described the transmission of genetic traits.
Answer: Gregor Mendel is the Father of Genetics. He is well-known for his work with breeding and cultivating pea plants, using them to gather data about dominant and recessive genes.
Explanation: Hope this was helpful
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which cells migrate to the gonads, where they differentiate into immature cells that will eventually become sperm or oocytes?
Primordial Germ Cells , cells migrate to the gonads.
What is Primordial Germ Cells?
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized precursors of gametes, which after meiosis grow into haploid sperm and eggs that give rise to a new creature when fertilized. PGC clusters first appear in early embryos of several animal species. PGCs are distinct from other cells because they are larger than the surrounding cells and positive for the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and glycogen. PGCs ensure a species' survival by passing along genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. Although almost all animals reserve their germ cells during early development, there is no universally shared mechanism for the determination of germ cells.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are a type of embryonic cell that develop into gametes by migrating to gonadal precursors. PGCs are distinguished from somatic cells early in the embryogenesis process in many mammals. These cells serve as helpful models for investigations on cell motility since they travel to gonadal precursors before forming gonads. They are significant for research on development and reproduction. Comparable to somatic cells, primordial germ cells differ morphologically.
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which bone is developed by endochondral ossification? temporal temporal parietal parietal scapula scapula clavicle
Temporal bone is developed by endochondral ossification.
Endochondral ossification is one of two essential processes that produce bone tissue during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system. Unlike intramembranous ossification, the other process by which bone tissue is produced, endochondral ossification involves the presence of cartilage.
This procedure involves replacing hyaline cartilage with bone. It begins with the differentiation of mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. Chondrocytes proliferate quickly and secrete an extracellular matrix to form the bone cartilage model.
This is the most common way for bones to form. The femur, tibia, vertebrae, and metacarpals are some examples. The process begins in ossification centers in the embryonic skeleton and continues into the late adolescent years.
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What is the total number of atp molecules produced through cellular respiration per molecule of glucose?.
Cellular respiration in a eukaryotic cell can convert one glucose molecule into 30 to 32 ATP.
Is ATP 36 or ATP 38 produced?36 ATP molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle. Thus, a total of 38 ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration, with 2 of those molecules forming outside of the mitochondria.
ATP 30 or 32: Why?Depending on the kind of cell we are considering, the number varies. Malate-aspartate shuttle-using cells, such as those in the heart or liver, produce 32 ATP molecules per glucose, whereas glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle-using cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, produce 30 ATP molecules.
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What structures did you note at the caudal end of your pig specimen?.
jessie has elevated levels of triacylglycerides and fatty acids and normal levels of cholesterol. however, there is no evidence of ketone body formation. which statement best explains jessie's test results?
The statement which best explains Jessie's test results is b)She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she recently ate a large meal. So, option b is correct.
A fatty substance (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester gotten from glycerol and three unsaturated fats (from tri-and glyceride).[1] Fatty oils are the fundamental constituents of muscle versus fat in people and different vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat. They are likewise present in the blood to empower the bidirectional transaction of fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a significant part of human skin oils.
Many kinds of fatty substances exist. One explicit grouping centers around soaked and unsaturated sorts. Immersed fats have no C=C gatherings; unsaturated fats highlight at least one C=C gatherings. Unsaturated fats will generally have a lower melting point than immersed analogs; subsequently, they are in many cases fluid at room temperature.
Hence, option b is correct.
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(Complete question) is:
Jessie has elevated levels of triacylglycerides and fatty acids and normal levels of cholesterol. However, there is no evidence of ketone body formation. Which statement best explains Jessie's test results?
a)She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she is obese.
b) She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she recently ate a large meal.
c)She does not produce ketone bodies due to her athleticism
d)She does not produce ketone bodies because of her vegan diet.
e) She does not produce ketone bodies due to a metabolic impairment. MacBook Air
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid bodies stimulate the respiratory control center in the brain when the blood __________ decreases.
Chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies are responsible for detecting variations in blood oxygen levels. The chemoreceptors react when oxygen levels fall.
What kind of thing does the body's chemoreceptors measure and react to?Arteriovenous chemoreceptors, which monitor and react to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood, and central chemoreceptors in the brain, which react to changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in their immediate environment, are the two different types of respiratory chemoreceptors.
What chemoreceptors detect CO2 and pH?ASICs are specific chemoreceptors that measure blood carbon dioxide levels. To achieve this, they keep an eye on the amount of hydrogen ions, which lower blood's pH.
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about 12,000 years ago climate conditions were changing and humans spent more time fishing and collecting plant foods. the big game animals were less numerous and hunting became more a solitary activity. this new way of life marks the beginning of the:
Hunting and other new ways of life mark the mesolithic age.
Give a brief description of the mesolithic age.
Between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic is the Old World archaeological period known as the Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age. Particularly outside of northern Europe and for the equivalent time in the Levant and Caucasus, the word "Epipaleolithic" is frequently used synonymously.
Smaller chipped stone tools replaced larger chipped stone stools as the preferred seating option (microliths). Hunting big herds of animals in packs gave way to a more hunter-gatherer way of life. As the Mesolithic Age came to a conclusion, people started cultivating crops and engaging in animal husbandry, which is the controlled raising of domestic animals for food and other purposes. The Mesolithic Age saw the production of a variety of pottery in some parts of the world. The dogs were domesticated during the Mesolithic Age.
Hence, the answer is the mesolithic age.
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which term best matches the type of stimulation of a muscle may receive which does not produce noticeable contraction?
Stimulation is the promotion of growth or, more broadly, the cause of activity.As an illustration, "The press stimulates political conversation."Regardless of how it affects the senses physically, an interesting or enjoyable activity can be referred to as "stimulating".
Which two kind of stimulation are there?Stimuli might be internal or external.One example of an external stimulus is how a drug impacts your body.Changes in your vital signs brought on by a shift in your body is an example of an internal stimulus.
What are the four stimuli for the touch sense?The four fundamental sensations of pressure, heat, cold, and pain are reacted to by various combinations of the many nerve endings that are implanted in our skin.Only pressure, however, has unique receptors of its own.Our capacity to perceive the locations and motions of various body parts is known as proprioception.
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in a 1x1-meter excavation unit you find the remains of two human skeletons along with the antler of an antelope. how can you attempt to date these skeletons? group of answer choices you can research the antler bone to find out which species it belongs to and then use faunal dating. you can take soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period. you can assume the humans ate the antelope and find out when humans in this area began to eat meat. since they are all found in a single layer you can use stratigraphy.
I attempt to date the given skeletons by b)taking soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period. So, correct option is B.
Dating methods are methodology utilized by researchers to decide the time of rocks, fossils, or relics. Relative dating techniques tell provided that one example is more established or more youthful than another; outright dating strategies give a rough date in years.
The last option have by and large been accessible just starting around 1947. Many outright dating procedures exploit radioactive rot, by which a radioactive type of a component rots into a non-radioactive item at a normal rate. Others, for example, amino corrosive racimization and cation-proportion dating, depend on synthetic changes in the natural or inorganic creation of an example.
Lately, a couple of these strategies have come under detailed examination as researchers endeavor to foster the most potential exact dating procedures.
Hence, correct option is B.
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(Complete question) is:
In a 1x1-meter excavation unit you find the remains of two human skeletons along with the antler of an antelope. how can you attempt to date these skeletons? group of answer choices
a)you can research the antler bone to find out which species it belongs to and then use faunal dating.
b)you can take soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period.
c) you can assume the humans ate the antelope and find out when humans in this area began to eat meat. since they are all found in a single layer you can use stratigraphy.
in a deletion mapping experiment, an individual homozygous for a recessive mutation in the gene to be mapped is crossed to an individual heterozygous for a deletion, and the resulting offspring are all wild type. what is the most correct interpretation for these results?
True, the deleted region does not contain the gene. A gene located outside of the deleted regions would always be heterozygous for the wild-type allele and would not be expressed.
Alleles A and B share a chromosome. A deletion mapping experiment involves crossing an individual homozygous for a recessive mutation in the gene to be mapped with an individual heterozygous for a deletion, and the offspring are all wild type. The presence of two distinct alleles at a specific gene locus. A heterozygous genotype may comprise with one single nucleotide and one mutated genotype, or 2 separate mutated alleles.
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EX 1. In a village, a campaign against snakes was launched in which about all the snakes were killed. The farmers of that region were troubled by rats that year. Explain.
PLEASE HELP ME 65 POINTS
What sequence of exercises should you follow when training all major muscle groups in a workout?.
The optimum order to exercise the muscles for a total-body strength workout is to start with the hip and leg muscles, then the upper back and chest muscles, then the arms, abdominal, low back, and neck muscles. As long as each muscle group is worked out to the right degree of intensity,
Does it matter what sequence you perform your exercises?Always start with the trickiest moves. Maintaining form throughout your workout is important, and performing these routines early on when your muscles are still at their strongest will help you in the long run.
What does a balanced exercise plan entail?Five aspects of good health are balanced by fitness training. Make sure to incorporate flexibility, balance training, core exercises, and aerobic fitness into your routine.
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define organismal development and describe what occurs in each of the four processes responsible for it.
Organism development is basically biological development. It is the progressive changes in shape, size, and function during the life of an organism. By these, its genetic potentials (genotype) are translated into functioning mature systems (phenotype).
What are the sub processes of development?
The four essential processes of development of an organism are Cell division, cell differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis.
Cell division- the fertilized egg/ zygote undergoes cell division in order to produce a new individual. Early development is mostly made of growth rather than development.Cell differentiation- In cell division, changes in the gene expression happen, creating differences between cells that will lead to cell specialization.Pattern formation- Cells in development have to prepare and become ready for the body form in which the embryo will develop.Morphogenesis- The development continues and the form of the body (organs,etc) begins to really come together.Therefore, organism development is basically just the biological development of an organism.
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Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?.
After a week in the mountains, we would expect Mara adapts to the higher altitude by decreasing PO₂ in her alveoli. the correct answer is D.
Mara resides in St. Louis, a city close to the ocean. During her summer vacation, she intends to spend a month working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, we would predict that Mara will acclimate to the higher altitude by having decreased PO2 in her alveoli.
It produces Following a month of acclimatization to the higher altitude, Mara typically displays regular oxygen absorption, increased ventilation, more basic hypoxic ventilation, larger lung volumes, greater diffusing capacities, and increased blood pressure.
The barometric pressure continuously decreases at altitude, which poses challenges for the human body and results in a number of important physiological processes that aid in maintaining and controlling tissue oxygenation. It causes the body's physiological responses, including an increase in hematocrit. The development of systemic hypertension is influenced by altitude with a relatively low oxygen content, which has a substantial impact on the cardiovascular system and blood pressure control. Another element of the pulmonary response to acute altitude exposure is hyperventilation, which is done in an effort to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation.
The complete question is:
Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?
A) decreased hematocrit
B) decreased blood pressure
C) decreased alveolar ventilation rate
D) decreased PO2 in the alveoli
E) All of the answers are correct.
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