Ice cream melting in the pocket is a physical change that can be undone to return to its original state.
What is a physical and chemical change?
The nature of the substance, the particles that make up it, and the quantity of particles all remain unaltered during a physical change. When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, the new substance's properties differ from the original, as do the particles and the number of particles.
PHYSICAL CHANGES
A physical change does not create any new substance and is only temporary (it can be undone in some circumstances, such as when cutting paper).
Typically, very little heat or light is absorbed or released.
A physical change does not cause a substance's mass to change.
CHEMICAL CHANGES
A permanent change occurs when a new material is created during a chemical reaction ( is usually irreversible)
Many heat or light rays are absorbed or emitted.
A chemical change does cause a substance's mass to change.
Ice cream melting in the pocket is therefore a physical transformation that can be undone to return it to its original state.
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cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, c. what is the probability that two people who are carriers for cystic fibrosis will have a child who is also a carrier?
If both parents have the recessive allele then the offspring will have a 1 in 4, or 25 percent chance of being affected with cystic fibrosis.
In the absence of a dominant allele, a recessive allele is a type of genetic coding that has no impact on phenotype. The more pronounced effects of the dominant allele in a recessive relationship between two alleles obscure the effects of the recessive allele. An allele is a particular variation of a gene or a particular DNA fragment. Different alleles generate a somewhat different set of proteins with various functions. If the results of a dominant allele are unpleasant in the environment that a population is living in, natural selection may select a recessive allele.
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he activity asks you to identify potential targets of antimicrobial drugs by dragging labels to the target. drag the following labels to the appropriate antimicrobial target in the diagram. view available hint(s)for part a
Antimicrobial drugs have been developed to target five bacterial targets: cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and intermediary metabolism.
Antimicrobials are medications that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. They include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics.
Cell wall synthesis
Overview of the cell wall The bacterial cell wall monomer lipid II is synthesized inside the cytoplasm and then flipped outward by the transporter MurJ.
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis refers to the process through which cells produce proteins. Transcription and translation are the two phases. Transcription is the process by which genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. It is divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template and is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA initiates transcription.
Intermediary metabolism.
The subfield of biochemistry traditionally concerned with the vast and highly integrated network of biochemical reactions that provides cells with forms of energy for immediate use (i.e., metabolic energy), reducing power, and biosynthetic intermediates is known as intermediary metabolism.
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what is the reading frame? be able to translate mrna into amino acids (a codon chart will be provided)
A reading frame is one of three different approaches to reading a nucleotide sequence. Say we have the DNA sequence acttagccgggacta, which consists of 15 base pairs. Starting with the first letter, "a," also known as the first reading frame, we can begin to translate or read the DNA.
How to spot an open reading frame Finding the sequence that corresponds to a start codon will help you identify the reading frame; it will be ATG. until a stop codon is reached, read this sequence in base triplets.
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there are several ways the immune system can defend the body against pathogens. click and drag to distinguish specific from nonspecific immunity.
The several ways how an immune system can defend the body against pathogens are:
1) Mechanical and chemical barriers as the first line of defense
2) The inflammatory response and phagocytosis are the second line of defense.
3) Natural killer cells and specific immunological responses serve as the third line of defense.
There are three layers of defense in immune function, which is the internal environment's defense against invading cells, proteins, and viruses. A series of barriers between the internal and external environments serves as the initial line of defense.
The innate inflammatory response (including phagocytosis) makes up the second line, while the adaptive immune responses and the innate defense provided by natural killer cells make up the third line.
Of course, the first two lines of defense do not apply to tumor cells that develop inside the body, thus the third line of defense must be used to combat them. This illustration is a condensed version of the complex immune system operation; in reality, there is a lot of mechanism overlap between various "lines of defense."
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bark consists of a) cork only. b) cork cambium and pith. c) secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. d) secondary xylem, cork cambium, and cork.
Bark consist of secondary phloem, cork cambium and cork (c).
What parts make up tree bark?Bark is the outermost part of stems and roots of woody plants such as trees. It provides significant support and protection from many form of damages.
As woody plants grow, they will grow by adding cells to the internal layers. Since the vascular cambium is the main growth layer in woody plants, addition of cell layers to the inside ring of vascular cambium cause the outside is pushed outward. It will forms another part named bark.
Bark consist of tissues outside the vascular cambium. The inner bark is composed of living tissues, secondary phloem.There is also cork cambium which develops and forms cork cells. This cells push the old secondary phloem outward and eventually die and slough off. All tissues outside the cork cambium constitute the outer bark, including the nonfunctional phloem and cork cells. Thus the outer bark is made up of dead tissue.
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what feature appeared first in annelids? group of answer choices segmentation cephalization external appendages circulatory system pseudocoelom
Annelids, like mollusks, are among the first creatures to develop a coelom. A coelom is a mesodermal tissue-lined fluid-filled bodily cavity.
The phylum Annelida is cephalized. While it may not be visible, this phylum's segmented worms have a well-developed brain and nervous system, which is aided in part by their bilateral symmetry.
A pseudocoelom is a body cavity that is located between mesodermal and endodermal tissue and is not completely surrounded by mesodermal tissue. A "true" coelom is surrounded entirely by mesodermal tissue and can thus be divided into compartments.
Several groups of segmented worms, including worms found in mud and sand, earthworms, and leeches, are members of the phylum Annelida. Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, an open digestive system, segmentation, and a body cavity are all features of segmented worms.
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If a human is bitten by an animal that has rabies, then it is recommended that the human receive immune globin (human rabies antibodies) and a rabies vaccination (with inactive virus) as well. Which of the following is the best (and most specific) explanation for why both are recommended in this case?
a. Because rabies is such a serious illness, using antibodies and a vaccine provides the strongest possible immediate protection. Both antibodies and the vaccine provide a rapid immediate response to prevent illness from developing.
b. The rabies antibodies provide a rapid response but short-lived response while the vaccination provides slower but longer-lasting protection.
c. The rabies vaccination is relatively new and ineffective, so it is important to give the immune globin as well to make certain that the viruses cannot cause disease.
While the immunization offers slower but more durable protection, the rabies antibodies offer a quick but transient response. There are rabies immunoglobulins and vaccinations for humans to immunization.
People are immunized with the same vaccine either before or after exposure to rabies antibodies(see PEP) (less common). People who work in high-risk occupations, such as laboratories handling live rabies and rabies-related (lyssavirus) viruses, as well as people (such as animal antibodies disease control staff and wildlife rangers) whose professional or recreational activities of antibodies might put them in close proximity to bats, carnivores, or other mammals that may be infected, antibodies should get pre-exposure immunization.
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the sense organs detection of external physical stimuli is called , wheras futher processing, organizing, and interpting od those stimuli in the brain is called
The right answers are sensation and perception. Both these are two distinct but closely connected processes.
Sensation is the physiological process by which our sense organs—including the eyes, hearing, and nose—respond to stimuli from the outside world. When you eat noodles, feel the breeze on your cheek, or hear a distant automobile horn, you experience sensation. Our sense organs are engaged in transduction during sensation, which is the transformation of one type of energy into another. After the electrical signals reach our brain, we process all of this stimulation and start to understand how intricate the environment is. Perception is the term used to describe the psychological process of making sense of the stimuli. The process of organizing and interpreting the information we get from our senses is known as perception.
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what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? helper t cells produc
Given that nearly all adaptive immune responses depend on helper T cells, they are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity.
They support the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as macrophages and B cells that release antibodies and kill ingested microorganisms. Without helper T cells, we cannot protect ourselves even against numerous ordinarily harmless bacteria, as was vividly shown in AIDS patients. However, helper T cells cannot function by themselves; they must be stimulated to become effector cells. They develop during the innate immunity responses brought on by an infection and become activated on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
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For every adenine on one strand of DNA, there is a thymine on the opposing strand of DNA. For every cytosine on one strand of DNA, there is a guanine on the opposing strand of DNA. This is because
DNA strands are complementary with each other.
For every adenine on one strand of DNA, there is a thymine on the opposing strand of DNA. For every cytosine on one strand of DNA, there is a guanine on the opposing strand of DNA. This is because DNA strands are complementary with each other.
The hereditary substance in humans and almost all other organisms is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Almost every cell in a person's body contains the same DNA. The majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is known as nuclear DNA), but a small amount can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are cell structures that convert food energy into a state that cells can use.
DNA stores information as a code composed of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA is made up of approximately 3 billion bases, with more than 99 percent of those bases being the same in all people.
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which of the following is not a part of inspiration? group of answer choices the pressure in the lungs increases. the rib cage moves up and out. the diaphragm contracts and moves down. the intercostal muscles pull the ribs outward. air rushes into the lungs.
The pressure in the lungs increases is not a part of inspiration.
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, primarily to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen, is known as breathing (or ventilation).
The process of taking air into the lungs is known as inspiration (inhalation). Because it is the result of muscle contraction, it is the active phase of ventilation. The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration. This lowers the intraalveolar pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) is the process by which air is expelled from the lungs during the breathing cycle. The relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue during expiration reduces thoracic volume while increasing intraalveolar pressure. Expiration forces air from the lungs.
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the highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? the highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? coronoid process of the ulna coronoid fossa of the humerus radial notch of the ulna radial fossa of the humerus
The highlighted structure articulates with the structure and the bone is a radial notch of the ulna.
(Highlight is in the picture)
The articular surface of the ulna is called the radius the ulnar notch is at the distal radius, and is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint.
The top of the ulna forms a C-shaped protrusion, consisting of a radial notch and a trochlear notch. The radial notch is the point where the radius joins the ulna. These two structures rest on one another and join to form the forearm. In addition, this structure allows the ulna to function properly. This notch allows fingers to move smoothly and freely.
Complete question:
The highlighted structure articulates with which structure and bone? (the choice is)
coronoid process of the ulna
coronoid fossa of the humerus
radial notch of the ulna
radial fossa of the humerus
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portage you are looking for media that will help you distinguish between two gram positive bacteria. what type of media would be best for this?
Tellurite agar, therefore, is used to select for Gram-positive organisms, and nutrient agar supplemented with penicillin can be used to select for Gram-negative organisms.
Differential means are used to differentiate closely related organisms or groups of organisms. Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is selective for gram-positive bacteria and differential for mannitol. Tests Used to Identify Gram-Positive Bacteria
catalase test.
Mannitol Saline Agar (MSA)
Blood Agar Plates (BAP)
Streak-stab technique.
Taxa P (Optochin Susceptibility Test)
Taxa A (bacitracin susceptibility test)
Try CAMP.
Aesculin bile agar. Gram stain is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by staining these cells red or violet.
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From the RFLP data below, fill in the appropriate letters to complete the following statement: ______ is the child of _____ and _____
a. C is the child of B and A b. A is the child of B and C c. B is the child of D and C d. D is the child of A and C
C is the offspring of B and A, in accordance with the Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a DNA’s information below.
The term "restriction fragment length polymorphism" (RFLP), short for "restriction fragment length polymorphism," refers to changes (or variances) in people's DNA sequences at places identified by restriction enzymes. By processing the DNA with such a restriction enzyme, this variation causes the DNA fragments to be formed in various sizes (or lengths). Any genomic DNA may be distinguished using RFLP markers depending on the existence or presence of restriction enzyme domains. The specific location is recognized and cleaved by restriction enzymes. Furthermore, a sizable DNA sample, whose isolation can be difficult and time-consuming, is needed for RFLP. In comparison, PCR can rapidly amplify minute quantities of DNA.
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STEMscopedia: Introduction to photosynthesis answers
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars.
what is photosynthesis ?The process in which plants, algae and certain bacteria use light energy of sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and convert light them into chemical energy and starch. called as photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis occur in special organelles named chloroplast which has its own DNA, genes and hence can synthesize their own proteins.
Chloroplasts have stroma, fluid, and stack of thylakoids known as grana, three types of chlorophyll such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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cocaine acts as a neural stimulant because multiple choice 2 its fat soluble properties allow it to penetrate the postsynaptic membrane and stimulate the effecter organ directly. it inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing their concentration and the postsynaptic stimulation. it directly binds to the postsynaptic receptor, producing unhindered stimulation. it penetrates the presynaptic membrane and there it is metabolized to the neurotransmitter.
It prevents neurotransmitter reuptake from the synaptic cleft, thereby raising their concentration and stimulating postsynaptic receptors.
Free tryptophan (TRP), which is a precursor to 5-HT, is transformed in the terminal axon of the serotonergic neuron . Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and aromatic decarboxylase are the enzymes that catalyse the two steps of 5-HT production (DDC). The rate-limiting enzyme, TPH, comes in two different isoforms, TPH1 and TPH2. In neural tissue, the TPH2 isoform predominates [3, 4]. The vesicular monoamine transporter mediates the uptake of 5-HT into presynaptic storage neurotransmitter vesicles (SLC18A2). The transporter uses a proton gradient across the vesicular membrane to deposit serotonin into synaptic vesicles . Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) converts 5-HT that isn't stored in vesicles into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).
Serotonin is exocytotically released from presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential.
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using the laboratory tests in this experiment, would you be able to distinguish between a starch and a sugar such as glucose? explain why or why not.
because the iodine test in a lab can distinguish between starch and glucose. With an iodine solution, starch becomes blue, whereas glucose does not.
The most fundamental kind of carbohydrate is glucose. It is a monosaccharide and is quickly taken up by cells. The respiratory substrate is another name for it. A polysaccharide of glucose is starch. It is a kind of stored glucose. In the iodine test, the starch component amylose combines with the iodine to create a complex that is coloured blue-black. Amylose has a helical structure, and this helical structure contains the iodine.
The majority of green plants synthesize this polysaccharide as a form of energy storage. It is the most prevalent carbohydrate in diets for people everywhere.
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What process uses CO2 from the atmosphere? What organisms carry out that process?
The process which uses CO₂ from the atmosphere is referred to as photosynthesis and the organisms which carry out the process is known as plants.
What is Photosynthesis?This is referred to as the process in which green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight and employs the use of compounds such as water, carbon dioxide. The chlorophyll which is the green pigment found in plants help to trap solar energy from the sun.
Plants are referred to as primary producers and use Carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen which is used by other members of the ecosystem.
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if an atom has 12 electrons how many energy levels are used?
How long must a constant current of 50. 0 a be passed through an electrolytic cell containing aqueous cu2+ ions to produce 3. 00 moles of copper metal?.
When a redox chemical reaction takes place inside an electrolytic cell, current or another energy source is used to develop potential across the cell.
Q=I*t
where Q= quantity of electricity in coloumbs
I = current in amperes = 50A
t= time in seconds = ?
[tex]Cu^{2+} +2e^{-1} ----[/tex]Cu
96500*2= 19300 coulombs
of electricity deposits 1 mole of Cu.
1 mole of Copper is produced by = 193000 Coloumb of electricity deposits 1 mole of Cu.
1 mole of copper is producing by =193000coloubs
5 moles of Copper is produced by=193000*5-965000C
965000-50*t
t=19300 (1 hour=3600sec)
t=5.36 hours.
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Explain what happens when a strong acid and a strong base are poured into the same container
Answer: When an acid and a base are combined in equal ratios, the two chemicals essentially cancel each other out to generate salt and water.
Explanation:
Strong acid and strong base in equal amounts produce a neutral solution with a pH of 7, and these kinds of reactions are referred to as neutralization reactions.
The pH of the resulting solution can be calculated from the concentration of the excess reactant if either the acid or the base is in excess. And The pH of water will drastically change if a strong acid or strong base is added.
For instance, the reaction HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- occurs when a strong acid like HCl is added to water. In other words, the acid's proton (H+) bonds to the neutral water molecules to generate H3O+, which increases the H+ concentration.
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a gerbil is fed a normal diet including 14c-lysine. after a period of time on this diet biopsies are taken from several tissues and analyzed for radioactivity. 14c is detected in glycogen from muscles and liver, triglycerides from adipose tissue, and nucleic acids isolated from all tissues. in as much detail as you can, show how the radioactivity from an amino acid found its way into these other classes of biopolymers.
Answer:
All types of biomolecules show radiation production resulting from amino acid degradation. Lysine is converted to alanine by Lysine-pyruvate 6-transaminase.
Explanation:
an experimental drug has been added to a eukaryotic cell, and while the drug was designed to interfere with a membrane transport process, the investigators found that in cells treated with the drug the lysosomes quickly turned into inclusion bodies. none of the material directed to the lysosomes for removal was being digested in the lysosome, and remained intact inside the organelle. an analysis of lysosomal contents in drug-treated cells indicated that the full complement of lysosomal enzymes were present in the organelle. assuming that the drug is targeting just one protein, which one of the following proteins is most likely the target?
Lysosomal enzymes play a major role in the degradation of material that has been ingested, and they work best within a specific range of acidic pH values.
What is the procedure known as when lysosomes digest damaged cells?They could be utilized to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction in a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable.
What kind of lysosomes remove deteriorated organelles?Old organelles and dysfunctional cellular components are eliminated from a cell by the process of auto phagocytosis, in which they are encased by internal membranes that then join with lysosomes.
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what division of the nervous system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves? biolgy abeka 10th grade
Peripheral nervous system division of the nervous system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves.
Your nervous system's portion outside of your brain and spinal cord is known as your peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is essential for both carrying out commands from your brain to various sections of your body and relaying information from various parts of your body back to your brain. One of the two parts that make up an animal's nervous system, together with the central nervous system, is the peripheral nervous system.
Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that communicate with the spinal cord directly in order to modulate sensory and motor information coming from the body's periphery. Your brain, spinal cord, and the rest of your body receive electrical signals from your spinal nerves.
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what biome is characterized by alternating rainy and dry seasons and large herds of grazing animals that migrate in response to the seasons?
tropical dry forest, also called monsoon forest or tropical deciduous forest, biome of any open forest in tropical areas that have a long dry season followed by a heavy rainy season.
Found on all continents except Antarctica, the grassland biome is characterized by being flat and grassy, with little tree cover. Large grazing mammals, such as elephants or bison, inhabit these areas, along with small mammals, birds, and predators. The grassland biome is made up of large open areas of grasses. They are kept with grazing animals and frequent fires. Grassland types include savannas and temperate grasslands. If it rained all year, the savannahs would turn into tropical forests, full of trees and tall vegetation. For grasslands to survive, they need dry spells that prevent trees from taking over.
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coral reefs are formed by the growth of coral polyps, which form a mutualistic relationship with algae. explain how each organism benefits from this relationship
These unique cells interact mutualistically with corals. The coral gives zooxanthellae a safe environment and the substances necessary for photosynthesis. The coral receives oxygen production and waste removal assistance from the zooxanthellae in return.
What is Mutualistic relationship ?
When two organisms of different species "operate together," they are said to be in a mutualistic relationship since they both gain from it.Ticks and other skin-living parasites are eaten by oxpeckers when they settle on rhinos or zebras. The oxpeckers are fed, and the animals are protected from pests. Additionally, the oxpeckers fly upward and scream a warning when there is danger, which aids the symbiont (a name for the other partner in a relationship).
Mutualistic organisms developed alongside one another. Both was a component of the other's environment, thus while they each "made use of" themselves, it was to their mutual advantage.
A sort of mutually beneficial association between creatures of various species is referred to as mutualism. Two separate species interact with one another and, in certain situations, completely depend on one another for survival. This is a symbiotic interaction. Other symbiotic connections include commensalism and parasitism, in which one species gains while the other suffers (where one species benefits without harming or helping the other).
For a variety of crucial reasons, including the need for food, shelter, and protection as well as for reproductive functions, organisms live in mutualistic interactions.
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which food is the most likely source of the infection? which food is the most likely source of the infection? turkey sprouts tomato avocado
The most contaminated raw animal products include raw or barely cooked meat and poultry, raw or barely cooked eggs, unpasteurized (raw) milk, and raw shellfish. Vegetables and fruits can also become infected.
Especially unpasteurized (raw) milk, raw seafood, raw or undercooked meat and poultry, eggs, and unpasteurized (raw) milk. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can potentially contaminate fruits and vegetables. a gram-negative bacillus; creates erratic elevated colonies and a water-soluble pigment that ranges in color from green to blue on trypticase soy agar. You will attempt to obtain pure cultures of each organism in your mix throughout the following two labs in order to identify which two bacteria you have. Infectious disorders are frequently spread from one person to another by direct contact with bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. When someone who has the bacterium or virus contacts, kisses, coughs, or sneezes on someone who is not yet done, this can happen. It spreads from one person to another.
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the testcross aa bb × aa bb produces the progeny shown: 40 aa bb, 10 aa bb, 10 aa bb, 40 aa bb. what was the arrangement of the genes in the aa bb parent?
The arrangement of the genes in the aa bb parent is in repulsion. The genes are in repulsion because the most numerous progeny are the nonrecombinants.
What does it mean when genes are in repulsion?
Repulsion refers to the case where each homologous chromosome has one dominant and one recessive allele from the two genes.
What is Gametic repulsion?
Similarly, it was observed that when two such dominant alleles or two recessive alleles come from different parents, they tend to remain separate. This was called gametic repulsion.
What is repulsion configuration?
When one wild-type allele and one mutant allele are on one homologous chromosome, and the opposite is on the other, this is known as a repulsion (or trans) configuration (e.g., A+b– / a–B+). The way to determine the orientation is to look at the parents (or P generation) of that cross if you know their genotypes of them.
Thus, the arrangement of genes is in repulsion.
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Suppose a female fruit fly carries a mutation in her nanos gene that prevents expression of the nanos protein in any eggs she produces. Which effect is likely to be observed?.
Her eggs create fruit fly embryos with two heads, one of which is on a gene that blocks the expression of the nanos protein in any subsequent eggs she produces.
Which circumstances would cause developing ducks to lose their webbing?Webbing is lost as a result of apoptosis. Duck embryos that have been experimentally implanted with mutant BMP4 have non-webbed feet. Both the growth of a single organism and the evolution of species distinctions are governed by the actions of genes under the direction of genetic switches.
Which role do gap genes play in Drosophila?In Drosophila melanogaster and other insects, the gap gene system regulates the initial steps of the segmentation pathway. This system plays a crucial part in embryo patterning due to its tractability and has been the area of interest for both experimentalists and computational modelers.
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What was marshall nirenberg and heinrich matthaei’s contribution to our current understanding of the genetic code?
a. discovery of codons
b. discovery and extraction of dna
c. creation of a model of dna
d. creation of photo
Answer: c.
Explanation: discovered the key to breaking the genetic code when they conducted an experiment using a synthetic RNA chain.