Capital Gains Yield = (Expected Future Stock Price - Current Stock Price) / Current Stock Price = ($9.84 - $8) / $8 x 100% = 23%
The total return is the sum of the dividend yield and the capital gains yield:
Total Return = Expected Dividend Yield + Capital Gains Yield = 6.25% + 23% = 29.25%
$0.50 per share. The expected growth rate of dividends is 4% per annum. Calculate the expected dividend yield, capital gains yield and total return for an investor who purchases the stock at the current market price and holds it for one year assuming no transaction costs. (7 marks)
A. To calculate the value of the bond today, we need to find the present value of all future coupon payments and the final principal payment, using a discount rate of 7.5%. The coupon payments are semi-annual, so we need to adjust the discount rate accordingly.
The total number of coupon payments the bond will make over its remaining life is (15 - 2) x 2 = 26.
Each coupon payment is $30 ($1,000 face value x 6% annual coupon rate / 2).
Using the formula for the present value of an annuity, the present value of the future coupon payments is:
PV of Coupons = $30 x ((1 - (1 + 7.5%/2)^-26) / (7.5%/2)) = $461.86
The present value of the final principal payment is simply the face value of the bond, discounted to today:
PV of Principal Payment = $1,000 / (1 + 7.5%)^13 = $486.58
Therefore, the value of the bond today is the sum of these two present values:
Value of Bond Today = PV of Coupons + PV of Principal Payment = $461.86 + $486.58 = $948.44
B. We can use the following formula to calculate the yield to maturity:
Bond Price = (Coupon Payment / Yield to Maturity) x (1 - (1 + Yield to Maturity)^-n) + Par Value / (1 + Yield to Maturity)^n
Where:
Coupon Payment = $1,000 x 10.5% = $105
Bond Price = $1,055
Par Value = $1,000
n = number of years to maturity = 12
We can solve for the yield to maturity using trial and error or by using Excel's RATE function:
Yield to Maturity = 8.44%
Therefore, the yield to maturity for this bond is 8.44%.
C. The expected dividend yield is the annual dividend per share divided by the current market price per share:
Expected Dividend Yield = ($0.50 / $8) x 100% = 6.25%
The capital gains yield is the expected increase in the stock price over the next year. We can use the Gordon Growth Model to estimate the expected future stock price:
Expected Future Stock Price = Current Stock Price x (1 + Expected Dividend Growth Rate) / (Required Rate of Return - Expected Dividend Growth Rate)
Expected Future Stock Price = $8 x (1 + 4%) / (7.5% - 4%) = $9.84
Therefore, the capital gains yield is:
Capital Gains Yield = (Expected Future Stock Price - Current Stock Price) / Current Stock Price = ($9.84 - $8) / $8 x 100% = 23%
The total return is the sum of the dividend yield and the capital gains yield:
Total Return = Expected Dividend Yield + Capital Gains Yield = 6.25% + 23% = 29.25%
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Discuss the two main issues in relation to our supplies of
resources and energy.
Reference: McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., Flynn, S.M., &
Grant, R.R., (2019). Microeconomics 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill: New
The two main issues in relation to our supplies of resources and energy are scarcity and environmental sustainability.
Scarcity: Resources and energy are limited in nature, and their availability is finite. Scarcity refers to the condition where the demand for resources and energy exceeds the available supply. As human populations grow and economies expand, the demand for resources and energy also increases. However, the Earth's resources are limited, and some resources are non-renewable, meaning they cannot be replaced once they are depleted. This creates a challenge in managing and allocating resources efficiently to meet the needs of current and future generations. Scarcity necessitates making choices and trade-offs, as societies must decide how to allocate scarce resources among various competing uses, such as production, consumption, and environmental preservation.Environmental Sustainability: The second main issue is the need to ensure environmental sustainability in the production and consumption of resources and energy. The extraction, processing, and utilization of resources and energy often have significant environmental impacts. These impacts include pollution, habitat destruction, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. Unsustainable practices can lead to irreversible damage to ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and degradation of natural resources. It is essential to consider the long-term consequences and the carrying capacity of the Earth's ecosystems when utilizing resources and energy. Achieving environmental sustainability involves adopting sustainable practices, such as conservation, renewable energy sources, recycling, and minimizing waste generation. Balancing economic growth and development with environmental protection is crucial to ensure the well-being of current and future generations.Addressing these two main issues requires a combination of economic, technological, and policy approaches. It involves promoting efficient resource allocation, developing sustainable technologies, investing in renewable energy sources, implementing conservation measures, and establishing regulatory frameworks that incentivize environmentally responsible behavior. By addressing scarcity and striving for environmental sustainability, societies can mitigate the negative impacts of resource depletion and environmental degradation, while promoting long-term economic and environmental well-being.
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Briefly describe the aim of the 'Value Chain' framework in strategic analysis. Outline the different roles that primary and supporting activities play in the firm's value chain. Reflect about the limitations of a value chain analysis as compared to an industry analysis. Critically evaluate the usefulness of the Value Chain framework in high technology company such as Microsoft or Apple
The aim of the 'Value Chain' framework in strategic analysis is to identify and analyze the activities within a company's operations that create value for customers. It helps in understanding how a firm can gain a competitive advantage by optimizing its internal activities. The value chain consists of primary activities, which are directly involved in the creation and delivery of the product or service, and supporting activities, which provide the necessary infrastructure and resources to support the primary activities.
Primary activities include inbound logistics (procurement, receiving, and warehousing), operations (manufacturing, assembly, or service provision), outbound logistics (order processing, distribution, and delivery), marketing and sales (promoting and selling the product or service), and customer service (after-sales support and assistance). Supporting activities comprise infrastructure (company-wide functions like finance, planning, and quality control), human resource management (recruiting, training, and development), technology development (research and development, innovation), and procurement (sourcing and purchasing materials).
While a value chain analysis helps in understanding a company's internal operations and how they create value, it has limitations compared to an industry analysis. A value chain analysis primarily focuses on internal activities and may not consider external factors such as industry dynamics, market trends, and competitive forces. An industry analysis provides a broader perspective by examining the external environment and identifying opportunities and threats that may impact the company's value chain.
The Value Chain framework is particularly useful for high technology companies like Microsoft or Apple. These companies rely heavily on technology development and innovation, which are critical components of their value chain. By analyzing the technology development activity, they can assess their research and development capabilities, identify opportunities for innovation, and stay ahead in the market. Additionally, primary activities such as marketing and sales play a crucial role in creating demand for their high-tech products. The Value Chain framework enables these companies to understand and optimize their activities to deliver value to customers and maintain a competitive edge in the fast-paced high-tech industry.
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Using ABC analysis categorize the products. Part Num Unit Cost Annual Unit Demand 2JR $ 402.65 2,740 AZ8 $ 3.97 50,000 B77 $ 201.75 4,987 BT2 $ 0.25 50,000 D42 $ 705.87 5 FW2 $ 0.05 50,000 NS7 $ 3.15 44,036 R6V $ 1.15 2,700 $15 $ 0.02 37,898 VK3 $ 2.35 789 Z6K $ 56.50 1,597
Using ABC analysis, the products can be categorized into three categories: A, B, and C. The categorization is based on the criteria of unit cost and annual unit demand.
In this case, the categorization can be based on the unit cost and annual unit demand. Generally, high-value items with high demand are categorized as A items, medium-value items with moderate demand are categorized as B items, and low-value items with low demand are categorized as C items.
Analyzing the given data, we can categorize the products as follows:
Category A:
Part Num: AZ8 (unit cost: $3.97, annual unit demand: 50,000)
Part Num: NS7 (unit cost: $3.15, annual unit demand: 44,036)
Part Num: Z6K (unit cost: $56.50, annual unit demand: 1,597)
Category B:
Part Num: 2JR (unit cost: $402.65, annual unit demand: 2,740)
Part Num: B77 (unit cost: $201.75, annual unit demand: 4,987)
Part Num: D42 (unit cost: $705.87, annual unit demand: 5,000)
Part Num: R6V (unit cost: $1.15, annual unit demand: 2,700)
Category C:
Part Num: BT2 (unit cost: $0.25, annual unit demand: 50,000)
Part Num: FW2 (unit cost: $0.05, annual unit demand: 50,000)
Part Num: $15 (unit cost: $0.02, annual unit demand: 37,898)
Part Num: VK3 (unit cost: $2.35, annual unit demand: 789)
By categorizing the products, businesses can allocate their resources effectively, prioritize inventory management, and focus on the most important items in terms of value and demand.
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Question 6: US dollar appreciates a lot this year. The offshore yuan exchange rate against the dollar dropped below 6.80 on May 12", a level not seen since September 2020, making the year-to-date depr
The US dollar appreciated significantly against the offshore yuan this year, with the exchange rate dropping below 6.80 on May 12, a level not seen since September 2020, resulting in a depreciation of the yuan year-to-date.
The given information indicates that the US dollar strengthened relative to the offshore yuan. When the exchange rate drops below a certain level, it means that it takes fewer yuan to buy one US dollar, indicating a stronger dollar and a weaker yuan. The exchange rate falling below 6.80 suggests that the yuan has depreciated against the dollar compared to previous months.
This depreciation can have various implications. A stronger US dollar can make imports from China more expensive for US consumers, potentially impacting trade balances. It may also affect Chinese exporters as their goods become relatively more expensive in international markets. Additionally, a weaker yuan can lead to capital outflows from China as investors seek higher returns elsewhere.
The exchange rate between the US dollar and the yuan is influenced by several factors, including interest rate differentials, economic indicators, geopolitical events, and monetary policy decisions. These factors can impact currency values and exchange rates, leading to fluctuations in the foreign exchange market.
The US dollar appreciated against the offshore yuan, as evidenced by the exchange rate dropping below 6.80 on May 12. This depreciation of the yuan can have implications for trade balances, Chinese exporters, and capital flows. The foreign exchange market is influenced by various factors that contribute to fluctuations in currency values and exchange rates.
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Consider a stock that sells for $60. In 1 year it will be worth
either $70 or $50. The risk-free rate is 4%. What is the value of a
call option with a $30 exercise price?
Show your work, and please la
To calculate the value of a call option using the risk-neutral valuation approach, we need to consider the probabilities of the stock ending up at each possible price at expiration.
Given:
Current stock price (S0) = $60
Stock price in 1 year (S1) can be either $70 or $50
Risk-free rate (r) = 4%
Exercise price (X) = $30
Step 1: Calculate the risk-neutral probabilities
We assume that the risk-neutral probabilities of the stock reaching each possible price are equal. Therefore, the probability of the stock price being $70 (p1) and the probability of the stock price being $50 (p2) are both 0.5.
Step 2: Calculate the present value of each possible stock price
The present value (PV) of a future stock price can be calculated using the risk-free rate. We discount the future stock prices back to the present.
PV(S1 = $70) = $70 / (1 + r) = $70 / (1 + 0.04) = $67.31
PV(S1 = $50) = $50 / (1 + r) = $50 / (1 + 0.04) = $48.08
Step 3: Calculate the option value
The value of a call option is the difference between the present value of the stock price and the exercise price, weighted by the probabilities.
Option value = (p1 * PV(S1 = $70)) + (p2 * PV(S1 = $50)) - X
Option value = (0.5 * $67.31) + (0.5 * $48.08) - $30
Option value = $33.65 + $24.04 - $30
Option value = $27.69
Therefore, the value of the call option with a $30 exercise price is approximately $27.69.
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A Business Organized As A Corporation Question 28 Options: Is Not A Separate Legal Entity In Most Provinces. Has An Definite Life. Requires That Shareholders Be Personally Liable For The Debts Of The Business. Is
A business organized as a corporation
Question 28 options:
is not a separate legal entity in most provinces.
has an definite life.
requires that shareholders be personally liable for the debts of the business.
is owned by its shareholders.
A business organized as a corporation is owned by its shareholders. In contrast to the other options presented, a corporation is a separate legal entity that is owned by its shareholders.
"What is a Separate Legal Entity"?A separate legal entity is a business organization that operates as a separate entity from its owners. A corporation is one example of a separate legal entity. The corporation operates as a separate legal entity from its shareholders. It is owned by shareholders who are not personally liable for the debts and liabilities of the business entity. Thus, the correct option among the given alternatives is 'is owned by its shareholders.'
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A brewery is considering adding a new line of craft beers to its product mix. The new beer will require additional brewing and bottling capacity at a cost of? $15 million, but is expected to generate new sales of? $5 million per year for the next 5 years. If the brewery has a cost of capital of? 6%, what is the NPV of this? investment?
A. ?$8.6 million
B. ??$15 million
C. ?$3.7 million
D. ?$6.1 million
E. ?$10 million
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: $3.7 million. To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the investment in the new line of craft beers.
we need to consider the initial cost of the investment, the expected cash flows over the next 5 years, and the cost of capital. To calculate the NPV, we discount the expected cash flows by the cost of capital. The cash flows are the annual sales generated by the new line of craft beers, which is $5 million per year for 5 years. The cost of capital is 6%.
Using the formula for NPV, we calculate the present value of each cash flow and sum them up. The formula is: NPV = Cash Flow / (1 + Cost of Capital)^n, where n represents the time period.
For this investment, the NPV can be calculated as follows:
NPV = (-$15 million) + ($5 million / (1 + 0.06)^1) + ($5 million / (1 + 0.06)^2) + ($5 million / (1 + 0.06)^3) + ($5 million / (1 + 0.06)^4) + ($5 million / (1 + 0.06)^5)
By calculating this expression, we find that the NPV of the investment is approximately $3.7 million.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: $3.7 million.
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What alternative fact pattern might change the court’s decision
on whether Cangemi and Calianno breached their non-compete
agreements?
An alternative fact pattern that might change the court's decision on whether Cangemi and Calianno breached their non-compete agreements involve presenting evidence that proves they did not engage .
In the alternative fact pattern, it would be crucial to present evidence that demonstrates Cangemi and Calianno did not violate the terms of their non-compete agreements. This evidence could include documentation of their actions during the relevant period, such as their work responsibilities, projects, and interactions with clients. If it can be proven that they did not engage in any activities that directly compete with their previous employer or disclose enforceable contract any confidential information, it would significantly impact the court's decision.
Additionally, presenting evidence of the steps taken by Cangemi and Calianno to safeguard the confidentiality of their previous employer's information could further support their position. This evidence could include records of their compliance with company policies, non-disclosure agreements, and any measures they took to ensure the protection of sensitive information.
By presenting a compelling alternative fact pattern that disproves the alleged breach of the non-compete agreements, it is possible to change the court's decision and potentially have the case ruled in favor of Cangemi and Calianno.
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In the elastic portion of the supply, small changes in prices
lead to ________ changes in quantity, while in the inelastic
portion of the supply curve, small changes in prices lead to
________ changes
In the elastic portion of the supply, small changes in prices lead to significant changes in quantity, while in the inelastic portion of the supply curve, small changes in service that a seller is willing to provide on the market at a certain price. The quantity supplied of a commodity is the amount that producers are willing and able to produce and sell at a certain price.
The law of supply is the principle that when the price of a commodity rises, the quantity supplied increases and when the price falls, the quantity supplied is elasticity of supply refers to the degree of sensitivity of the amount of a good or service supplied to changes in the price of the good or service.
The supply of a product can be classified as elastic, inelastic, or unitary, depending on the degree of price elasticity of supply. The supply is elastic when the quantity supplied responds significantly to changes in price, whereas the supply is inelastic when the quantity supplied does not respond significantly to changes in the elastic portion of the supply, small changes in prices lead to significant changes in quantity, while in the inelastic portion of the supply curve, small changes in the degree of sensitivity of the amount of a good or service supplied to changes in the price of the good or a commodity rises, the quantity supplied increases and when the price falls, the quantity supplied is elasticity of supply refers to the degree of sensitivity of the amount of a good or service supplied to changes in .
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At the beginning of the current year, Company declared a 10% share dividend. The market price of the entity’s 300,000 outstanding shares of P50 par value was P116 per share on that date.
The share dividend was distributed on July 1 when the market price was P100 per share.
What amount should be credited to share premium for the share dividend?
The amount credited to share premium for the share dividend is P480,000, calculated as the difference between the total value of the share dividend and the actual value of the share dividend distributed.
How to calculate the credit to share premium for the share dividend?To determine the amount that should be credited to share premium for the share dividend, we need to calculate the increase in the company's equity resulting from the distribution of the share dividend.
The company declared a 10% share dividend on its 300,000 outstanding shares. This means that 10% of the outstanding shares, which is 30,000 shares, were distributed as dividends.
On the date of declaration, the market price per share was P116. So the total value of the share dividend is 30,000 shares * P116 per share = P3,480,000.
However, the share dividend was distributed on July 1 when the market price was P100 per share. Therefore, the actual value of the share dividend distributed is 30,000 shares * P100 per share = P3,000,000.
To calculate the amount that should be credited to share premium, we subtract the actual value of the share dividend distributed from the total value of the share dividend.
Amount credited to share premium = Total value of share dividend - Actual value of share dividend distributed
= P3,480,000 - P3,000,000
= P480,000
Therefore, P480,000 should be credited to share premium for the share dividend.
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Consider a call and a put on the same underlying stock. The call has an exercise price of 100 EUR and costs 20 EUR. The put has an exercise price of 90 EUR and costs 12 EUR. Consider a short position in a strangle based on these two options. (a) Draw the pay-off diagram of the strangle. (b) What is the net loss if the underlying stock price becomes 0?
Payoff
^
|
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| / |
| / |
| / |
| / |
| / |
| / |
| / |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 90 100 Stock Price
The strangle strategy involves selling both the call option and the put option. The call option has an exercise price of 100 EUR and the put option has an exercise price of 90 EUR. The total pay-off of the strangle strategy will be the sum of the pay-offs of the call and put options.
At stock prices below 90 EUR or above 100 EUR, both the call and put options expire worthless, resulting in a net pay-off of zero. However, between the exercise prices of 90 EUR and 100 EUR, the pay-off of the call option decreases linearly as the stock price increases, while the pay-off of the put option decreases linearly as the stock price decreases. This creates a "strangle" shape on the pay-off diagram.
(b) If the underlying stock price becomes 0, both the call and put options will be in-the-money. The call option will have a positive pay-off, while the put option will have a pay-off equal to the exercise price minus the stock price.
For the call option with an exercise price of 100 EUR and a cost of 20 EUR, the pay-off at a stock price of 0 EUR will be 100 EUR - 0 EUR = 100 EUR. However, since the short position in the call option results in a negative pay-off, the net loss from the call option will be -100 EUR.
For the put option with an exercise price of 90 EUR and a cost of 12 EUR, the pay-off at a stock price of 0 EUR will be 90 EUR - 0 EUR = 90 EUR. Again, since the short position in the put option results in a negative pay-off, the net loss from the put option will be -90 EUR.
Therefore, the net loss from the strangle position when the underlying stock price becomes 0 will be the sum of the net losses from the call and put options, which is -100 EUR + (-90 EUR) = -190 EUR.
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Which of the following statement is false? Multiple Choice The sum of price variance and quantity variance for raw materials is not always same as spending variance O The fixed costs of flexible budget and master budget are always the same The spending variance of direct labor can always be decomposed into rote variance and efficiency volance Ivorlable manufacturing overhead is overapplied it always has a favorable spending variance The sum of price variance and quantity verlance for raw materials is not always same as spending variance. The fixed costs of flexible budget and master budget are always the same. The spending variance of direct labor can always be decomposed into rate variance and efficiency variance. O If variable manufacturing overhead is overapplied, it always has a favorable spending variance. if fixed manufacturing overhead is underapplied, the budget variance is always unfavorable
The following statement is false: If variable manufacturing overhead is overapplied, it always has a favorable spending variance. The budget variance for fixed manufacturing overhead is always unfavorable if it is underapplied. A variance is unfavorable when the actual costs exceed the budgeted costs. This means that the company spent more than expected.
On the other hand, a variance is favorable when actual costs are less than budgeted costs. It means the company saved money by spending less than anticipated. Variable manufacturing overhead can be overapplied or underapplied. Overapplied means that the amount of overhead applied to work in process exceeds the amount actually incurred. On the other hand, underapplied means that the amount of overhead applied to work in process is less than the amount actually incurred. The spending variance for direct labor cannot always be decomposed into rate variance and efficiency variance. It may also be affected by a mix variance, which reflects the effect of using a different proportion of labor grades than planned. The mix variance occurs when workers with higher or lower grades work on a job compared to the planned grade mix. The fixed costs of flexible budget and master budget may not always be the same. Fixed costs may vary depending on the level of activity. This means that the amount of fixed costs may change as production levels change. If variable manufacturing overhead is overapplied, it may or may not have a favorable spending variance. The spending variance depends on the amount of overhead applied and the actual amount incurred. If the amount applied is less than the amount incurred, the spending variance is unfavorable, even if the variable overhead is overapplied. The sum of price variance and quantity variance for raw materials is not always the same as spending variance. The spending variance for raw materials reflects the difference between the actual costs of the raw materials and the budgeted costs of the raw materials. It does not include price variance or quantity variance separately. The price variance is the difference between the actual price and the budgeted price per unit, and the quantity variance is the difference between the actual quantity and the budgeted quantity of raw materials used.In conclusion, the false statement is "If variable manufacturing overhead is overapplied, it always has a favorable spending variance." as the spending variance depends on the actual overhead costs incurred and the overhead applied.
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4. Scheduling maintenance to fix a guardrail outside of core work hours is what type of hazard control?
Elimination
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
None of the above
Scheduling maintenance to fix a guardrail outside of core work hours is a type of hazard control strategy known as engineering. Explanation: Safety control is the process of reducing or eliminating hazards that could cause workplace injuries and illnesses.
Scheduling maintenance to fix a guardrail outside of core work hours is a type of hazard control strategy known as engineering. Explanation:Safety control is the process of reducing or eliminating hazards that could cause workplace injuries and illnesses. A risk management system is often developed in the workplace to manage risk. The objective of a risk control system is to decrease the frequency and severity of workplace accidents and injuries while increasing productivity. Risk control can be divided into three categories: elimination, engineering, and administrative.A hazard is a situation that can cause damage, injury, or ill health. It is a source or potential source of damage, injury, or ill health to a person or persons. Hazard controls aim to mitigate or eliminate the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Hazard control measures can be grouped into three categories: elimination, engineering, and administrative. Here's more information about these three hazard control methods.Engineering controls are physical modifications to facilities, equipment, or processes that reduce the risk of injury or illness. They eliminate or decrease exposure to a hazard by modifying or replacing equipment. Engineering controls are the most effective type of hazard control because they eliminate or substantially reduce the risk of exposure. These solutions are usually the most efficient, particularly if they are integrated into the original design of the facility, machine, or process. In addition to being the most effective, engineering controls are often the most cost-effective means of hazard control.
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On December 31, 2020, Green Bank enters into a debt restructuring agreement with Kingbird Inc., which is now experiencing financial trouble. The bank agrees to restructure a $1.1-million, 12% note receivable issued at par by the following modifications:
1.Reducing the principal obligation from $1.1 million to $0.88 million
2.Extending the maturity date from December 31, 2020, to December 31, 2023
3.Reducing the interest rate from 12% to 10%
1. The principal obligation of the debt is reduced from $1.1 million to $0.88 million.
In this debt restructuring agreement, the bank and Kingbird Inc. have agreed to lower the total amount owed from $1.1 million to $0.88 million. This reduction in the principal obligation reduces the overall debt burden for Kingbird Inc., potentially making it more manageable for the company to repay.
2. The maturity date of the debt is extended from December 31, 2020, to December 31, 2023.
The original maturity date for the debt was December 31, 2020, but as part of the restructuring, the bank and Kingbird Inc. have agreed to extend the deadline for repayment to December 31, 2023. This extension provides Kingbird Inc. with additional time to meet its payment obligations, allowing for a potentially more feasible repayment schedule.
3. The interest rate on the debt is reduced from 12% to 10%.
The initial interest rate on the debt was 12%, but as part of the restructuring agreement, the bank and Kingbird Inc. have agreed to lower the interest rate to 10%. This reduction in the interest rate helps to alleviate the financial burden on Kingbird Inc. by reducing the amount of interest it has to pay on the outstanding debt, potentially making it easier for the company to meet its payment obligations.
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During your evaluation for the reliability and security of Walmart Company information system, you have found that the reliability of the information system is not trusted, and both the company management and stakeholders do not relay on the system to acquire needed information for decision making process as they feel that the information system is vulnerable. By additional investigation you have concluded you became more certain that lacking the security is the main problem. Although the company has control system including preventive control, detective control and corrective control, some hackers attacked the system and transferred some money from the company account and obtain other business secrets. Therefore, the company information system is not reliable and needs better control system to be used. The significant weakness points you have discovered are: (1) the access control matrix is weak, and some employees who retired years ago can access the company system and display, update, delete and add data. (2) the time-based model of security is ineffective. In your opinion: (1) What is the security shortage in the access control matrix? (2) What is the meaning of the time-based model of security is ineffective? (3) How to fix the shortage in the access control matrix? (4) How to make the time-based model of security effective? (5) What you subject as a framework may be adopted it the future in Walmart Company to contribute to systems reliability? (6) What do you think the five basic principles to insure reliability in any accounting information system? (7) Do you think that the concept "Defense in Depth" can help to enhance the security level in Walmart Company? If yes, explain. (8) Do you think that the top management in Walmart Company has effective role to support and enhance information system reliability? If yes, explain.
In this context, the following questions address the evaluation of the reliability and security of Walmart Company's information system, focusing on issues such as the access control matrix, the time-based model of security, potential frameworks for improving reliability, and the role of top management in enhancing information system reliability.
(1) The security shortage in the access control matrix is that some employees who retired years ago still have access to the company's system and can perform actions like displaying, updating, deleting, and adding data. This lack of proper user access management poses a significant security risk.
(2) The time-based model of security being ineffective means that the system does not adequately control access based on the time and date. This could lead to unauthorized access during certain periods or a lack of access when it is needed.
(3) To fix the shortage in the access control matrix, the company should conduct a thorough review of user access privileges and revoke access for employees who are no longer with the company. Implementing a robust user access management system with regular reviews and updates is essential to maintain security.
(4) To make the time-based model of security effective, the company should establish and enforce strict policies and procedures regarding access during specific time periods. This can involve limiting access during non-business hours, setting up automated access controls based on time, and monitoring access logs for any anomalies.
(5) A framework that may be adopted in the future to contribute to system reliability at Walmart Company is implementing a comprehensive security framework such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. This framework provides guidelines and best practices for managing and improving cybersecurity risk.
(6) The five basic principles to ensure reliability in any accounting information system are accuracy, completeness, timeliness, validity, and reliability. These principles emphasize the importance of ensuring that the information in the system is accurate, complete, up-to-date, valid, and can be relied upon for decision-making purposes.
(7) Yes, the concept of "Defense in Depth" can help enhance the security level at Walmart Company. Defense in Depth refers to a multi-layered approach to security that includes multiple security controls at different levels, such as physical, network, system, and application layers. By implementing multiple layers of security controls, it becomes harder for attackers to breach the system and gain unauthorized access.
(8) Yes, the top management in Walmart Company has an effective role to support and enhance the information system's reliability. They should prioritize cybersecurity and provide resources for implementing robust security measures. Additionally, they should ensure that security policies and procedures are in place, conduct regular risk assessments and audits, and promote a culture of security awareness and training among employees. Their active involvement and support are crucial for maintaining information system reliability.
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What measure can wo use to empirically test the responsiveness of hours worked to changes in the wage rate? What can we conclude if this measure is positive, what if it is negative?
The responsiveness of hours worked to changes in the wage rate can be empirically tested by using the concept of elasticity of labor supply. Elasticity measures the degree of responsiveness of one variable (hours worked) to a change in another variable (wage rate).
Elasticity of labor supply is the measure of the degree of responsiveness of hours worked to changes in the wage rate. It is calculated as the percentage change in hours worked divided by the percentage change in the wage rate. A positive elasticity means that there is a direct relationship between wage rate and hours worked, indicating that the supply of labor is sensitive to changes in the wage rate.
A negative elasticity indicates an inverse relationship between wage rate and hours worked, which means that labor supply is insensitive to changes in the wage rate.In conclusion, if the elasticity of labor supply is positive, we can conclude that the number of hours worked will increase when the wage rate increases and vice versa.
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Explain why inequality is inherent in the US society. Why do we
pretend everyone has an equal chance of equality in
America?
Inequality is inherent in US society due to various factors such as historical disparities, systemic discrimination, and unequal distribution of resources. However, the belief in equal opportunity and the notion that everyone has an equal chance for success in America is often promoted for several reasons.
The belief in equal opportunity in America is rooted in the principles of democracy, individualism, and the American Dream. It serves as a unifying ideal and motivates individuals to strive for success. It creates a sense of hope and aspiration, fostering social cohesion and preventing widespread discontent. Additionally, promoting equal opportunity can be a strategy to address social unrest and maintain social stability. However, the reality is that social mobility and equal opportunities are often hindered by structural barriers, such as unequal access to quality education, healthcare, and economic resources. Acknowledging and addressing these systemic issues is crucial to working towards a more equitable society.
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Buffalo Petronick decided to start an accounting practice after graduation from university. The following is a list of events that occurred concerning Buffalo's practice.
1. After shopping around, Buffalo found an office to lease and signed a lease agreement. The lease calls for a payment of $880 rent per month.
2. Buffalo borrowed $3,520 from his grandmother so that he could buy some office furniture for his new office.
3. Buffalo deposited the $3,520 plus $440 of his own cash in a new bank account at BMO under the name Petronick Accounting Services.
4. Paid the landlord the first month's rent.
5. Purchased office furniture for $2,904 on account.
6. Moved into the office and obtained the first assignment from a client to prepare year-end financial statements for $1,760.
7. Performed the work on the assignment and sent an invoice to the customer for $1,760.
8. Paid half of the amount of the purchase of office furniture.
9. Purchased office supplies on account for $264.
10. Paid $44 cash for Internet services.
11. Collected half of the amounting owing from the customer referred to in #7.
12. Buffalo withdrew cash from the business of $132 for personal expenses.
Using the table below, insert the amount of the effect of each of these events on the accounting equation. (If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Owner's Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced.
Event Asset Liability Owner's Equity 1. $ $ $ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
The events involve various transactions such as leasing an office, borrowing money, making deposits, paying expenses, purchasing assets, completing client work, invoicing customers, collecting payments, and withdrawing personal cash . Each event affects specific elements of the accounting equation, reflecting changes in the company's financial position and the owner's equity.
Event Asset Liability Owner's Equity
1. -$880 +$880 $0
2. +$3,520 $0 +$3,520
3. +$3,960 $0 +$3,960
4. -$880 $0 -$880
5. -$2,904 +$2,904 $0
6. $0 $0 +$1,760
7. +$1,760 $0 +$1,760
8. -$1,452 $0 -$1,452
9. $0 +$264 $0
10. -$44 -$44 $0
11. +$880 $0 +$880
12. -$132 $0 -$132
1. Signing a lease agreement has no effect on Owner's Equity, but it decreases Assets (cash) and increases Liabilities (lease payable).
2. Borrowing money from his grandmother increases Assets (cash) and Owner's Equity.
3. Depositing cash in a new bank account increases Assets (cash) and Owner's Equity.
4. Paying rent decreases Assets (cash) and Owner's Equity.
5. Purchasing office furniture on account decreases Assets (accounts payable) and increases Liabilities.
6. Obtaining an assignment has no effect on Liabilities, but it increases Owner's Equity (revenue).
7. Sending an invoice increases Assets (accounts receivable) and Owner's Equity.
8. Paying half of the purchase amount decreases Assets (cash) and decreases Owner's Equity (accounts payable).
9. Purchasing office supplies on account increases Assets (accounts payable) and increases Liabilities.
10. Paying for internet services decreases Assets (cash) and decreases Liabilities (accounts payable).
11. Collecting payment from the customer increases Assets (cash) and Owner's Equity.
12. Withdrawing cash for personal expenses decreases Assets (cash) and Owner's Equity.
The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity. Each event affects the equation by changing the values of the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity. Positive (+) amounts represent increases, and negative (-) amounts represent decreases.
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a rise in world real interest rates relative to u.s. interest rates
A rise in world real interest rates relative to US interest rates, world real interest rates have risen relative to US interest rates due to the demand-supply forces, international factors, macroeconomic conditions, and political factors, among other factors.
It can also be due to some of the following reasons: Changes in the supply and demand of capital because of the effects of economic growth rates on investment needs. Alternatively, interest rates on other loans, such as mortgages, can rise. The International Fisher Effect (IFE), which states that exchange rate changes result in equal changes in interest rate differentials, can also explain real interest rate changes. The IFE expresses the relation between nominal interest rates and expected inflation rates of two nations, and the expected percentage change in the value of their currencies is equal to the nominal interest rate differential between the two nations. The real interest rate changes as a result of changes in the expected inflation rate, which can be attributed to macroeconomic conditions. When an economy is experiencing high inflation, investors and consumers may expect interest rates to rise, causing real interest rates to rise. However, the rise in world real interest rates relative to US interest rates might be seen in both positive and negative light.
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the equilibrating force in the credit market in the classical model is
In the classical model, the equilibrating force in the credit market is the interest rate. According to classical economics, the interest rate plays a crucial role in balancing the demand for credit with the supply of savings.
In the classical view, the interest rate is determined by the interaction of the demand for and supply of loanable funds. The demand for loanable funds comes from borrowers, such as individuals, businesses, or governments, who seek to borrow money for investment or consumption purposes. The supply of loanable funds comes from savers who have excess funds and are willing to lend them out.
When the interest rate is too high, it discourages borrowing and encourages saving. This decrease in demand for loans and increase in the supply of loanable funds pushes the interest rate down towards its equilibrium level. Conversely, when the interest rate is too low, it stimulates borrowing and reduces saving, leading to an increase in the demand for loans and a decrease in the supply of loanable funds, which pushes the interest rate back up towards equilibrium.
The equilibrating force of the interest rate ensures that the quantity of credit demanded equals the quantity of credit supplied, resulting in an equilibrium in the credit market. This equilibrium is achieved when the interest rate is at a level where the quantity of loanable funds demanded equals the quantity of loanable funds supplied, ensuring a balance between borrowers and savers.
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what year did sperry rand and ibm bring mainframes to market effectively launching the computer industry?
Sperry Rand and IBM brought mainframes to market, effectively launching the computer industry in the year 1964.
Mainframes are a type of computer that was primarily used by large organizations such as banks, government agencies, and corporations. Mainframes are the computer industry's first widely accessible computers. IBM was the company that brought mainframes to the market, launching the era of modern computing. IBM System/360 was the first family of computers that were compatible with each other and were based on a common technology, which was groundbreaking at the time. Sperry Rand, a computer manufacturer, also started selling mainframe computers in 1964. The Univac 1108 was Sperry Rand's most well-known computer. It was known for its scientific processing and mathematical power. It had a processing speed of around 1 million instructions per second and was one of the fastest computers of the time.
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ESTER 202 FM217 Introduction to Financial Accounting 2 Describe the difference between perpetual and periodic inventory systems. Your discussion should include a description of each system (4 marks),
Perpetual and periodic inventory systems are two distinct methods of tracking inventory for a business.
The perpetual inventory system provides real-time updates on inventory levels by recording each purchase and sale as it occurs. The inventory account is updated continuously, allowing the business to have a clear picture of its inventory levels at any given time. On the other hand, the periodic inventory system only updates inventory levels periodically, typically at the end of a specific time period, such as monthly or quarterly.
This method relies on physical inventory counts and calculations to determine the cost of goods sold and ending inventory. While the perpetual system provides more accurate and up-to-date information, it requires more time and resources to maintain. The periodic system, on the other hand, is less time-consuming but can lead to errors and discrepancies if inventory counts are not done accurately.
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ICE Task 4 Choose any business. Evaluate their mission statement according to the following questions: •Why is the organisation in business? •What are the economic goals? •What is the operating
A mission statement is a brief statement that explains the reason for a company's existence. It lays out the company's purpose, what it aims to accomplish, and how it plans to achieve those objectives. Economic goals refer to the aims and objectives of a business organization, such as profitability, sales, and growth. The operating strategy describes how the company plans to carry out its mission, which includes its services, goods, processes, and so on.
Every business has a mission statement, which is a short explanation of why the business exists. It outlines the company's objectives, what it intends to achieve, and how it will accomplish those objectives. When it comes to evaluating a company's mission statement, there are three essential elements to consider. These elements are why the company exists, its economic objectives, and its operating plan. Firstly, it is essential to comprehend why the company exists, or what its mission statement is. For example, a mission statement might say that the company exists to provide the highest quality products and services to its clients. A company's mission statement is significant because it establishes the firm's long-term goals and what it stands for. Secondly, economic objectives are critical to a company's success. A business must have clear economic goals, which are the objectives and aspirations that underpin its economic success, such as profitability, sales, and growth. These goals serve as a guide to a company's operations, decision-making, and resource allocation. Finally, the operating strategy of a business outlines how it will achieve its objectives. It is the practical side of a company's mission statement, and it includes its goods, services, processes, and procedures. A company's operating strategy is a set of steps that it takes to realize its mission statement. It describes how the company will compete in the market, which includes marketing, distribution, and sales, among other things.
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Do you believe that organizations should be doing more to get
products off the docks and into the hands of consumers? 6 sentences
answer
To expedite the movement of products from docks to consumers, organizations should prioritize enhancing their supply chain management and logistics. This entails effectively planning, executing, and controlling the flow of goods and services from origin to consumption. By optimizing operations, reducing expenses, and enhancing customer satisfaction, efficient supply chain management ensures timely delivery of suitable products to the right customers.
Furthermore, organizations can leverage technology such as automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence to streamline processes and accelerate delivery.
Collaborating with suppliers, distributors, and retailers is another strategy to establish efficient and cost-effective distribution channels.
By proactively improving supply chain management and logistics, organizations can bolster their competitiveness, minimize costs, and enhance customer satisfaction through swift product delivery.
This approach enables them to swiftly transition products from docks into the hands of eager consumers.
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Donny Dell Inc. had a days in inventory (based on 365 days) of
5. Cost of goods sold were $4,526. Net working capital was $70 and
total current assets were $400. What is Donny Dell's quick ratio?
Mult
Donny Dell Inc.'s quick ratio is 0.575. The quick ratio is a financial metric to assess a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. It is calculated by dividing the total current assets minus inventory by the total current liabilities.
In this case, the total current assets of Donny Dell Inc. were $400, and the days in inventory were 5. To calculate the quick ratio, we need to subtract the value of inventory from the total current assets. Given that the days in inventory is 5, we can assume that the inventory turnover ratio is 365/5 = 73. The cost of goods sold is provided as $4,526. By dividing the cost of goods sold by the inventory turnover ratio, we can find the value of inventory: $4,526 / 73 = $61.97.
The total current assets are $400, and the net working capital is $70. Therefore, the total current liabilities can be calculated by subtracting the net working capital from the total current assets: $400 - $70 = $330.Finally, we can calculate the quick ratio by dividing the total current assets minus inventory ($400 - $61.97) by the total current liabilities ($330): ($400 - $61.97) / $330 ≈ 0.575. Therefore, Donny Dell Inc.'s quick ratio is approximately 0.575, indicating a relatively strong ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets.
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1.A. During an internal audit, the Auditor is shown the audit report of previous internal audit, which include a non-conformity report stating that three (3) staff in purchase department had not been trained in the use of approved supplier list. The correction action taken was to verify all the pre-approved supplier list and bring them into conformance to the set criteria. The audit report non-conformity was closed thereafter. The Purchase Department Auditee tells you that no further investigation and actions were taken afterwards. You have checked the associated records, and it confirms the Auditee’snarration. If you think there is evidence of non-conformity, complete the Non- conformity Report, statingthe relevance of each action.
Therefore, the non-conformity report should contain information on the root cause, and it should explain the corrective action that was taken to prevent the problem from recurring in the future. In addition, the non-conformity report should contain information on any actions that need to be taken to correct any adverse effects caused by the non-conformity. In conclusion, any non-conformity report should state the relevance of each action taken.
During an internal audit, if an auditor is shown a previous internal audit report that includes a non-conformity report stating that three staff in the purchase department have not been trained in the use of an approved supplier list, they must take some actions if there is evidence of non-conformity. The correction action taken was to verify all the pre-approved supplier list and bring them into conformance to the set criteria. If the auditee tells the auditor that no further investigation or actions were taken afterwards, the auditor must check the associated records and confirm the auditee's narration. If there is evidence of non-conformity, the auditor must complete the non-conformity report, stating the relevance of each action. Based on the situation given above, the non-conformity report is relevant in that the staff in the purchase department who had not been trained to use the approved supplier list were not immediately trained even after the non-conformity was reported. The relevant actions that need to be taken include the identification of the non-conformity, a determination of the root cause, corrective actions that can prevent the problem from recurring, and actions that need to be taken to correct any adverse effects caused by the non-conformity. Any evidence found should be documented in the non-conformity report.
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The interest on a $100,000, 4 month note payable at 6% interest is: a. $6,000 b. $3,000 c. $2,000 d. $1,000 e. None of the above, the correct answer is: _______________
The correct answer is e. None of the above, the interest on a $100,000, 4-month note payable at 6% interest is $2,000.
To calculate the interest, you can use the formula: Interest = Principal x Rate x Time.
In this case, the principal is $100,000, the rate is 6% (0.06), and the time is 4 months (which needs to be expressed in years, so it becomes 4/12 or 1/3). Plugging these values into the formula:
Interest = $100,000 x 0.06 x 1/3
Interest = $100,000 x 0.02
Interest = $2,000
Therefore, the correct answer is $2,000.
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A cash register tape shows cash sales of $1,500 and sales taxes of $120. The journal entry to recond this infirmation is a Cash 1,620 Sales 1,620 bCal. 1,620 Sales To Payable Sales 120 1,500 C Carh 1,500 Sales Tax Expenen.. 120 Sales 1,620 dCash.. 1,620 Sales 1,500 Sales Taxes Revenue 120 A) a B) b C) D) d
Option b is correct because there is given a cash register tape showing cash sales of $1,500 and sales taxes of $120, moreover, the journal entry to record this information is: b. Cash 1,620 Sales 1,620.
The cash register tape shows cash sales of $1,500 and sales taxes of $120.
The amount of cash sales will be recorded as Sales revenue in the books of accounts.
The amount of sales tax will be recorded in the payable account.
Therefore, the journal entry will be as follows.
Cash 1,500 Sales 1,500 (Sales revenue on account of cash sales).
Sales Taxes Payable 120 (Sales tax on sales).
Cash 1,620 (Sum of cash sales and sales tax).
Sales 1,620 (Sales revenue on account of both cash sales and sales tax).
Therefore, option b is correct.
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Calculate the cost of the premium: Rating of Area Class A 1 $ Building 90,000 $ Contents 30,000
The cost of the premium is directly related to the rating of the area. In this case, the rating is Area Class A 1.
When calculating the cost of an insurance premium, there are several factors to consider. One of the most important is the rating of the area. In this case, the rating is Area Class A 1, which means that the area is considered low risk. The cost of the premium is also affected by the value of the building and the contents being insured. In this case, the building is valued at $90,000, and the contents at $30,000. These values will be used to determine the total amount of coverage needed. Once these factors have been considered, the insurance company will use a formula to calculate the cost of the premium. This formula takes into account the risk of the area, the value of the property being insured, and any other factors that may affect the cost of the policy. In conclusion, the cost of the premium for this policy will depend on several factors, including the rating of the area, the value of the building and contents, and any other factors that may affect the cost of the policy. It is important to work with a qualified insurance agent to determine the best coverage options and rates for your specific needs.
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Inventory order is placed when __________
o a Only when projected or actual on hand stocks value is positive. o b. None of these o c Only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock o d. Only when projected or actual stocks on hand is below zero
The correct answer to the question is option C Only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock, which states that inventory order is placed only when projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock.
Safety stock refers to the buffer inventory that a company maintains to safeguard against stockouts due to unexpected fluctuations in demand or supply chain disruptions.
Maintaining safety stock is essential for ensuring that the company can fulfill customer orders even during times of high demand or supply chain disruptions. However, holding too much safety stock can lead to excess inventory, tying up valuable capital and storage space. Therefore, inventory order should be placed only when the projected or actual on hand stocks are higher than the safety stock level.
This approach helps companies strike a balance between ensuring that they have enough inventory to meet demand while avoiding excess inventory costs. By monitoring inventory levels regularly and placing orders when required, companies can optimize their inventory management and ensure efficient operations.
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