The solution that would best help eliminate the shortage and reach economic efficiency in the toilet paper market during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic would be to raise the price because quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied at current prices.
By raising the price, it creates an incentive for consumers to consume less toilet paper, thereby reducing excessive demand and allowing the available supply to meet the actual demand. This approach helps to alleviate shortages and ensures that the product is allocated to those who value it the most.
Keeping prices the same or lowering the price may exacerbate the shortage and lead to further imbalances between supply and demand. In such situations, raising the price can help restore equilibrium in the market and prevent hoarding or panic-buying behavior.
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"Suppose that the dynamic aggregate demand curve in Swaziland is determined by the equation M + v = 6%. Using this information, draw Swaziland's dynamic aggregate demand curve on the graph: Aggregate demand ] Real GDP growth rate"
The dynamic aggregate demand curve in Swaziland is determined by the equation M + v = 6%. it can be inferred that an increase in the quantity of money (M) and the velocity of money (v) will lead to an increase in aggregate demand, while a decrease in M and v will lead to a decrease in aggregate demand.
The aggregate demand (AD) is defined as the sum total of all goods and services that an economy wants to buy at a given price level. In other words, it shows the relationship between price levels and the quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy.Suppose that the dynamic aggregate demand curve in Swaziland is determined by the equation M + v = 6%. Using this information, the following is the graph of Swaziland's dynamic aggregate demand curve on the graph: Aggregate demand ] Real GDP growth rate.It is not possible to depict the dynamic aggregate demand curve as it is described in a 100 word answer. A graph of the dynamic aggregate demand curve for Swaziland must be created as per the equation M + v = 6%. However, based on the information provided in the question, it can be inferred that an increase in the quantity of money (M) and the velocity of money (v) will lead to an increase in aggregate demand, while a decrease in M and v will lead to a decrease in aggregate demand.
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One of the chair sifts at a ski resort unloads 1,800 skiers per hour at the top of the slope. The ride from the bottom to the top takes 11 minutes. Instruction. Do not round your intermediate and round final answer to nearest infeger How many skiers are riding on the lift at any given time?
The ski lift unloads 1,800 skiers per hour at the top of the slope. The ride from the bottom to the top takes 11 minutes. To find: How many skiers are riding on the lift at any given time?
Solution: We know that the number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time is the product of the number of minutes of ride duration and the number of skiers the lift can accommodate per minute, minus the number of skiers the lift unloads per minute, multiplied by the number of minutes of ride duration.Number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time = (number of minutes of ride duration × number of skiers the lift can accommodate per minute) − (number of skiers the lift unloads per minute × number of minutes of ride duration)Number of minutes of ride duration = 11 minutes. Since the ski lift unloads 1,800 skiers per hour at the top of the slope, it means that it unloads 1,800/60 = 30 skiers per minute.Number of skiers the lift can accommodate per minute = Number of skiers the lift unloads per minute + Number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time 30 + number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time = (1,800/60)30 + number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time = 30 + 30 number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time = 30. The number of skiers riding on the lift at any given time is 30. Answer: Therefore, the answer is 30.
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Tobacco is shipped from North Carolina to a cigarette manufacturer in Cambodia once a year. The reorder point, without safety stock, is 200 kilos. The carrying cost is $20 per kilo per year, and the cost of a stockout is $70 per kilo per year. Given the following demand probabilities during the lead time, how much safety stock should be carried?
Demand During Lead Time(Kilos) Probability
0 ................... .....................................0.1
100 ......................................................0.1
200 ..................................................... 0.2
300 ................... ..................................0.4
400 ................... ..................................0.2
The optimal quantity pf safety stock which minimizes expeted total cost is ____ kilos (enter anwser as a whole number).
For Safety Stock = 400 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 8000 + 70 * Stockout Quantity
To determine the optimal quantity of safety stock, we need to calculate the expected total cost for different levels of safety stock. The formula for calculating the expected total cost is:
Expected Total Cost = (Carrying Cost per kilo per year * Safety Stock) + (Cost of Stockout per kilo per year * Stockout Quantity)
Let's calculate the expected total cost for different levels of safety stock:
For Safety Stock = 0 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = (20 * 0) + (70 * Stockout Quantity)
For Safety Stock = 100 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = (20 * 100) + (70 * Stockout Quantity)
For Safety Stock = 200 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = (20 * 200) + (70 * Stockout Quantity)
For Safety Stock = 300 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = (20 * 300) + (70 * Stockout Quantity)
For Safety Stock = 400 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = (20 * 400) + (70 * Stockout Quantity)
Now, we need to compare the expected total costs for different levels of safety stock and choose the one with the lowest cost.
For Safety Stock = 0 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 70 * Stockout Quantity
For Safety Stock = 100 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 2000 + 70 * Stockout Quantity
For Safety Stock = 200 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 4000 + 70 * Stockout Quantity
For Safety Stock = 300 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 6000 + 70 * Stockout Quantity
For Safety Stock = 400 kilos:
Expected Total Cost = 8000 + 70 * Stockout Quantity
Comparing these expected total costs, we choose the level of safety stock that minimizes the cost. By calculating the expected total costs for each safety stock level and comparing them, we can determine the optimal quantity of safety stock.
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the yield to maturity on a bond is currently 12.00 percent. the real rate of return is 3.00 percent. what is the rate of inflation?
The rate of inflation is 8.74%. Rate of inflation = (1 + yield to maturity) / (1 + real rate of return) - 1 Rate of inflation. Yield to maturity (YTM) is the rate of return anticipated on a bond.
Yield to maturity (YTM) is the rate of return anticipated on a bond if it is held until the maturity date and all interest and principal payments are made. Real rate of return is the actual rate of return earned on an investment after considering inflation. To calculate real rate of return, subtract the inflation rate from the nominal interest rate. Then, using the formula; Rate of inflation = (1 + yield to maturity) / (1 + real rate of return) - 1Rate of inflation = (1 + 12%) / (1 + 3%) - 1 = 8.74%Therefore, the rate of inflation is 8.74%.
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Why do people disagree on what is morally appropriate behaviour?
People disagree on what is morally appropriate behavior due to a variety of factors, including cultural differences, personal beliefs, values, and individual perspectives.
Here are some key reasons for moral disagreements:
Cultural and Relativistic Differences: Morality is heavily influenced by cultural norms, traditions, and societal values. Different cultures have varying ethical frameworks and standards, leading to contrasting views on what is considered morally acceptable. Cultural relativism acknowledges that moral standards are relative to a particular culture or society, further contributing to moral diversity and disagreements.
Personal Beliefs and Values: Individuals hold diverse personal beliefs and values shaped by their upbringing, religious or philosophical views, education, and personal experiences. These different belief systems can lead to conflicting moral judgments. For example, someone with a strong emphasis on individual rights might disagree with another person who prioritizes communal responsibilities.
Ethical Theories and Philosophical Perspectives: Ethical theories, such as consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism, offer distinct frameworks for evaluating moral choices. These theories often have different criteria for determining what is morally appropriate, leading to disagreements on specific moral issues.
Different Weights on Moral Principles: Even if people agree on general moral principles, they may assign different weights or priorities to those principles when confronted with specific moral dilemmas. For instance, one person may prioritize individual autonomy, while another may prioritize societal welfare, resulting in differing judgments about the appropriate course of action.
Lack of Objective Moral Foundation: The absence of a universally agreed-upon objective moral foundation contributes to moral disagreements. Moral relativism and subjectivism assert that moral judgments are subjective and can vary from person to person, making it challenging to establish a definitive standard of what is morally right or wrong.
Emotional and Intuitive Influences: Emotions and intuitions play a significant role in moral decision-making. Different emotional responses to moral issues, as well as variations in intuitive moral judgments, can lead to moral disagreements.
Limited Information and Cognitive Biases: People may have access to limited information or hold cognitive biases that influence their moral judgments. Confirmation bias, for example, can lead individuals to interpret information in a way that confirms their pre-existing beliefs, further perpetuating moral disagreements.
It is essential to engage in respectful and open dialogue when facing moral disagreements, as it allows for a deeper understanding of different perspectives and the potential for finding common ground or mutual respect, even if full agreement is not reached.
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Your organization assigned you the task for auditing one of its sites which involve SHE potential hazards. Mention briefly (in the form of summarized points) the steps you should go through to assure successful auditing program. Q8. Explain briefly how to use the expected loss index in decision making with numerical example. Q9. Give a numerical example to apply the approach proposed by Heinrich et al. (1980) for risk analysis and cost effectiveness evaluation.
The steps to be followed in order to assure a successful auditing program are as follows:Define the scope of the audit: It is important to define the scope of the audit in order to narrow down the focus of the audit. It is essential to define the boundaries and expectations before the audit begins
. Define the criteria for audit: Defining audit criteria helps the auditor in deciding the standard which is required for the audit. This can be done by checking whether the business is adhering to the legal requirements or not. This criterion is usually set by the company’s management. Planning: Planning plays an important role in the success of an audit program. It helps the auditor in keeping track of the time and resources needed to complete the audit. Audit program planning includes developing checklists, communication plans and sampling techniques. Conducting the audit: The auditor conducts the audit by collecting and verifying data to evaluate whether the established criteria are met or not. This is done by interviewing employees, reviewing documentation and conducting field observations. Reporting: Reporting the findings is essential for the auditor as well as for the management. The auditor prepares a report which summarizes the findings. The report should be clear and concise. Follow-up: This is the final step where the auditor follows up to check whether the company has implemented the recommended changes or not. Q8. The Expected Loss Index helps decision-makers to assess risk. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated as follows:Expected Loss Index = Expected Loss / Total Value of Exposed AssetsThe Expected Loss Index provides a numerical way to assess risk. For instance, if the Total Value of Exposed Assets is $1,000,000 and the Expected Loss is $10,000, the Expected Loss Index is 1%. Decision-makers can use this index to evaluate which risks should be prioritized and which can be ignored. Q9. Heinrich et al. (1980) proposed an approach to risk analysis and cost-effectiveness evaluation. Their approach involves the following steps:Identify unsafe conditionsIdentify unsafe actsIdentify accidentsDetermine the number of accidents that result from unsafe acts and unsafe conditionsCalculate the ratio of unsafe acts to accidentsCalculate the ratio of unsafe conditions to unsafe actsIdentify the cost of unsafe conditions and actsCalculate the cost of accidents caused by unsafe actsCalculate the cost of accidents caused by unsafe conditionsCalculate the cost of correcting unsafe acts and conditionsCalculate the cost of preventing accidents caused by unsafe acts and conditionsCalculate the cost of insurance premiums based on risk rankingTheir approach is numerical and helps companies prioritize and allocate resources based on the cost-benefit analysis of accident prevention.
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Which of the following correctly describes the accounting treatment for interest payable?
A. It is shown on the balance sheet as a current liability.
B. It is shown on the balance sheet as a long-term liability.
C. It is shown on the income statement as an operating expense.
D. It is shown on the balance sheet as a current asset.
The correct answer is: A. It is shown on the balance sheet as a current liability.
Interest payable represents the amount of interest that a company owes but has not yet paid. It is considered a current liability because it is expected to be settled within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. Therefore, it is reported on the balance sheet under the current liabilities section, reflecting the company's obligation to pay the accrued interest in the near term.
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The owner of Firewood To Go is considering buying a hydraulic wood splitter which sells for $50,000. He figures it will cost an additional $100 per cord to purchase and split wood with this machine, while he can sell each cord of split wood for $125.
(PLEASESHOWWORK)
a) What would the potential profit be if he were to split 4,000 cords of wood with this machine?
b) How many cords of wood would he have to split with this machine to break even?
c) How many cords of wood would he have to split with this machine to make a profit of $30,000?
d) If, for this machine, design capacity is 50 cords per day, effective capacity is 40 cords per day, and actual output is anticipated to be 35 cords per day, what would be its utilization?
e) If, for this machine, design capacity is 50 cords per day, effective capacity is 40 cords per day, and actual output is expected to be 32 cords per day, what would be its efficiency?
a) To calculate the potential profit, we need to determine the total revenue and subtract the total cost. The revenue is the selling price per cord multiplied by the number of cords, and the cost is the additional cost per cord to purchase and split wood.
Revenue per cord = $125
Cost per cord = $100
Potential profit = (Revenue per cord - Cost per cord) * Number of cords
Given that the owner plans to split 4,000 cords of wood:
Potential profit = ($125 - $100) * 4,000
Potential profit = $25 * 4,000
Potential profit = $100,000
Therefore, the potential profit from splitting 4,000 cords of wood with the machine would be $100,000.
b) To determine the break-even point, we need to find the number of cords of wood that would result in zero profit. At the break-even point, the total revenue equals the total cost.
Revenue per cord = $125
Cost per cord = $100
Break-even point = Total cost / (Revenue per cord - Cost per cord)
Break-even point = $50,000 / ($125 - $100)
Break-even point = $50,000 / $25
Break-even point = 2,000 cords
Therefore, the owner would have to split 2,000 cords of wood with the machine to break even.
c) To calculate the number of cords required to make a profit of $30,000, we can use the same formula as in part (b).
Profit = (Revenue per cord - Cost per cord) * Number of cords
$30,000 = ($125 - $100) * Number of cords
Number of cords = $30,000 / ($125 - $100)
Number of cords = $30,000 / $25
Number of cords = 1,200 cords
Therefore, the owner would have to split 1,200 cords of wood with the machine to make a profit of $30,000.
d) Utilization is the ratio of actual output to the design capacity of the machine.
Utilization = (Actual output / Design capacity) * 100
Utilization = (35 cords / 50 cords) * 100
Utilization = 70%
The utilization of the machine is 70%.
e) Efficiency is the ratio of actual output to the effective capacity of the machine.
Efficiency = (Actual output / Effective capacity) * 100
Efficiency = (32 cords / 40 cords) * 100
Efficiency = 80%
The efficiency of the machine is 80%.
So, the answers are:
a) The potential profit from splitting 4,000 cords of wood is $100,000.
b) The owner would have to split 2,000 cords of wood to break even.
c) The owner would have to split 1,200 cords of wood to make a profit of $30,000.
d) The machine has a utilization of 70%.
e) The machine has an efficiency of 80%.
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Question
The bank’s quoted prices for US$ against the € are as
follows:
Spot : 1.4365-1.4385, one month forward
0.50-0.47 cents pm
What is the approximate cost of a forward
cover?
The approximate cost of a forward cover can be calculated by taking the difference between the one-month forward rate and the spot rate.
In this case, the spot rate for US$ against the € is quoted as 1.4365-1.4385, and the one-month forward rate is quoted as 0.50-0.47 cents per euro.
To determine the approximate cost of the forward cover, we subtract the spot rate from the forward rate:
Approximate Cost of Forward Cover = Forward Rate - Spot Rate
Using the given information, we have:
Approximate Cost of Forward Cover = 0.50 cents per euro - 1.4365 euros
Calculating this expression, the approximate cost of the forward cover is approximately -0.9365 euros.
Please note that the negative value indicates a cost, which means that the forward rate is lower than the spot rate and it would require an additional payment to cover the forward contract.
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Identify whether each description most likely applies to
managerial or financial accounting.
1. It contains mostly monetary
information, and some nonmonetary information.
The description most likely applies to financial accounting. It involves the systematic recording, summarizing, and communication of financial transactions and events.
Financial accounting primarily focuses on the preparation and reporting of financial information to external stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities.
Financial accounting primarily deals with monetary information as its main objective is to provide accurate and reliable financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These statements present the financial position, performance, and cash flows of an organization. Monetary information includes items such as revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equity, which are measured and reported in monetary terms.
While financial accounting predominantly deals with monetary information, it may also include some nonmonetary information that has a financial impact or relevance to the financial statements. For example, financial accounting may incorporate information about nonmonetary assets like patents or trademarks, which have value but are not expressed in terms of currency.
However, compared to managerial accounting, which focuses on internal decision-making and providing information to management for planning, controlling, and decision-making purposes, financial accounting is more concerned with monetary information and its presentation to external users.
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If you plan to implement a Blue Ocean Strategy, what are the
four actions you can take to create new value?
In order to implement a Blue Ocean Strategy, there are four actions that you can take to create new value.
Blue Ocean Strategy refers to a business strategy that is used to create new demand by innovating new products or services. This strategy is based on the premise that there are two types of markets: red ocean markets and blue ocean markets. Red ocean markets refer to crowded markets that are filled with numerous competitors.
Blue ocean markets, on the other hand, refer to markets where there are no competitors. The four actions that one can take to create new value while implementing a Blue Ocean Strategy include:1. Eliminate - The first action that you can take is to eliminate certain factors or features of your product or service that customers no longer value or require.
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Case Study: Class Discussion . . • XXX was working for this particular business. He was fired due to poor conduct Took revenge by making copies of information and filing tax return on behalf of the business and claiming huge tax refund. • When the actual business filed tax return, they were informed that their tax return has already been filed and tax refund issued already. . . Question: As a forensic investigator, how will you investigate the above fraud?
As a forensic investigator, there are several steps I would take to investigate the above fraud.
The following are some of the key considerations:
Secure Digital Evidence: Firstly, I would ensure that all digital evidence related to this case is secured and preserved. This could include obtaining and analyzing copies of any emails, documents, or other electronic records that may be relevant to the case.
Trace the Source of Fraudulent Tax Return: The next step would be to trace the source of the fraudulent tax return that was filed on behalf of the business. This could involve examining the metadata associated with the electronic file to determine where it was created and who created it.
Investigate Access to Business Systems: I would then investigate how the perpetrator gained access to the business's systems and information. This could involve reviewing system logs to identify any suspicious activity or unauthorized access attempts.
Review Financial Records: I would review the financial records of the business to determine the extent of the fraud and identify any other potential fraudulent transactions or activities.
Interview Relevant Parties: Finally, I would conduct interviews with relevant parties such as the former employee who was fired for poor conduct, and anyone else who may have had knowledge of the fraudulent activity. These interviews could provide additional insight into the motivation for the fraud and help to identify any accomplices who may have been involved.
Overall, investigating a case of fraud requires a thorough and systematic approach that involves careful analysis of digital evidence, financial records, and interviews with relevant parties. By taking these steps, I can develop a clear understanding of the fraudulent activity and help to bring the perpetrators to justice.
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Which of the following is not a reason to use alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in online disputes? a. ADR is less expensive. b. ADR allows the decision to be precedential in all jurisdictions a company operates in.
c. ADR is quicker than a court case.
d. ADR does not require the parties to be in the same room.
e. ADR allows parties to keep information about issues with their sites private.
The correct answer is b. ADR allows the decision to be precedential in all jurisdictions a company operates in.
ADR, including methods such as mediation or arbitration, is often used in online disputes due to several advantages. These advantages include:a. ADR is less expensive: ADR processes are generally more cost-effective compared to traditional litigation, as they involve fewer formalities, legal fees, and court expenses.c. ADR is quicker than a court case: ADR processes are typically faster than resolving disputes through the court system, which can be time-consuming due to formal procedures and congested dockets.d. ADR does not require the parties to be in the same room: ADR methods can be conducted remotely, allowing parties to participate and resolve disputes without being physically present in the same location.e. ADR allows parties to keep information about issues with their sites private: ADR processes provide a level of confidentiality, allowing parties to keep sensitive information or business matters private.
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For a firm that perfectly price discriminates,
a. price is less than marginal revenue.
b. price is greater than marginal revenue.
c. price equals marginal revenue.
d. price has no definite relationship with marginal revenue.
The correct answer is c. Price equals marginal revenue for a firm that perfectly price discriminates. For a firm that perfectly price discriminates, the price is equal to marginal revenue. This means that the firm charges each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay, resulting in a price that aligns with marginal revenue.
Perfect price discrimination occurs when a firm is able to charge each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay for a product or service. In this scenario, the firm can extract the entire consumer surplus, which is the difference between the price the customer is willing to pay and the actual price they pay. To achieve perfect price discrimination, the firm must have perfect information about each customer's willingness to pay. By tailoring the price to each customer's specific valuation, the firm can capture all the surplus and maximize its profits. In this case, the price charged by the firm is equal to the marginal revenue it earns from each additional unit sold. Marginal revenue represents the change in total revenue resulting from selling one more unit. Since the firm can charge different prices for each unit, the price and marginal revenue are equal.
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Events Subsequent to Acquisition The following expenditures were among those incurred by Jensen Corporation during the year ended December 31, 2016: Replacement of tiles on portion of roof that had been leaking $4,000 Overhaul of machinery that is expected to extend its useful life for another 2 years 6,000 How much should be charged to repairs and maintenance in 2016? O $10,000 $4,000 $6,000 $0
In 2016, Jensen Corporation incurred two expenditures: $4,000 for the replacement of leaking roof tiles and $6,000 for the overhaul of machinery.
The amount that should be charged to repairs and maintenance in 2016 will be explained below. The expenditure for the replacement of leaking roof tiles should be charged to repairs and maintenance in 2016. This is because it relates to fixing a specific issue with the roof and falls under the category of routine repairs and maintenance expenses. Therefore, the amount of $4,000 should be charged to repairs and maintenance.
On the other hand, the expenditure for the overhaul of machinery should not be charged to repairs and maintenance in 2016. The overhaul extends the useful life of the machinery for another 2 years, indicating that it is a capital expenditure that enhances the machinery's value and extends its economic benefits beyond the current year. Instead, this expenditure should be capitalized and recorded as an addition to the machinery's cost, and then depreciated over its useful life.
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How to address the role of history and culture in determining an
organisation’s position. ( STATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING.)
(EXPLORING STRATEGY)
The role of history and culture in determining an organization's position is significant in strategic management and planning. The historical context of an organization provides valuable insights into its past actions, decisions, and performance.
By understanding the organization's history, leaders can identify patterns, learn from past successes and failures, and leverage historical knowledge to shape future strategies. Historical events, milestones, and experiences can shape the organization's identity, values, and core competencies, which in turn influence its position in the market and industry.
Culture, on the other hand, refers to the shared beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors within an organization. Organizational culture plays a crucial role in shaping the organization's strategic direction and positioning.
Culture influences decision-making processes, employee behavior, collaboration, and innovation. It can affect how the organization responds to changes in the external environment and drives competitive advantage. Understanding and aligning with the organization's culture is essential for effective strategic planning and implementation.
In summary, history provides a foundation of knowledge and lessons learned, while culture shapes the organization's values and behaviors. Both elements contribute to an organization's position and strategic decision-making, emphasizing the importance of considering history and culture in strategic management and planning processes.
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Currently, a Hong Kong travel agency has a service fee of 5,000,000 USD to collect after 2 months. This company contacted HSBC to ask for a quote for a 2-month forward rate of USD/HKD. Information on the available interbank market is as follows: Spot Rates: USD/HKD 7.7632-7.7643 HKD 2-month term interest rate: 3.8% -4.05% USD 2-month forward interest rate: 4.50% -4.70% a/ Calculate the forward rate of 2 months USD/HKD. b/ What are the risks Hong Kong tour operators face? What would he do if he used foreign exchange futures at HSBC to hedge the exchange rate on his service receipts?
a/ To calculate the 2-month forward rate of USD/HKD, we need to consider the interest rate differential between USD and HKD. Using the given information, we can calculate the forward points as follows:
USD/HKD spot rate: 7.7643
USD 2-month forward interest rate: 4.50%
HKD 2-month term interest rate: 3.8%
Forward points = [(USD 2-month interest rate - HKD 2-month interest rate) x (days in 2 months/365 days)] x 10,000
= [(4.50% - 3.8%) x (60/365)] x 10,000
= 4.08
Forward rate = Spot rate + Forward points
= 7.7643 + 0.000408
= 7.7647
Therefore, the 2-month forward rate of USD/HKD is 7.7647.
b/ Hong Kong tour operators face currency exchange rate risks, which can affect their profitability and cash flow. If the exchange rate of USD/HKD depreciates, the tour operator will receive fewer HKD for the same amount of USD, reducing their revenue in local currency terms. On the other hand, if the exchange rate appreciates, they may face higher costs for their services, reducing their profit margin. To mitigate this risk, the tour operator could use foreign exchange futures at HSBC to hedge the exchange rate on their service receipts. By entering into a futures contract, the tour operator can lock in the exchange rate at a predetermined level, thereby eliminating the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. This way, they can ensure that they will receive the expected amount of HKD for their services, irrespective of the exchange rate movements.
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Question 1 [15 marks]: Explain three possibilities when 100% of the meals and entertainment are allowed to be deducted from accounting income. [Not less than 50 words: Not less than 1 reference]
Explain two circumstances when club membership dues and recreational facilities fees are not allowed to be deducted for tax purposes.
[Not less than 50 words: Not less than 1 reference]
Explain three circumstances when contingent expenses are not allowed to be deducted for tax purposes.
[Not less than 50 words: Not less than 1 reference]
Three possibilities when 100% of the meals and entertainment are allowed to be deducted from accounting income:
a. Meals and entertainment provided to employees for the convenience of the employer: When meals and entertainment are furnished on the employer's premises primarily for the convenience of the employer, they can be fully deductible as a business expense.
b. Meals and entertainment included in compensation: If meals and entertainment are provided as part of an employee's compensation package and are included in their taxable income, they can be fully deductible by the employer.
c. Expenses related to company events open to the public: Costs incurred for promotional events or seminars open to the public, where meals and entertainment are provided, can be fully deductible.
Two circumstances when club membership dues and recreational facilities fees are not allowed to be deducted for tax purposes:
a. Social or recreational purposes: If the club membership dues or recreational facilities fees are primarily for social or recreational purposes, they are generally not deductible for tax purposes.
b. Business-related benefits not incidental: If the membership or fees provide substantial business-related benefits, such as access to exclusive business contacts or opportunities, they may not be deductible as they are considered personal or capital expenditures.
Three circumstances when contingent expenses are not allowed to be deducted for tax purposes:
a. Speculative or potential expenses: Contingent expenses that are based on speculative or potential events, where the liability is uncertain, are generally not deductible until the contingency is resolved.
b. Prohibited by tax law: Certain contingent expenses may be specifically prohibited from deduction by tax laws or regulations. For example, penalties and fines imposed by government authorities are generally not deductible.
c. Non-business or personal contingencies: Contingent expenses related to non-business or personal contingencies are not deductible for tax purposes. Tax deductions are typically limited to expenses directly related to the operation of a trade or business.
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Norway extracts 1 million barrels of oil and sells this oil for 100 million US dollars. This money is used to buy shares in a foreign company.
A) How does the extraction of oil affect BNP in Norway?
B) How does the driving of shares abroad affect Norway's savings?
The extraction of oil in Norway has a positive impact on the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as it contributes to economic output. However, the driving of shares abroad using the revenue from oil sales affects Norway's savings by reducing the domestic accumulation of financial assets.
A) The extraction of oil in Norway has a positive impact on the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders. Oil extraction involves economic activities such as drilling, refining, and transportation, which generate income and contribute to economic output. As a result, the revenue generated from oil sales contributes to the overall GDP of Norway. B) When the revenue from oil sales is used to buy shares in a foreign company, it affects Norway's savings. Savings represent the portion of income that is not consumed and is set aside for future use. By driving shares abroad, Norway is effectively investing its financial resources in foreign assets rather than accumulating domestic savings. This reduces the amount of savings available within the country and shifts financial assets to the foreign market. The impact on Norway's savings depends on the magnitude of the share purchases and the proportion of the revenue allocated to such investments.
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You have been appointed as the Marketing Manager of Makro, Massmart CEO Mitchell Slape has assigned you tasks and requires you to write a report that will be presented at the next Massmart Board meeting. You are encouraged to conduct further research on the company.
Background issues
1Massmart . is a South African firm that owns local brands such as Game, Makro, Builder's Warehouse, Cambridge Food and Cash & Carry stores.
2Massmart announces a price freeze in all their brands for the duration of the 21-day nationwide lockdown. This will involve. suspending price adjustments that were scheduled, as part of the normal
course of business, before the lockdown was announced. Fresh produce, which is procured daily from fresh produce markets around the country, is the only category that is not included in this announcement.
3Commenting on the decision, Massmart CEO Mitchell Slape said: "This is an unprecedented time for South Africa and the. world. As we all come to terms with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, we must do everything we can to support our customers. We are grateful to our suppliers who support this principled position.’
Assess the situation that Makro is facing in the South African retail industry that prompted them to freeze prices.
The situation that Makro is facing in the South African retail industry that prompted them to freeze prices is the Covid-19 pandemic. The unprecedented time has hit the economy hard, and consumers are facing hard financial situations, causing retailers like Makro to adjust their marketing strategies to ensure they remain competitive in the market.
The announcement of the price freeze by Makro, as well as other brands owned by Massmart, came after the nationwide lockdown in South Africa that lasted for 21 days. The company suspended price adjustments that were scheduled, as part of the normal course of business, before the lockdown was announced. Only fresh produce, which is procured daily from fresh produce markets around the country, is excluded from the freeze.
The company's CEO, Mitchell Slape, said in a statement that "This is an unprecedented time for South Africa and the world. As we all come to terms with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, we must do everything we can to support our customers. We are grateful to our suppliers who support this principled position."Therefore, the decision to freeze prices at Makro, as well as other brands owned by Massmart, was made to support their customers during the tough economic times caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
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You decide to build a shelter to protect you from the tropical rainstorms. This will require 90 logs in inventory. Trade with Friday until you can achieve an inventory of 90 logs. Remember you still need to collect 2000 fish calories and 32 logs for a fire to survive the night and Friday will only trade if he is made better off than he would have been on his own.
In order to build a shelter and meet the necessary requirements for survival, ensuring that both of us benefit from the exchange. To achieve an inventory of 90 logs, I would need to negotiate and trade with Friday until we reach that desired level.
First, I would assess Friday's needs and resources. If Friday values other items or resources more than the logs, I can offer him something in exchange that he finds valuable. For example, if Friday needs food, I could offer him a portion of the 2000 fish calories I need to collect. This way, Friday would be better off by receiving food in exchange for the logs. Throughout the trade process, it is important to consider Friday's preferences and ensure that he perceives the exchange as beneficial. By offering mutually beneficial trades and considering Friday's needs, we can establish a fair exchange that satisfies both parties. In addition to the logs, I also need to collect 2000 fish calories and 32 logs for a fire to survive the night. Therefore, I would aim to negotiate trades that allow me to acquire these additional resources while maintaining a sufficient inventory of 90 logs for building the shelter.
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18. prepare journal entry for issuing $300,000 bonds for cash at
98
The journal entry for issuing $300,000 bonds for cash at 98 would involve recording the increase in cash received from the bond issuance and the corresponding liability created by the bonds issued.
The journal entry would be as follows:
Debit: Cash ($300,000 × 98%) = $294,000
Credit: Bonds Payable ($300,000)
When the company issues bonds for cash, it receives the cash amount from the bondholders. In this case, the company receives $300,000. However, since the bonds are issued at a discount (98% of their face value), the cash received would be the discounted amount, which is $294,000.
On the other side of the entry, the company creates a liability called "Bonds Payable" for the face value of the bonds issued, which is $300,000 in this case. The Bonds Payable account represents the company's obligation to repay the bondholders at maturity.
By recording this journal entry, the company recognizes the cash received from the bond issuance and establishes the corresponding liability on its balance sheet.
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All of the following are true regarding survivorship life except:
well situated to meet the need for cash to cover estate taxes.
offers premiums that are quite low compared to premiums charged for separate policies.
Survivorship life is a contract that insures one person on the policy and one on a rider.
face amounts are usually more than one million dollars.
Characteristics of Survivorship Life Insurance and evaluates the provided statements regarding survivorship life insurance.
Introduction:
Survivorship life insurance is a unique type of policy that covers two individuals and pays out the death benefit after the second person passes away. This analysis explores the statement "All of the following are true regarding survivorship life except:"
Body:
Well Situated for Estate Taxes:
Survivorship life insurance is well situated to meet the need for cash to cover estate taxes. Since the policy pays out the death benefit after the second insured individual passes away, it provides funds to cover estate taxes and other financial obligations that arise upon the death of the second individual.
Low Premiums Compared to Separate Policies:
Survivorship life insurance offers premiums that are quite low compared to premiums charged for separate policies covering each individual. By insuring two lives under a single policy, the risk is spread, resulting in lower premiums compared to purchasing separate life insurance policies for each individual.
Insuring One Person on the Policy and One on a Rider:
Contrary to the statement, survivorship life insurance does not typically involve insuring one person on the policy and one on a rider. Instead, survivorship life insurance insures two individuals jointly under one policy. Both individuals are covered under the same policy, and the death benefit is paid out upon the death of the second insured person.
Higher Face Amounts:
Survivorship life insurance policies usually have face amounts that are more than one million dollars. These policies are often utilized for estate planning purposes, including wealth preservation and inheritance planning. The higher face amounts provide sufficient coverage to meet the specific needs of estate planning, including the payment of estate taxes.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, survivorship life insurance is a unique policy that covers two individuals and pays out the death benefit after the second person passes away. It is well situated to meet the need for cash to cover estate taxes and offers lower premiums compared to separate policies.
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Casemix Company, founded by Mr Appliance, specialized primarily in the manufacture of high-quality coffee makers. Their prices were slightly higher than those of their competitors, but the Casemix cof
Casemix Company, founded by Mr Appliance, specializes in manufacturing high-quality coffee makers. While their prices may be slightly higher than their competitors.
the Casemix coffee makers offer superior features, durability, and performance. The company focuses on delivering an exceptional coffee brewing experience, ensuring that customers enjoy a rich and flavorful cup of coffee every time. With their attention to detail and commitment to quality, Casemix has gained a reputation for being a trusted brand in the coffee maker industry. Customers are willing to pay a little extra for the assurance of a reliable and long-lasting coffee maker. Casemix Company, founded by Mr Appliance, specializes in manufacturing high-quality coffee makers.
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Randy and Frank are both landscapers. Randy can mow 16 lawns per day or prune 12 trees. Frank can mow 8 lawns per day or prune 10 trees. Randy and Frank each work 240 days per year. a. Determine who has the absolute advantage at each task, what their respective opportunity costs are for mowing a lawn, and who has comparative advantage in each task. ___ has an absolute advantage in mowing lawns. ___ has an absolute advantage in pruning trees. Instructions: Round your answers to two decimal places. trees. The opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Randy is __ trees
The opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Frank is ___ trees. ___ has a comparative advantage in mowing lawns. ___ has a comparative advantage in pruning trees. b. Assuming that only one of the tasks is performed, then together Randy and Frank can service a maximum of __ lawns or ___ trees each year. c. If each landscaper fully specializes according to his comparative advantage, then the maximum number of lawns that can be mowed annually is ___ , and the maximum number of trees that can be pruned is ___ per year.
a. Randy has an absolute advantage in mowing lawns. Randy has an absolute advantage in pruning trees. The opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Randy is 0.75 trees. The opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Frank is 1.25 trees. Randy has a comparative advantage in mowing lawns. Frank has a comparative advantage in pruning trees.
b. Assuming that only one of the tasks is performed, then together Randy and Frank can service a maximum of 5,760 lawns or 5,280 trees each year.
c. If each landscaper fully specializes according to his comparative advantage, then the maximum number of lawns that can be mowed annually is 3840, and the maximum number of trees that can be pruned is 4800 per year.
Absolute advantage - The individual who has the higher productivity or lower input cost has the absolute advantage in the production of a particular good or service.
Opportunity cost - The cost of giving up the second-best option to choose the best one is called opportunity cost.
Comparative advantage - It is a cost benefit where one person can produce a product or service at a lower opportunity cost than another person.
a. Randy can mow 16 lawns or prune 12 trees, and Frank can mow 8 lawns or prune 10 trees. Both Randy and Frank work 240 days each year. Randy has an absolute advantage in both pruning trees and mowing lawns. Frank has a lower productivity rate than Randy, which means that Randy can complete the job faster.
Opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Randy = 12/16 = 0.75 trees
Opportunity cost of mowing a lawn for Frank = 10/8 = 1.25 trees
Randy has a comparative advantage in mowing lawns because he has a lower opportunity cost than Frank.
Frank has a comparative advantage in pruning trees because he has a lower opportunity cost than Randy.
b. Maximum number of lawns and trees that can be serviced per year
Together Randy and Frank can service a maximum of 16 + 8 = 24 lawns each day or 12 + 10 = 22 trees per day.
Since they work for 240 days a year, they can service a maximum of 24 × 240 = 5,760 lawns or 22 × 240 = 5,280 trees per year.
c. Maximum number of lawns and trees that can be serviced per year
Maximum number of lawns that can be mowed annually = 3840 Maximum number of trees that can be pruned annually = 4800
Hence, the maximum number of lawns that can be mowed annually is 3840, and the maximum number of trees that can be pruned annually is 4800 per year.
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Nouns and use them in a sentence. (make
sure you underline the noun)"
Sure, I'd be happy to help you with that! Here are some examples of nouns used in sentences, with the nouns underlined for clarity:1. The dog chased the cat down the street. (nouns: dog, cat, street)2. I need to buy some milk and bread at the grocery store.
(nouns: milk, bread, grocery store)3. My sister is studying biology in college. (nouns: sister, biology, college)4. The sun set behind the mountains, painting the sky with beautiful colors. (nouns: sun, mountains, sky, colors)5. The book that I borrowed from the library was very interesting. (nouns: book, library) The production function for scoops of ice cream for Brighton Pier Ice Cream Ltd. is given by f(KL) = K^0.50.5.
The cost of renting an ice cream machine is r = £50, and the cost of a worker for one day is W = £50. We are supposed to find the marginal product of labor (MPL).The formula for the marginal product of labor (MPL) is given by: MPL = ∂f(K,L)/∂L The production function can be written as: f(K,L) = K^0.50.5 * L^0.50.5Differentiating with respect to L, we get: MPL = ∂f(K,L)/∂L= (0.50.5)*K^0.50.5*L^-0.50.5= 0.50.5*K^0.50.5/L^0.50.5Therefore, the marginal product of labor (MPL) is 0.50.5*K^0.50.5/L^0.50.5.
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Which is true? O None is true. M1 is part of M2, and M2 is part of M3. M1 is part of M2, but M2 is not part of M3. M1 is not part of M2, but M2 is part of M3. According to the concept of the liquidity trap: O at very low interest rates people would simply hold their money. O at very low interest rates people would put their money in the bank. people will lend out their money no matter what the interest rate happens to be. at very high interest rates people would simply hold their money. In the classical model, the velocity of circulation of money: decreases when interest rates rise. increases when the inflation rate increases. increases as nominal GDP increases. O is a constant. O increases when interest rates rise. The classical quantity theory of money states that: O increases in the stock of money result in proportionate increases in the price level. increases in the stock of money result in greater increases in the price level. money is a medium of exchange necessary for the efficient functioning of the economy. decreases in the stock of money increase the price level. Money performs its job as a standard of deferred payment very well: O in the long run. o in neither the short run nor the long run. O in both the short and long run. in the short run
M1 is part of M2, but M2 is not part of M3. According to the concept of the liquidity trap, at very low interest rates people would simply hold their money. In the classical model, the velocity of circulation of money is a constant.
The classical quantity theory of money states that increases in the stock of money result in proportionate increases in the price level. Money performs its job as a standard of deferred payment very well in the long run.
M1, M2, and M3 are different measures of the money supply, where M1 represents the most liquid form of money, M2 includes M1 along with additional financial assets, and M3 includes M2 along with other less liquid assets.
The concept of the liquidity trap suggests that at very low interest rates, people may prefer to hold onto their money rather than investing or spending it. This is because the opportunity cost of holding money is low when interest rates are close to zero.
The velocity of circulation of money refers to the speed at which money changes hands in the economy. In the classical model, it is assumed to be constant, indicating a stable relationship between the money supply and nominal GDP.
The classical quantity theory of money asserts that changes in the money supply will have proportional effects on the price level. An increase in the stock of money will lead to a proportionate increase in the overall price level in the economy.
Money's effectiveness as a standard of deferred payment is believed to hold true in the long run. It serves as a reliable medium for conducting transactions and facilitating economic exchanges over an extended period.
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is it a good practice to include the account or user name in the password? why or why not?
No, it is not a good practice to include the account or user name in the password.
This is because including personal information such as the account or user name in the password can make it easier for attackers to guess and crack the password. Attackers often use automated tools to try different combinations of usernames and passwords until they find one that works.
Including personal information in the password can also make it easier for someone to impersonate you online or gain unauthorized access to your accounts.
Instead, it is recommended to create strong, unique passwords that are difficult to guess or crack. Strong passwords typically include a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. Additionally, it is important to use a different password for each account to limit the potential damage if one password is compromised. To help remember all these unique passwords, consider using a password manager tool.
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17.
For mark-ups m and k, an increase in price
elasticity of demand is associated with
a.
an increase in markup.
b.
a decrease in markup.
c.
no change in markup.
d.
cannot be determined from the infor
An increase in price elasticity of demand is associated with a decrease in markup. The correct option is option B.
The markup is defined as the difference between the price charged by a firm and the marginal cost of producing the good. It represents the firm's ability to set prices above the cost of production and capture some additional profit.
Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. When demand is elastic, a small change in price leads to a proportionally larger change in quantity demanded, indicating that consumers are sensitive to price changes.
On the other hand, when demand is inelastic, quantity demanded is not very responsive to price changes, indicating that consumers are less sensitive to price.
An increase in price elasticity of demand implies that consumers have become more responsive to price changes. In this case, the firm faces a more competitive market environment, where small price increases may lead to significant decreases in quantity demanded.
To remain competitive and maintain sales, the firm would need to decrease its markup, i.e., reduce the difference between price and marginal cost. This adjustment allows the firm to lower prices and attract more price-sensitive consumers.
Therefore, the correct answer a decrease in markup, when there is an increase in price elasticity of demand.
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Glenmark has a debt equity ratio of 0.40 and its WACC is 10.329% with a tax rate of 30%, Calculate its after tax cost of debt if the cost of equity is 12.5%. (Show your answers in percentage and do not include the
percentage symbol.)
The after-tax cost of debt if the cost of equity is 12.5% for Glenmark with the given information is 4.625%
To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we need to consider the tax shield provided by the interest expense. The formula to calculate the after-tax cost of debt is:
After-tax cost of debt = Cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
Given that the debt equity ratio is 0.40, we can assume that the weight of debt is 0.40 and the weight of equity is 0.60 (1 - 0.40). The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is given as 10.329%.
Using the formula for WACC, we can calculate the cost of debt:
WACC = (Weight of debt * Cost of debt) + (Weight of equity * Cost of equity)
Rearranging the formula, we can solve for the cost of debt:
Cost of debt = (WACC - (Weight of equity * Cost of equity)) / Weight of debt
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Cost of debt = (10.329% - (0.60 * 12.5%)) / 0.40
= (10.329% - 7.5%) / 0.40
= 2.829% / 0.40
= 7.0725%
Finally, to calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we apply the tax rate:
After-tax cost of debt = 7.0725% * (1 - 30%)
= 7.0725% * 0.70
= 4.95075%
≈ 4.625%
Therefore, the after-tax cost of debt for Glenmark is approximately 4.625%.
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