Molecular solid have covalently bonded atoms in it whereas Ionic solid have electronic bonds between its atoms..
We employ the octet rule, which states that all atoms in a compound are expected to comply by, to confirm the accuracy of any chemical structure. Every atom in the carbon IV oxide model precisely complies with the octet rule. The valence shell of each atom in the molecule is surrounded by eight electrons. We can therefore conclude that this structure is accurate given the total number of bonds and electrons, as well as the fact that CO₂ has sixteen valence electrons.
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seawater with less than 35 ppt but more than 30 ppt is termed . a. brine. b. saline. c. brackish. d. metahaline.
Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, below approximately 33 ppt.
Brackish water(aka brack water) is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and freshwater together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root brak, which means slightly salty.
What is Salinity ? Salinity is the measure of the number of grams of salts per kilogram of seawater, which is expressed in parts per thousand. Parts per thousand can be defined as how many parts, or grams, of salt there are per thousand parts, or kilogram (1,000 g), of seawater
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What key features should be present in the ir spectrum of your product if you successfully made the desired bromohydrin? what key features should be absent from the ir spectrum if the starting material was completely reacted?.
The key features that should be present in the IR spectrum of your product if you successfully made the desired bromohydrin and the key features that should be absent from the IR spectrum if the starting material was completely reacted are the spectra of the other alcohols.
The spectra of the other alcohols utilized in the synthesis indicate the presence of bromohydrin. The presence of Bromohydrin with the Hydroxyl stretch characteristic demonstrates the presence of alcohol
What is bromohydrin?Bromonydrin is formed by the addition of Br and OH across an alkene, and the result is known as a bromohydrin (bromo=bromine, hydrin=hydro, water/H₂O).
The synthesis of bromohydrins includes extremely regioselective ring expansion of epoxides to halohydrins using hydrogen and lithium halides in the presence of -cyclodextrin in water as a solvent.
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Below are six boundary - surface representations of molecular orbitals in homonuclear (second period) diatomic molecules. Which of the following represents a pi-bonding molecular orbitals? Select all that apply.
The statement was not given completely hence it is not possible to give correct answer for surface representations of molecular orbitals in homonuclear (second period) diatomic molecules and which of the following represents a pi-bonding molecular orbitals.
What is pi-bonding?The term "pi bond" refers to a type of covalent chemical interaction in which two orbital lobes on one atom overlap laterally with two orbital lobes on another atom.
Homonuclear diatomic molecules:Homonuclear molecules are those made up of only one type of element and when we talk of Homonuclear diatomic molecules then these Homonuclear molecules are composed with two molecules of same element.
Some example of Homonuclear diatomic molecules are :
hydrogen (H2)oxygen (O2)nitrogen (N2) all of the halogensTo know more about pi-bonding visit
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the reduction of nitric oxide with hydrogen is second order in and first order in . complete the rate law for this reaction in the box below. use the form , where '1' is understood for , ... (don't enter 1) and concentrations taken to the zero power do not appear. rate
(order in NO ) + (order in H2 ) = overall order = third
2 + (order in H2 ) = 3
(order in H2 ) = 3 - 2 = 1 = first order in H2 .
Rate = k[ NO ] 2 [ H2 ] 1 = k[NO]2[H2] .
What is Rate of reaction?
The rate at which reactants change into products is known as the rate of reaction or reaction rate. It goes without saying that the rate at which chemical reactions take place varies greatly. While certain chemical reactions occur almost instantly, others typically take time to achieve their final equilibrium.
Reaction rate is the rate at which a chemical reaction moves forward. It is frequently described in terms of either the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time or the concentration of a product that is generated in a unit of time (amount per unit volume).
You may also define it in terms of how much of the reactants are used up or how much of the products are produced in a given amount of time. Consider, for illustration, a reaction where the balanced chemical equation is of the type A + 3B → 2Z.
The following alternate ways of expressing the rate are also possible:
Where t is the time, [A], [B], and [Z] are the substance concentrations, and a, b, and z are their amounts, the formula reads: d[Z]/dt, -d[A], -d[B], dz/dt, da/dt, and db/dt. Please take note that these six expressions are not interchangeable; rather, they are just connected.
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Which of the following statements is not true? a. lonic compounds typically have higher melting points than molecular compounds b. Covalent bonds form between non-metal and metal elements
c. Molecular compounds share electrons to form bonds between atoms d. Ionic bonds in the melted state can conduct electricity
The statements which is not true is Covalent bonds form between non-metal and metal elements as ionic bond forms between non-metal and metal elements .
What is Covalent bonds?The bond formed by pairing of electrons between the atoms by sharing electron to each other is known as Covalent bonds. It is generally formed between two Non-metals.
Ionic bond:
Ionic Bond is formed because of electrostatic attraction. This generally formed in the opposite charged ions of the atoms that why they generally form between Metals and Non- metals.
Hence, statements which is not true is Covalent bonds form between non-metal and metal elements as ionic bond forms between non-metal and metal elements .
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Under which of the following sets of conditions is a real gas expected to deviate from ideal behavior?
(I) High pressure, small volume.
(II) High temperature, low pressure.
(III) Low temperature, high pressure
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Only III
D. I and III both
Answer: D
(I) High pressure, small volume.
(III) Low temperature, high pressure
sets of conditions is a real gas expected to deviate from ideal behavior
A theoretical gas called an ideal gas is one that has lots of point particles flying around arbitrarily and not being affected by other particles. The ideal gas notion is advantageous because it complies with the ideal gas law, a condensed equation of state, and is amenable to statistical mechanics analysis. A theoretical gas called an ideal gas is one that has many of randomly moving particles but doesn't have any interparticle interactions. The converse is true for a real gas; it takes up space and its molecules interact. As a result, PV is always equal to nRT.
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the specific rotation of pure (r)-c6h5chohch3 is -42.3. a pure sample of (r)-c6h5chohch3 was converted to the corresponding alcohol via an sn2 reaction. what is the specific rotation of the product?
The specific rotation of the product is + 42.3° . option B is the correct answer
The SN2 mechanism was used to convert (R)-C6H5CHClCH3 into the appropriate alcohol, the end result should be (S)-C6H5CHOHCH3. This is due to the fact that, in the SN2 reaction mechanism, the departing nucleophile prefers to attack from the front side in order to reduce electrical repulsions during the transition state. This results in a complete configuration inversion at the molecules' chiral carbon. The amplitude of a particular rotational value will be the same but with the opposite sign in enantiomers. For instance, if R isomer displays -42.3°, S isomer will display +42.3°.
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(a) What is the net redox reaction that occurs when Pt comes into contact with acidic KMnO4? (Use the lowest possible coefficients. Omit states-of-matter from your answer.)
chemPad
Help
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5Pt → 5Pt2+ + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
Correct.
(b) What is E°cell for the reaction?
Net Redox Reaction when Pt(Platinum) comes in contact with KMnO4 is : 2MnO4- + 16H+ 5Pt → 5Pt2+ + 2Mn2+ 8H2O .
Potassium permanganate(KMnO₄) is strong oxidizing agent which is reduced and oxidizes Pt (Platinum) according to the two-half reactions:
The oxidation reaction: Pt → Pt²⁺ + 2e.
The reduction reaction: MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O.
To obtain the net redox reaction, we multiply the oxidation reaction by 5 and the reduction reaction by 2 to equalize the no. of electrons in the two-half reactions.
So, the net redox reaction will be:
2MnO4- + 16H+ 5Pt → 5Pt2+ + 2Mn2+ 8H2O
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.
1. Calculate the quantitative concentration of sodium chloride (NaCI) solution, which contains 0.3 mol of NaCI in 0.5 dm3
2. Determine the concentration of magnesium chloride solution (MgC12), which in 200 cm3
contains MgCl2.
3. How many grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
needed to prepare 100cm3 of solution
mass concentration 80q/dm3?
for the reaction in which the equalibrium constant, k, is equal to 1.000, what would be the value of eo? two electrons are transferred in the reaction at a temperature of 298.15 k.
The value of Eo would be = 0
What is Nerst equation?
The Nernst equation formula connects the reaction quotient, electrochemical cell potential, temperature, and standard cell potential.
Eo = [tex](\frac{RT}{nF} ) lnK[/tex]
Where,
R = Gas constant
T = Temperature
K = equilibrium constant
F = Faraday constant
n = no. of electrons
Given,
k = 1.000
T = 298.15k
n = 2
R = Gas constant = 8.314[tex]JK^-^1mol^-^1[/tex]
We know,
Eo = [tex](\frac{RT}{nF} ) lnK[/tex]
Subsituting the values:
Eo = [tex](\frac{8.314 * 298.15}{2 * 96485} ) lnK[/tex]
Eo = [tex]\frac{0.592}{2} lnK[/tex]
Eo = 0.296 * ln (1)
Eo = 0.296 * 0
Eo = 0
The value of Eo would be = 0
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18.0 g of nitrogen gas occupies 19.0 l at a particular temperature and pressure. 67.0 g of unknown gas occupies the same volume at the same pressure and temperature. what is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
Molar mass of unknown gas is 52 g/mol and Unknown gas is chromium
Given in the question;
Mass of nitrogen = 18 g
So, No of Moles of nitrogen (n') = 18/14 = 1.28 mol
Volume of nitrogen (V') = Volume of unknown gas (V") = 19 L
Let number of mol of unknown solution be X(n")
Applying Ideal gas law PV = nRT (mention in question that pressure and temperature of both gas is same R is already constant)
So, V'/n' = V"/n"
Thus, 19/1.28 = 19/n"
n" = 1.28 mol
So, No of mols of unknown gas is 1.28 mol.
Molar mass of Unknown gas = Given mass/number of mols
= 67/1.28 = 52 g/mol
So, Molar mass of unknown gas is 52 g/mol and Unknown gas is chromium
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given that the standard gibbs energy change for the following reaction is 23 kj mol-1 at 298 k what are the concentrations of ca2 and so42- at equilibrium?
The standard Gibbs energy change for the following reaction is 23 kj mol-1 at 298 k what are the concentrations of ca2 and so42- at equilibrium is 3032K.
What is Gibbs energy ?
The Gibbs free energy, also referred to as the Gibbs function, Gibbs energy, or free enthalpy, is a unit of measurement used to determine the maximum amount of work that can be accomplished in a thermodynamic system when the temperature and pressure are held constant.
What is equilibrium ?
Chemical equilibrium is characterized as a dynamic condition in which the concentration of each reactant remains constant. Even if they aren't equal, they aren't altering. An equilibrium state in a chemical reaction is denoted by a double arrow. Left are reactants, and right are products.
ΔG∘=−1486kJ/mol
T=3032K
ΔG∘=ΔH∘−TΔS∘
Under standard conditions T=298K
∴ΔG∘=−1648.4×10³−(298×−543.7)
ΔG∘=−1486 kJ/mol
At equilibrium ΔG=0
∴0=ΔH∘−TΔS∘
assuming the enthalpy and entropy changes don't change much with temperature we can use the standard values.
∴T=ΔH∘ΔS∘
T=−1648.4×10³−543.7K
T=3032K
Therefore, standard Gibbs energy change for the following reaction is 23 kj mol-1 at 298 k what are the concentrations of ca2 and so42- at equilibrium is 3032K.
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when an atom loses or gains electrons the electron dot symbol for the resulting ion will be different than that of the original atom. if ar were to lose 2 electrons what would be the new electron dot symbol of the ar2 ion?
The dot structure of Ar will have 6 electron in their valence shell.
Lewis dot structures, also known as electron dot structures, are schematics that show the interatomic chemical bonds in a molecule. Additionally, they show how many lone pairs there are overall in each of the atoms that make up the molecule. Common names for Lewis dot structures include electron dot structures and Lewis structures. Lewis described an acid as an electron pair acceptor, while a base is an electron pair giver.
The electronic structures of the elements, including the electron pairings, are reflected in the Lewis dot structures. Lewis structures can be viewed as "electron bookkeeping" and are a helpful way to condense some bonding-related information. Each dot in a Lewis dot structure corresponds to an electron. A bond is denoted by two dots placed between the atoms in chemical symbols.
Hence, Ar dot structure will be different from neutral Ar atom.
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which of the following generates the most ions per mole of solute when dissolved in dilute aqueous solution? group of answer choices a. nahso4 b. mgcl2 c. nacl d. c2h5oh e. caso4
MgCl₂ generates the most ions per mole of solute when dissolved in dilute aqueous solution because MgCl₂ dissolves completely in aqueous solution and Molarity of MgCl₂ is higher than all given ionic compounds nahso4, nacl, c2h5oh and caso4.
The equation for the dissociation of MgCl₂ in an aqueous solution is:
MgCl₂→Mg²⁺ + 2Cl⁻
Based on the equation for the reaction, for every mole of magnesium ions present in the solution, there are two moles of chloride ions. This is the case because in order to balance the charges to form the compound, the total anionic and cationic charges should be equal.
What is Molarity ?
Molarity is a concentration in terms of moles per litre of solution. Because an ionic compound dissociates into its components cations and anions in solution, the key to the problem is identifying how many moles of ions are produced during dissolution.
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Do you think it would be useful to determine the chemical properties of any of the evidence? why or why not? (at least one sentence).
Chemical categories may be created using Chemical properties . They can be helpful in identifying unknown chemicals as well as in separating or purifying them from other substances.
Any characteristic of a substance that can only be formed by altering its chemical identity is referred to as a Chemical properties . Chemical properties include those that emerge during or after a chemical reaction. Simply put, it is impossible to detect a substance's chemical qualities by looking at it or feeling it; instead, the internal structure of the substance must be significantly altered in order to conduct an investigation into its chemical properties. Chemical change happens when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, which causes significant changes in its properties. An additional chemical feature would be one that is catalytic, though.
Physical qualities, on the other hand, can be identified without altering the structure of a substance, in contrast to chemical attributes
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what does burned ether mean, and when ether is burned, does it increase the value of your glk balance
Sending a token to an account that can only accept them is known as "burning" a coin. Burner or eater addresses are wallet addresses that are used to burn bitcoin. Burning effectively takes tokens out of circulation.
What occurs if cryptocurrency gets burned?A digital asset is essentially removed from circulation by being locked away for all time when it is burned by sending it to a location from which it can never be retrieved, also known as a burn address.
If cryptocurrency gets burned, do you lose money?A token is permanently lost if it is transferred to a burn address. Anyone who owns a cryptocurrency can burn it, but since you'd essentially be throwing money away, it's not exactly something you'd want to do for no reason. The majority of the time, a cryptocurrency's creators pick how much to burn.
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a cylinder with a moveable piston contains 92g of nitrogen. the external pressure is constant at 1.00 atm. the initial temperature is 200k. when the temperature is increased by 92 k, by taking it out of the freezer, the volume will increase, according to the ideal gas law. calculate the work for this process. express your answer in j. the conversion factor between liter atmospheres and joules is 101.3 j
The work done is equal to 1911.53 J.
Solution:
work done = 18.87Latm
= 18.87 x 101.3j
= 1911.53 j
The work done is calculated by substituting the value of pressure, final volume, and initial volume in the work done equation. Then, the unit for work done will be in L atm, and this is converted into joules by multiplying the value in L atm with:
The work done is equal to 101.3j
= 1911.53j
Thus, The work done is equal to 1911.53 J.
The total cost of work in process refers to the sum of the starting cost of work in process and the total manufacturing cost for the period. In other words, the above concept can be obtained by adding the original work-in-progress inventory to the total manufacturing cost.
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If a radioactive iotope ha a half-life of 8. 45 year, how many year will it take for the ample to decay to 81. 12 % of it original amount?
It will take two decades for a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 8.45 years to decay to 81.12% of its initial mass.
Why is something radioactive?Something that shows or is produced by radioactive is referred to as radioactive. Radiation, which typically manifests as electromagnetic waves or swiftly moving elementary particles like protons or neutrons, is released when anything is radioactive.
What materials cause radioactive substances?The term "radioactivity" is used to characterize the natural mechanism by which some atom spontaneously split into distinct, more stable atoms, producing both particles and energy. Because unstable isotopes frequently change into more stable isotopes, this process, also known as radioactive decay, takes place.
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a sample of indoor air was then having 14 grams of water at a temperature of 20 c. the relative humidity of the sample of air is:
The relative humidity of the sample containing 14 grams of water at a temperature of 20°C is 100%.
Explanation for relative humidity
Relative Humidity is defined as the ratio that is expressed in percent, of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated.
Given,
Air temperature of 20°C can sustain the amount of water vapor is 14 grams.
From the table of saturation mixing ratio, it is observed that
The saturation mixing ration for air temperature at 20°C is 14g/kg
Therefore, the relative humidity for the given sample is,
14/14 × 100 = 100%
Hence, the relative humidity for the given sample is 100%.
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A chunk of dry ice, solid co2, disappears after sitting at room temperature for a while. There is no puddle of liquid. What happened?.
Answer:
When dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is exposed to room temperature, it sublimates, meaning it changes directly from a solid to a gas. This process is known as sublimation and is why dry ice "disappears" when left at room temperature. The gas produced is carbon dioxide, which is odorless and colorless.
In general, a lone pair repels bonding electron pairs _____ than bonding pairs repel each other. A lone pair will therefore _____ the bond angle between bonding pairs. A double bond has a similar effect because a double bond has a _____ electron density than a single bond.
In general, a lone pair repels bonding electron pairs more than bonding pairs repel each other. A lone pair will therefore decrease the bond angle between bonding pairs greater.
What makes a double bond?When atoms share two pairs of electrons, this double bond is created. Pairs of electrons are constantly shared. A chemical bond is just a shared pair of electrons. A double connection between two atoms requires more energy for break than a single bond because 4 electrons are shared by the two or more atoms in the double bond.
What type of bond is a double bond?A covalent link with bond order = 2 made up of four electrons, two of which form sigma and pi bonds, respectively. displaying single, doubled, and tripling bonds in the Lewis structure. a molecular representation of ethylene's dual bond.
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Classify each substance as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte:(a) Sodium permanganate (b) Acetic acid (c) Methanol (d) Calcium acetate
Sodium permanganate and Calcium acetate are strong electrolyte, Acetic acid is weak electrolyte and Methanol is nonelectrolyte.
With the chemical formula NaMnO4, sodium permanganate is an inorganic substance. Most commonly, it comes in monohydrate form. Iron and manganese are removed, taste and odour are controlled, biological growth in treatment plants is controlled, and sodium permanganate is employed as an oxidant. By oxidising precursors and decreasing the need for other disinfectants, including chlorine, it can aid in lowering the development of disinfection byproducts (DBPs).
The chemical name for acetic acid, officially known as ethanoic acid, is CH3COOH. It is an organic substance that is acidic, colourless, and liquid. Its chemical formula is CH3COOH, and other names for acetic acid include ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, and methane carboxylic acid. Vinegar gets its distinctive smell from acetic acid, a byproduct of fermentation. A 4-6% acetic acid solution makes up vinegar.
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the pressure of a sample of argon gas was increased from 3.54 atm3.54 atm to 8.38 atm8.38 atm at constant temperature. if the final volume of the argon sample was 14.4 l,14.4 l, what was the initial volume of the argon sample? assume ideal behavior.
The original volume of the argon sample was 42.37L when the argon sample's pressure was raised from 3.54 atm. 3:54 to 8:38 a.m. 8.38 atm at a fixed temperature
The most prevalent gas in the atmosphere after nitrogen and oxygen is argon. Argon is a noble gas, making it fully inert, like helium. It is a colourless, odourless gas that has no effect on other substances at all. Despite being a gas, argon has the ability to combine with other substances in specific situations.
Isothermal processes are defined as those that occur at constant temperature. There are many isothermal processes that are used often. At constant temperatures, the working fluid undergoes a change in phase during the boiling and condensing processes.
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what is the symbol for the following ion electronic structure: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s2 with an atomic number of 50?
For the given ion electronic structure, the atomic number is 50, electrons present in this ion is 48, it forms cation with +2 charge. The atom is Tin and the symbol is "Sn".
What is electronic configuration?
Also called electronic structure, the arrangement of electrons in orbits around the nucleus. The electron configuration of atoms in quantum mechanical models is given by ordering the occupied orbitals in order of packing, with the number of electrons in each orbital indicated as a superscript.
What is atomic number?
The atomic number, or atomic number of a chemical element, is the number of electric charges in the nucleus. For normal atomic nuclei, this equals the number of protons, or the number of protons found in the nucleus of each atom of that element. Atomic numbers can be used to uniquely identify common chemical elements.
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what is the standard emf of a galvanic cell made of a ni electrode in a 1.0 m ni(no3)2 solution and a cr electrode in a 1.0 m cr(no3)3 solution at 25°c?
The standard emf of a galvanic cell made of a Ni electrode in a 1.0 M Ni(NO₃)₂ solution and a Cr electrode in a 1.0 M Cr(NO₃)₂ solution at 25 °C is 0.51 V.
the reduction potential of Ni²⁺ = - 0.23
the reduction potential of Cr³⁺ = - 0.74
the reduction potential of the Ni²⁺ is higher than the reduction potential of Cr³⁺. that mean Ni²⁺ undergoes the reduction.
the standard emf cell expression is given as follows :
the standard emf cell , E = E Ni²⁺/Ni - E Cr³⁺ / Cr
= - 0.23 - ( - 0.74 )
= - 0.23 + 0.74
= 0.51 V
Thus, The standard emf of cell is 0.51 V.
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6.0 l of an unknown gas has its pressure increased from 3.0 atm to 5.0 atm. assuming temperature remains constant, what would be the final volume in liters (l) of the unknown gas?
The gas would have a 11.05 L volume at a constant temperature.
What is gas in science?Individual atoms, elemental molecules derived from a single type of atom, or complex molecules derived from a number of atoms can all be found in a pure gas. A gas mixture like air contains a variety of pure gases. A gas is a form of matter that adapts the form of the container it is housed in and creates an uniform distribution inside the container, defying gravity and having no concern for the substance amount present.
What are 5 examples of gas?Gases include substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, steam, and dry ice, to name a few. Because their particles are much more dispersed than those in solids or liquids, gases are thought to be significantly less dense.
Briefing:P1 = 3.0 atm
V1 = 6 lit
P2 = 1240 mm Hg = 1.63 atm
V2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2
3.0 X 6 = 1.63 X V2
V2 = 11.05
When a fixed mass of gas is cooled, its volume decreases, and when the temperature is raised, its volume increases.
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 (Sometimes known as Charles's Law)
V1 = is the starting volume
T1 = is the starting temperature
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a 1.00 g sample of nh4no3 is decomposed in a bomb calorimeter which has a heat capacity (including the water) of 1.23 kj k–1. the temperature increases by 6.12 k. what is the molar heat of decomposition for ammonium nitrate?
When NH4NO3's molar mass is 80.043 g/mol, its moles are 1 g/80.043 g/mol.
= 0.0125 moles
= ΔH / moles NH4NO3
= -7.5 KJ / 0.0125 moles
= -600 KJ.mol-1
What in chemistry is a molar mass?
The mass in grams of one mole of a substance is its molar mass. The molar mass of a substance can be found by adding the molar masses of its constituent atoms, as demonstrated in this video. The computed molar mass can then be used to convert between mass and the amount of moles in the substance.
What are molar mass and a mole?
One mole of a chemical is equal to 6.022 x 1023 molecules (or formula units) (ionic compound). The mass of 1 mole of a chemical is indicated by its molar mass. It provides you with the amount of grams per mole of a substance, to put it another way.
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Determine the equilibrium constant at 255 K for the following reaction under acidic conditions 4H+(aq) + MnO, (s) +2Fe2+ (aq)-> Mn2+ (aq) +2Fe3+ (aq) + 2H,0? The two half-reactions are: MnO2(s) +4H+(aq) + 2e-? Mn2+(aq) + 2H20(1) E?-1.23 V Fe3-(aq) + e-? Fe2 + (ag) E -0.770 V
The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction at 255K is given by the Nernst equation.
What is equilibrium constant?
The value of a chemical reaction's reaction ratio at chemical equilibrium, a government that a dynamic chemical system approaches after enough time has passed and at which its structure has no discernible tendency to change further, is the equilibrium constant for that reaction. The equilibrium constant seems to be dependent on the initial analysis concentration levels of the product and reactant species in the mixture for a particular set of reaction conditions. As a result, the composition of a system at equilibrium can be calculated from its initial composition using known equilibrium constant values. However, factors affecting the reaction such as temperature, solvent, as well as ionic strength may all affect the equilibrium constant's value.
The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction at 255K is given by the Nernst equation:
K = e^(-ΔG/RT)
where ΔG is the standard Gibbs free energy of reaction and R is the gas constant.
Using the half-reactions, we can calculate the standard Gibbs free energy of reaction (ΔG) as follows:
ΔG = -nF(E1-E2)
where n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction and F is the Faraday constant.
For the reaction above, n=2 and F=96,485 C/mol. Therefore,
ΔG = -2*96,485*(1.23-0.77) = -189.4 kJ/mol
Therefore, the equilibrium constant (K) at 255K is given by:
K = e^(-189.4/8.314*255) = 2.13 x 10^-11
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as a result of electron flow through complex iii, four protons (h ) are moved into the intermembrane space
As a result of electron flow through complex iii the four protons (h ) are moved into the intermembrane space to cytochrome c i.e. another electron transporter.
What is Complex iii?Electron flow through Complex iii is a multi-subunit type structure which is responsible for taking electrons from ubiquinol and transferring them to cytochrome c i.e. another electron transporter.
Electron flow:The electrons flow from -ive(negative) terminal to +ive (positive) terminal causing current flow in the circuit and also known as electron current.
Hence, as a result of electron flow through complex iii the four protons (h ) are moved into the intermembrane space to cytochrome c i.e. another electron transporter.
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what happens to the temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate?
The temperature of the mixture does not change at all until all the ice has melted, at which point it increases at a constant rate.
A physical number known as temperature expresses the concepts of hotness and coolness in numerical form. With a thermometer, temperature is measured.
Thermometers are calibrated using a number of temperature scales that have defined distinct reference points and thermometric substances. The most widely used scales are the Kelvin scale (K), which is mostly used for scientific reasons, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Celsius scale (°C), formerly known as centigrade, with the unit symbol °C. In the International System of Units, one of the seven base units is the kelvin (SI).
The lowest temperature on the thermodynamic scale is absolute zero, or 0 kelvin, or 273.15 degrees Celsius. As stated in the third law of thermodynamics, experimentally it can only be very closely approached but not actually reached.
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