Answer:
The program written in Python is as follows
nums = []
for i in range(0,68):
-->nums.append(i)
print(nums)
Explanation:
Please note that --> is used to denote indentation
The first line creates an empty list
nums = []
This line creates an iteration from 0 to 67, using iterating variable i
for i in range(0,68):
This line saves the current value of variable i into the empty list
nums.append(i)
At this point, the list has been completely filled with 0 to 67
This line prints the list
print(nums)
What are the pros and cons of using a linked implementation of a sparse matrix, as opposed to an array-based implementation?
Answer:
Linked lists and arrays are both linear data structures but while an array is a collection of items that can be accessed randomly, a linked list can be accessed sequentially.
A sparse matrix contains very few non-zero elements. For example;
_ _
| 0 0 3 0 6 |
| 0 5 0 0 4 |
| 2 0 0 0 0 |
|_ 0 0 0 0 0 _|
In the implementation of a sparse matrix, the following are some of the pros and cons of using a linked list over an array;
PROS
i. Linked lists are dynamic in nature and are readily flexible - they can expand and contract without having to allocate and/or de-allocated memory compared to an array where an initial size might need to be set and controlled almost manually. This makes it easy to store and remove elements from the sparse matrix.
ii. No memory wastage. Since the size of a linked list can grow or shrink at run time, there's no memory wastage as it adjusts depending on the number of items it wants to store. This is in contrast with arrays where you might have unallocated slots. Also, because the zeros of the sparse matrix need not be stored when using linked lists, memory is greatly conserved.
CONS
i. One of the biggest cons of linked lists is the difficulty in traversing items. With arrays, this is just of an order of 0(1) since the only requirement is the index of the item. With linked lists, traversal is sequential which means slow access time.
ii. Storage is another bottle neck when using linked lists in sparse matrix implementation. Each node item in a linked list contains other information that needs to be stored alongside the value such as the pointer to the next or previous item.
4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the same system call interface for both files and devices. Why do you think operating system designers would use the same interface for both
Answer:
According to the principles of design, Repetition refers to the recurrence of elements of the design
One of the advantages of this is that it affords uniformity. Another is that it keeps the user of such a system familiar or with the interface of the operating system.
One major drawback of this principle especially as used in the question is that it creates a familiar route for hackers.
Another drawback is that creates what is called "repetition blindness". This normally occurs with perceptual identification tasks.
The phenomenon may be due to a failure in sensory analysis to process the same shape, figures or objects.
Cheers!
Write a program that create Employee class with fields id,name and sal and create Employee object and store data and display that data.
Answer:
Here is the C++ program for Employee class with fields id,name and sal.
#include <iostream> // to use input output functions
#include <string> //to manipulate and use strings
using namespace std; // to access objects like cin cout
class Employee { //class Employee
private:
/* the following data members are declared as private which means they can only be accessed by the functions within Employee class */
string name; //name field
int id; //id field
double sal; //salary field
public:
Employee(); // constructor that initializes an object when it is created
/* setName, setID and setSalary are the mutators which are the methods used to change data members. This means they set the values of a private fields i.e. name, id and sal */
void setName(string n) //mutator for name field
{ name = n; }
void setId(int i) //mutator for id field
{ id = i; }
void setSalary(double d) //mutator for sal field
{ sal = d; }
/* getName, getID and getSalary are the accessors which are the methods used to read data members. This means they get or access the values of a private fields i.e. name, id and sal */
string getName() //accessor for name field
{ return name; }
int getId() //accessor for id field
{ return id; }
double getSalary() //accessor for sal field
{ return sal; } };
Employee::Employee() { //default constructor where the fields are initialized
name = ""; // name field initialized
id = 0; // id field initialized to 0
sal = 0; } // sal field initialized to 0
void display(Employee);
// prototype of the method display() to display the data of Employee
int main() { //start of the main() function body
Employee emp; //creates an object emp of Employee class
/*set the name field to Abc Xyz which means set the value of Employee class name field to Abc Xyz through setName() method and object emp */
emp.setName("Abc Xyz");
/*set the id field to 1234 which means set the value of Employee class id field to 1234 through setId() method and object emp */
emp.setId(1234);
/*set the sal field to 1000 which means set the value of Employee class sal field to 1000 through setSalary() method and object emp */
emp.setSalary(1000);
display(emp); } //calls display() method to display the Employee data
void display(Employee e) { // this method displays the data in the Employee //class object passed as a parameter.
/*displays the name of the Employee . This name is read or accessed through accessor method getName() and object e of Employee class */
cout << "Name: " << e.getName() << endl;
/*displays the id of the Employee . This id is read or accessed by accessor method getId() and object e */
cout << "ID: " << e.getId() << endl;
/*displays the salary of the Employee . This sal field is read or accessed by accessor method getSalary() and object e */
cout << "Salary: " << e.getSalary() << endl; }
Explanation:
The program is well explained in the comments mentioned with each statement of the program.
The program has a class Employee which has private data members id, name and sal, a simple default constructor Employee(), mutatator methods setName, setId and setSalary to set the fields, acccessor method getName, getId and getSalary to get the fields values.
A function display( ) is used to display the Employee data i.e. name id and salary of Employee.
main() has an object emp of Employee class in order to use data fields and access functions defined in Employee class.
The output of the program is:
Name: Abc Xyz
ID: 1234
Salary: 1000
The program and its output are attached.