Transport via pipelines is only possible for specialist goods like liquids and gases.
Describe gas.Gas is a state of matter that lacks both a defined shape and volume. Compared to other states pf material, such as liquids and solids, gasses have a lower density. Particles, which have a great deal of kinetic energy but aren't very attracted to one another, are separated by a lot of free space.
Which 10 gases make up the majority of the atmosphere?The Earth's atmosphere is made up of approximately % ammonia, 21 percent oxygen, 0.93 % argon, 0.04 % carbon dioxide, and small traces of bright blue, helium, methane, krypton, ozone, and hydrogen in the form of water vapor, according to the educational website Vision Starting to learn (opens in new tab).
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which indicator of those you used would you expect to be useful in determining the ph of a 4.0 x 10^-4
The best indicator for the pH of 4 x 10⁻⁴ M HCl would be bromocresol purple which is yellow at the pH of HCl = 3.4.
Ka for acetic acid = [H₃O⁺][A⁻]/[HA]
knowing pH,
pH = -log[H₃O⁺]
[H₃O⁺] = [A⁻]
and, [HA] concentration we can determine Ka for each solution
for basic salts as
Na₂CO₃, the net ionic equation would be,
(CO₃)₂⁻ + H₂O <==> HCO₃⁻ + OH⁻
NaHCO3, the net ionic equation would be,
HCO₃⁻ + H₂O <==> H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
similarly, other salts which give OH- ion in solution is basic and the ones that give H₃O⁺ in solution are acidic in nature,
acidic salts like NH₄⁺
NH₄⁺ + H₂O <=> NH₃ + H₃O⁺
Hence, the best indicator for the pH of 4 x 10⁻⁴ M HCl would be bromocresol purple which is yellow at the pH of HCl = 3.4.
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however instead of a standard reflux apparatus you set up a distillation apparatus what was the purpose of the setup and why did it help the reaction proceed faster
Reflux is a laboratory method for heating a mixture without losing a lot of solution. Refluxing a mixture is used to hasten and/or induce a reaction.
Reflux is used to achieve stage-by-stage equilibrium heat and mass transfer, which leads to the purification of the top product, by bringing down-flowing liquid in the rectification section into contact with the up-flowing vapor.
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what is the copper ii ion concentration at 25% c in the cell zn(s) i zn2 (1.0 m) ii cu2 (aq) i cu(s) if the measured cell potential is 1.01v? g
Answer:cell potential
Explanation:
write the balanced reaction for the combustion of hexanol, ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2ch2oh? (be sure to use whole number coefficients.)
2C6H14(g)+19O2(g)→12CO2(g)+14H2O(g) is the balanced equation reaction for the combustion of hexanol.
The most fundamental and extensively used method for balancing chemical equations is known as "balancing by inspection," sometimes known as trial and error. The amount of tries and errors required to arrive at an equation that is ultimately correctly balanced can be reduced by using a few approaches. A chemical equation cannot be deemed balanced unless the law of conservation of matter is observed. In chemical equations, two distinct types of numbers are used. Subscripts are used in the chemical formulations of the reactants and products. Coefficients are also employed to display the number of molecules of a substance that are consumed or created prior to chemical formulations.
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A tugboat tows ships out of a harbor. The tugboat starts pulling the ships when they are stopped at a dock
The tugboat tows with the same force no matter the size of the ship. Order the names of the ships to show the size of the acceleration each ship will have as it starts to move.
Answer:
In order of decreasing acceleration experienced by each ship, the names of the ships are as follows:
Viceroy
Standard
Skipjack
Thunderor
Eden
The metal i oberved to begin to melt when the temperature of it container i approximately 29°C. The metal i mot likely
When the metal is seen to start melting at a temperature of about 29°C in its container, gallium is most likely the metal.
What is metal?A metal is a substance that exhibits a shiny appearance when freshly processed, polished, or shattered, and conducts electricity and heat rather well. Generally speaking, metals are malleable and ductile. These characteristics are the outcome of the metallic link that exists between the metal's atoms or molecules. Any of a group of materials known as metals that exhibit strong thermal and electrical conductivity as well as malleability, ductility, and high light reflection.
How is metal made and where it found it?Extraction of the unprocessed ore from the earth is the initial step in the production of metal alloys. The non-metal components, like as rock and rubbish, are subsequently removed from the ore during processing. Metal alloys are created by melting and mixing different metal parts.
The majority of pure metals are located in the crust of the earth. Ores, which are solid substances from which metals and minerals can be extracted, are where they are found. Iron makes up almost a third of the planet's mass, and most of it is concentrated in its core.
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Which of the following statements is not true? a. lonic compounds typically have higher melting points than molecular compounds b. Covalent bonds form between non-metal and metal elements
c. Molecular compounds share electrons to form bonds between atoms d. Ionic bonds in the melted state can conduct electricity
Among the options, covalent bonds form between non-metal and metal elements is not true.
Briefing:Ionic bonds are formed between non-metal and metal elements whereas formation of covalent bonds takes place between those two identical entities.
What are covalent bonds ?Covalent bonds are those created when two atoms couple up and share electrons, forming a bond. Most often, it is formed between two non-metals.
What are ionic bonds?Ionic bonds are formed due to electrostatic attraction. Due to the fact that they typically develop between metals and non-metals, this is created in the oppositely charged ions of the atoms.
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after calculating the amount of reactant b required to completely react with a, then comparing that amount with the amount of b available, one can determine the group of answer choices pathway of the reaction. energy released in the reaction. rate of the reaction. limiting reactant.
The limiting reactant is the answer. The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in the reaction and limits how much product can be formed.
What is reactant?
A reagent, also known as an analytical reagent, is a substance as well as compound that is added to a system in chemistry to either initiate a chemical reaction or determine whether one has already taken place. [1] Although the terms reactant as well as reagent are frequently used interchangeably, reactant refers to a substance that is consumed during a chemical reaction. Despite being part of the reaction mechanism, solvents are not typically referred to as reactants. Catalysts are not reactants because they are not used up in the reaction. The reactants in biochemistry are frequently referred to as substrates, particularly when enzymes are involved in the reaction.
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choose the most appropriate reagent(s) for the conversion of trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol to the corresponding tosylate ester.
The most appropriate reagent(s) for the conversion of trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol to the corresponding tosylate ester is Chromic acid.
What is Chromic acid?
Chromic acid anodizing has been used to protect aluminum from oxidation for many years. The anodizing process builds a basic oxide layer that supports a tubular cell structure. Chromic acid (H2CrO4) reacts with alcohols to form a chromic ester in which the alcohol oxygen atom bridges the carbon and chromium atoms. The ester forms by nucleophilic attack of the alcohol oxygen atom on the chromium atom. This reaction is analogous to an SN2 reaction with an a─OH group of chromic acid as the leaving group.
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at what temperature would 1% of the hydrogen atoms be in the first excited state? leave your answer in k
The hydrogen atoms are in the first excited state at room temperature.
The hydrogen atom is the best of all atoms: it consists of a single proton and a single electron. in addition to the most not unusual shape of the hydrogen atom, which is known as protium, other isotopes of hydrogen exist in deuterium and tritium.
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical detail hydrogen. The electrically impartial atom consists of an unmarried definitely charged proton and a negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus via the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about seventy five% of the baryonic mass of the universe.
Hydrogen, H, is a pretty flammable gasoline and the maximum commonplace aspect of the universe. it is the lightest element ever and is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. it's also in maximum organic compounds.
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he reacting substrate carbon atom in the mechanism described in the passage undergoes which of the following hybridization state changes during the reaction? (note: the middle hybridization state refers to an intermediate.)
It goes SP2 hybridization on reacting substrate carbon atom in the passage undergo hybridization state changes during the reaction.
SP2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p atomic orbitals, which involves the promotion of one electron in the s orbital to one of the 2p atomic orbitals. The combination of these atomic orbitals creates three new hybrid orbitals equal in energy-level. The hybrid orbitals are higher in energy than the s orbital but lower in energy than the p orbitals, but they are closer in energy to the p orbitals. The new set of formed hybrid orbitals creates trigonal structures, creating a molecular geometry of 120 degrees. One of a set of hybrid orbitals produced when one s orbital and two p orbitals are combined mathematically to form three new equivalent orbitals oriented toward the corners of a triangle. This involves the mechanism of sp2 hybridization.
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what do all of the molecules in the table have in common? based on what you wrote in the table in part a, what effect do lone pairs have on the bond angle? why do you think this happens?
It all happens due to VSPER model and the lone pair decreases the bond angle between bonding pairs of atoms.
The Lewis electron-pair technique identifies which atoms have lone pairs of electrons and can be used to forecast the number and types of bonds that will exist between the atoms in a substance. However, this method offers little insight into how atoms are actually arranged in space. The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, which can be used to predict the shapes of many molecules and polyatomic ions, is introduced as we continue our discussion of structure and bonding. However, keep in mind that the VSEPR model, like any model, is only a partial representation of reality; it doesn't reveal bond lengths or the existence of multiple bonds.
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as pco2 levels were increased, the concentration of a gas in the inhaled air was decreased in order to maintain the oxygen levels. name that gas.
As pco2 levels were increased, the concentration of a Nitrogen gas in the inhaled air was decreased in order to maintain the oxygen levels.
Atomic number 7 and the letter N designate nitrogen as the chemical element. Group 15 of the periodic table, also known as the pnictogens, contains Nitrogen gas as the lightest nonmetal element. It ranks seventh in overall abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System, making it a common element in the cosmos. When conducting a chemical analysis, Nitrogen gas is frequently used to prepare samples.
With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. It belongs to the chalcogen group in the periodic table, is a very reactive nonmetal, and is an oxidising agent that easily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element.
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The ma percentage of hydrochloric acid within a olution i 19. 0%. Given that the denity of thi olution i 1. 095 g/mL, find the molarity of the olution
Hydrochloric acid has a molarity of 5.708 M, a mass content of 19.0%, and a density of 1.095 g/ml.
What is hydrochloric acid?Hydrochloric acid, also referred to as muriatic acid, is hydrogen chloride in an aqueous solution. It is odourless and colourless, and it smells strongly. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of gastric acid, which is present in the digestive systems of the majority of animal species, including humans.
What hydrochloric acid is used for and it is harmful for humans or not?Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is often used as a bleaching agent to neutralise alkaline compounds in the food, textile, metal, and rubber industries. It is neutralised when released into the soil, and it hydrolyzes quickly when it comes into contact with water.
If hydrochloric acid burns are in contact with skin or other tissues, they can cause excruciating pain. Ingestion of hydrochloric acid might result in blindness. The concentration of the acid and how long it remains in contact with the tissues determine how severe the burns are.
Briefing:The solute concentration in moles is divided by the volume of the solution in litres to determine the solution's molarity.
M = moles of solute/liters of solution.
By dividing the total number of moles of solute by the total volume of litres of solution, we may determine the molarity.
Consider a 100g solution. The solution has 19.0% of its bulk in hydrochloric acid. and the provided solution has a density of 1.095 g/mol. We may determine the molarity of the solution by inserting each of these values.
mass acid hydrochloric,
100g solution x (19.00g / 100g solution) = 19.00g Hcl
moles of hydrochloric acid is ,
19.00g HCl x (1 mole Hcl / 36.45g HCl) = 0.52126
then, the answer is,
100g solution x (1mL solution / 1.095g solution) x (1L / 1000mL) = 0.091324L
molarity HCl = 0.52126 mole / 0.091324L = 5.708M.
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Trace amounts of rare elements are found within groundwater and are of interest to geochemists. Europium and terbium are lanthanide-series elements that can be measured from the intensity of their fluorescence emitted when a solution is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation. Certain organic compounds that bind eu(iii) and tb(iii) enhance the emission, and substances found in natural waters can
Micronutrient is another name for a trace element. It is also described as any chemical component of a crucial enzyme that is needed by living things in minute or small levels.
What characteristics define a trace element?In biology, a trace element is any chemical element that is needed by living things in very small levels (less than 0.1 percent by capacity [1,000 parts per million]), typically as a component of an essential activity (a cell-produced catalytic protein).
What do you mean by a trace element?Minerals known as trace elements or trace metals are minor levels of which are found in living tissues. Some of them have been known to be physiologically necessary, some might be (but the evidence is merely speculative or sparse), and the rest are regarded as nonessential.
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a container with 3.00 moles of gas has a volume of 60.0 l. with a temperature at 400.k, what is the pressure in atm? your answer should have three significant figures (round your answer to two decimal places). use r
By the Ideal gas equation:
PV = nRT
-> P=nRT/V=(3.00 mol)(0.08206L atmmol K)(400. K)/(60.0L)
= 1.6412 atm
What is the Ideal Gas Equation?
The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) relates to the macroscopic properties of ideal gases. An ideal gas is a gas in which the particles
(a) do not attract or repel one another and
(b) take up no space (have no volume).
No gas is truly ideal, but the ideal gas law does provide a good approximation of real gas behavior under many conditions.
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if 5 mol no2 react with 1 mol h2o, how many moles of the excess reactant remains when the reaction is complete?
If 5 mole no2 react with 1 mole h2o, then 4 moles of the excess reactant (N2O) remains when the reaction is complete
N2O + H2O → 2 HNO
1 mole of N2O reacts with 1 mole of H2O.
if 5 mole N2O reacts with 1 mole of H2O, then 4 mole of mole N2O remains, thus concludes N2O is excess reactant.
A balanced chemical equation's molar amounts of the reactants and products are displayed. In the real world, reactants are rarely combined in precisely the right ratio. One reactant will completely exhaust before the others. A reaction's limiting reactant is the one that is used up first. Once the other reactants have been consumed to some extent, the remaining amount is considered "in excess."
To determine which reactant is the limiting one, determine the volume of the product that each reactant produced. The reactant with the lowest product yield is the limiting reactant.
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For many purposes we can treat dimethyl ether (C,H,O) as an ideal gas at temperatures above its boiling point of -24. °C. Suppose the pressure on a 8.0 mº sample of dimethyl ether gas at -2.00°C is tripled. Is it possible to change the temperature of the dimethyl ether at the same time such that the volume of the gas doesn't change? x 6 ? If you answered yes, calculate the new temperature of the gas. Round your answer to the nearest °C.
Yes. Gay-law Lussac's states that the pressure and temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant volume.
Why does pressure rise as temperature rises?
According to Gay-Law, the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is held constant.
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature as long as the volume remains constant (Amontons' law). The volume of a given gas sample is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at a fixed pressure, according to Charles' law.
The frequency of collisions between molecules and the surface of a container generates pressure. If the temperature of the container is raised, the molecules will move faster. The occurrence of
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True or false: When subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on an in- terval [a,b], every nonsingular second-order linear ordinary differential equation a(x)u" + 6(x) u' + c(u) u = f(x) is (a) self-adjoint, (b) positive definite, (c) positive semi- (x ( definite, with respect to some weighted inner product (9.76).
True. Every nonsingular second-order linear ordinary differential equation a(x)u" + 6(x) u' + c(u) u = f(x), subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on an interval [a,b], is (a) self-adjoint.
What does homogenous mean?Generally speaking, homogenous refers to having same pieces or components. Homogeneous refers to something that is consistent in nature or character throughout. A variety of objects that are basically similar to one another or belong to the same sort can also be referred to as homogenous.
In science, what is homogeneous?A homogenous mixture is one whose composition is constant across the whole mixture. The dissolved salt is uniformly dispersed across the whole salt water sample, making the salt water in the example above homogenous.
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The strategy of using an alkene intermediate in a two-step process to convert one functional group into another called a functional group interconversion) can apply to a wide variety of transformations. Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish the following functional group interconversion
We can see conversion of an alcohol to an alkane.
Reagents needed:
1. Sodium or Potassium Hydride.
2. Hydrogen Gas.
What is a functional group?
A functional group is a group of atoms or molecules within a larger molecule that is responsible for the molecule's chemical and physical properties. Functional groups have specific chemical characteristics, such as polarity, reactivity, and solubility, that give the molecule its unique properties.
What is functional group interconversion?
Functional group interconversion is a type of chemical reaction in which one functional group is converted into another functional group. This type of reaction is used to modify the properties of a molecule, such as its reactivity, solubility, and stability. Examples of functional group interconversion include the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde, an aldehyde to a ketone, and an ester to an amide.
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Using the following data, calculate the standard heat of formation of brcl(g) in kj/mol.
This reaction's enthalpy change will be twice that of bromine monochloride's, BrCl, typical enthalpy change of production.
What does enthalpy mean in plain English?
Enthalpy is a property or state function that resembles energy; it has the same dimensions as energy and is therefore measured in joules or ergs. The value of enthalpy is solely dependent on the temperature, pressure, or composition of the system, not on its history.
Entropy vs. enthalpy: what are they?
Entropy is indeed the amount the intrinsic disorder inside a substance, whereas enthalpy is the quantity of internal energy. Enthalpy becomes nonzero for water because it is zero in elemental compounds like hydrogen gas or oxygen gas (regardless of phase).
Briefing:
1/2Br2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g) → BrCl(g)
Here, ΔH°rxn = ΔH°f
This means that the enthalpy change for this reaction will be twice the value of ΔH°f = 2 moles BrCl
Using Hess' law,
ΔH°f = total energy of reactant - total energy of product
= (1/2 * (+112) + 1/2 * (+121)) - 14.7
= 101.8 kJ/mol
ΔH°rxn = 101.8 kJ/mol.
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take stereochemistry into account and describe expected stereoisomers if any. of the following products, which will be formed as a racemic mixture. select all that apply
The products that will be produced as a result of the given chemical reaction are attached with the answer.
We find that allylic bromination takes place here. It can be defined as the substitution of bromine for hydrogen on a benzylic/allylic carbon. This process is carried out by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS for short). The bromine is substituted next to the double bond (this is called the allylic position).
The products can be different on the basis of the symmetry of the alkene reactant. In the case of a symmetric alkene reactant, one product will be formed (first image attached below). In the case of an asymmetric alkene product, a mixture of products, because of the two different allylic positions, is formed (second image attached below).
The complete question you might be looking for is attached (third image) below.
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The reaction between aqueous strontium chloride (SrCl2) and aqueous potassium sulfate (K2SO4) forms a precipitate of strontium sulfate (SISO4). Which of the following represents the net ionic equation for the reaction? Оа Oь sp?" (aq) + 2CH(aq) + S0 ?"(aq) + 2K+ (aq) - Sr5O4(s) + 2Cl(aq) + 2K(aq) Sr2(aq) +5022"(aq) - SrSO4(s) SrCl(aq) + KąSO4(aq) + Sr5O4(s)+ 2Kcaa) CF (aq) +K*(aq)- KCl(aq) d
The net ionic reaction for the precipitation reaction is
b)SrCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → SrSO₄ + 2KCl
The precipitation reaction between strontium chloride (SrCl₂) and potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) is a double replacement reaction and produces an insoluble solid. The net ionic reaction for this precipitation reaction is as follows:
SrCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → SrSO₄ + 2KCl
In this reaction, a cation (positively-charged ion) from one reactant (strontium) is exchanged for a cation from the other reactant (potassium). At the same time, an anion (negatively-charged ion) from one reactant (chloride) is exchanged for an anion from the other reactant (sulfate). The products of this reaction are a soluble sodium chloride solution and an insoluble strontium sulfate solid. The insoluble solid separate out of the solution, forming a precipitate.
Hence the correct option is B.
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A solution contains one or more of the following ions: ag+, ba2+, and cu2+. When you add sodium chloride to the solution, no precipitate forms. When you add sodium sulfate to the solution, a white precipitate forms. You filter off the precipitate and add sodium carbonate to the remaining solution, producing another precipitate.
Net ionic equations for the formation of each of the precipitates observed:
Cl⁻ + Ag⁺ → ClAg ↓
CO₃⁻² + Ca²⁺ → CaCO₃ ↓
CO₃⁻² + Cu²⁺ → CuCO₃ ↓
What is precipitation?
Precipitation is the process of changing a dissolved substance from a supersaturated solution to an insoluble solid in an aqueous solution. Precipitate refers to the produced solid.The chemical agent that initiates the precipitation in an inorganic chemical process is known as the precipitant.The term "supernatant" or "supernatant" also refers to the clear liquid that remains on top of the precipitated or centrifuged solid phase.When solid impurities separate from a solid phase, the concept of precipitation can also be applied to other areas of chemistry, such as organic chemistry and biochemistry, as well as the solid phases (such as metallurgy and alloys).To know more about precipitation in chemical equations, click the link given below:
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A colorimeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of choose. Absorbed by a solution. This absorbance is proportional to the choose. Of the solute in solution.
A colorimeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of heat absorbed by a solution. This absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the solute in the solution.
A calorimeter is a device used in calorimetry, a method for measuring the heat of chemical reactions or other physical changes and estimating heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters, and accelerated rate calorimeters are a few of the most common types.
Two compounds A and B are put one at a time into a calorimeter, and the starting and ending temperatures (before and after the reaction) are noted. This information is used to determine the enthalpy change per mole of substance A in the process. An estimate of the quantity of energy released or absorbed during the reaction can be obtained by multiplying the mass and specific heat capacity of the components by the temperature change. By dividing the energy change by the amount of A that was present, the reaction's enthalpy change is determined.
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the process of filling a damaged, broken, lifted, or cracked monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancement with additional monomer liquid and polymer powder is called:
Answer:
Crack Repair
Explanation:
The process of filling a damaged, broken, lifted, or cracked monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancement with additional monomer liquid and polymer powder is called crack repair.
A polymer can be natural or synthetic substance, composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers.
There are 3 major classes of polymers –
Thermoplastics,
Thermosets, and
Elastomers.
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How can an atom's number of electrons be determined?
Answer:
If the atom is neutral, then the number of protons(atomic number) equals the number of electrons. If the atom is an ion and has a charge, then that changes. If the charge is negative(ex. 1-), then you add that number to the number of protons to get the number of electrons. If the charge is positive, then you subtract(ex 1+) that number from the number of protons to get the number of electrons
Explanation:
1. write a balanced chemical equation, including physical state symbols, for the combustion of liquid dodecane into gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water.
The Molecular formula of Decane is C10H22
Combustion of Decane as follows ; C10H22 (l) + O2 (g) ==> CO2(g)+ H2O(g) ,When we burn Liquid Decane(C10H22) into oxygen(O2) gas then it produce Water vapour and Carbon dioxide gas.
The balance equation of Combustion as follows ;
2C10H22 (l) + 31O2 (g) ==> 20CO2(g)+ 22H2O(g)
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draw the product for the following reaction between an alkyne and one equivalent of hcl . 3 methyl pent 1 yne or 3 methyl 1 pentyne is treated with h c l to give the product. the structure shows a 5 carbon chain where there is a triple bond between carbons 1 and 2 and a methyl substituent on carbon 3.
reaction between an alkyne and one equivalent of hcl . 3 methyl pent 1 yne or 3 methyl 1 pentyne is treated with h c l to give the product. the structure shows a 5 carbon chain where there is a triple bond between carbons 1 and 2 and a methyl substituent on carbon 3.
An inorganic chemical is HCL. The chemical name for it is HCl, and it is a potent corrosive acid. It is also referred to as muriatic acid or hydrogen chloride. Chemically, carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. Carbon, which is categorized as a nonmetal, is a solid at ambient temperature.
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molecules are called regulators if they act on the same cell type as the one that produced them, while regulators, particularly if they are produced by one cell type, can regulate neighboring cells of the same organ.
Molecules are called autocrine regulators if they act on the same cell type as the one that produced them, while paracrine regulators, particularly if they are produced by one cell type, can regulate neighboring cells of the same organ.
In this review, the term "autocrine signalling" will be used to describe signals secreted by a cell that may bind to that cell or to a nearby cell with a similar phenotype, whereas the term "paracrine signalling" will be used to describe signals produced by a cell that that cell type cannot respond to but that other cell types can.
A paracrine ligand is a tool to spread the message from one cell type to the others, whereas an autocrine signal acts as an amplifier or a brake for message transmission. Multiple GPCR subtypes that are expressed in various cell types have been found to be capable of recognising a wide variety of ligands.
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