Per molecule of glucose, cellular respiration results in the production of 38 atp molecules in total.
Do cells produce 36 or 38 ATP during respiration?As a result, a single molecule of glucose can produce up to 36 molecules of ATP throughout the process of cellular respiration. A series of procedures known as glycolysis converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules, each of which has three carbons, and uses them to produce energy.
How is 38 ATP produced from glucose?Aerobic respiration results in a net ATP gain of 38 from one glucose molecule. The electron transport system's oxidative phosphorylation, the link reaction, the TCA cycle, and ATP produced during glycolysis are all included.
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discuss the glycoproteins and glycolipids that have terminal sialic acids on their oligosaccharide chains.
Sialic acids (Sias) are nine-carbon atom sugars that are typically found on the cell surface as terminal residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids or secreted. They play crucial roles in cellular communication as well as in pathogen infection and survival.
The glycoconjugates (glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) on surface membranes help maintain water at the surface of cells because they contain sialic acid-rich oligosaccharides.The majority of sialic acids are found in the terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids, in tissue and capsular polysialic acids, and in bacterial lipooligosaccharides/polysaccharides. Sialic acids also exist in many forms that determine their function in biology.Sialic acids are essential parts of the majority of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules' ligands, which mediate interactions between immune cells and/or involve platelets as well as leukocyte rolling along endothelium.Sialic acids (Sias) are nine-carbon atom sugars that are typically found on the cell surface as terminal residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids or secreted. They play crucial roles in pathogen infection and survival as well as cellular communication.
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if natural selection is the only force acting on this population from generation to generation, what do you predict will happen to allele frequencies over successive generations?
Microevolution, or a change in allele frequencies over time, can be brought on by natural selection, with fitness-increasing alleles becoming more prevalent in the population over the course of generations.
Microevolution may result from natural selection. The phenotype, or visible characteristics, of an organism is affected by natural selection. Often, genotype largely determines phenotype (the alleles, or gene versions, the organism carries). Natural selection can raise the frequency of the beneficial alleles from one generation to the next, or it can generate microevolution, where a phenotype produced by certain allele.
Example: rabbit's fur color
A population evolves via natural selection:
In comparison to their counterparts, organisms with heritable genetic traits that aid in their ability to survive and reproduce in a certain environment tend to create more offspring. The population will eventually acquire more heritable features that aid in reproduction and survival if this continues over numerous generations. The population generation will change in terms of its genetic make-up and inherited qualities, but it will also change in a way that makes it more suited to its environment.
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Which action is one role of RNA polymerase during transcription
A. To break down an already existing protein
B. To produce a start sequence
C. To switch uracil with thymine on the exposed gene
D. To build a molecule of mRNA
Answer:
D) To build a molecule of mRNA
Explanation:
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pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine due to excessive exertion during defecation are called . group of answer choices ulcers phytobezoars diverticula hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids in the diverticula.
What is large intestine?Diverticula are pouches that emerge from the large intestine's outer wall.
The pancreas secretes insulin, a hormone that tells cells to take up blood sugar for use as fuel or storage when blood sugar levels rise. Blood sugar levels start to decrease as cells begin to absorb it.
Blood glucose levels increase when we eat. By directly stimulating the cells in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue to take up glucose from the blood, this causes the pancreas to generate the vital hormone insulin.
Physiological hyperinsulinemia in healthy people entirely suppresses glycogenolysis while suppressing gluconeogenesis by 20%. With little impact on glycogen storage, hyperglycemia alone inhibits hepatic glycogenolysis.
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antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed antibiotics. narrow-spectrum drugs. semisynthetic drugs. synthetic drugs. broad-spectrum drugs.
Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed narrow spectrum antibiotics. Thus the correct answer is option (A).
In the fight against bacterial illnesses, antibiotics have become a necessary component of daily life for humans. They are categorized based on the range of bacteria that they attack.
The narrow-spectrum antibiotics, as their name implies, target a particular germ for treatment. When the etiological organism is identified, these drugs target certain infections. They won't kill as many germs as broad-spectrum antibiotics, but they will get rid of the specific bacteria that are the source of that illness.
The complete question is:
Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed ____________ antibiotics.
(A). narrow-spectrum drugs.
(B). semisynthetic drugs.
(C). synthetic drugs.
(D). broad-spectrum drugs.
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i) both recognize antigens using immunoglobulin receptors. ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
The correct options are II) Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen and III) B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens
Clonal selection is a method proposed to explain how a single B or T cell that recognizes an antigen that invades the body is chosen/picked from the pre-existing cell pool containing various antigen specificities, and then its reproduction to generate a clonal cell population that eliminates the invading antigen.
Both B and T cells keep an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens; when exposed to the same antigen again, the immune response is swiftly triggered (memory T cell), or the cell multiplies and makes a lot of a particular antibody (memory B cell).
The complete question is:
Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?
I) They both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors.
II) Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen.
III) B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
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The cell membrane exists as a phospholipid bilayer. What characteristics of the membrane allow for the bilayer to exist?
O The membrane has proteins that hold the two layers together.
O Phosphate heads are hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
O Phosphate heads are hydrophobic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophilic.
O The membrane is semipermeable.
Answer:
Phosphate heads are hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
why is dna replication considered semi-conservative? two strands of the original dna molecule are separated. half of the dna molecule produced is from an rna precursor. the new double helix has two strands of new dna. the new double helix has one strand from the original dna and one new strand.
DNA replication is considered semi-conservative d. the new double helix has one strand of original DNA and one new strand.
DNA replication is the process of doubling the DNA chain before cell division occurs. By the mechanism of synthesizing a new DNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand.
Semiconservative replication is a biologically significant model of DNA replication proposed by Watson and Crick. The semiconservative theory, which states that the double helix strands split into a single helix, then form a new pair of complementary strands. During semiconservative replication, one old DNA strand serves as a template to form a new strand. DNA replication is called semi-analysis because DNA produces a new strand after synthesizing the old strand.
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which one is correct answer
Foetus get antibodies through placenta and injection of Antibodies are the example of Passive Immunity .
What is Passive Immunity ?The transmission of a ready-made antibody's active humoral immunity is known as passive immunity. Natural transmission of maternal antibodies to the fetus via the placenta can result in passive immunity.
The main benefit of passive immunity is that it provides protection right away, as opposed to active immunity, which takes time (a few weeks) to develop. Passive immunity, however, only lasts a few weeks or months. Long-lasting immunity can only be active.When a person acquires antibodies against a disease that were not produced by their own immune system naturally rather than through medical intervention, they are said to have acquired natural passive immunity. This is also known as maternal passive immunity and typically refers to the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus over the placenta.Passive immunity comes in two flavors: synthetic and natural.To know more about Passive Immunity please click here : https://brainly.com/question/21480961
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in the laboratory, choice and preference are investigated by arranging schedules of reinforcement.
In the laboratory, choice, and preference are investigated by arranging concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Concurrent schedules of reinforcement are set up in the lab to examine choice and preference. This enables scientists to investigate how and when animals make decisions between various options. We can learn more about animal behavior and environmental adaptation by comprehending how animals make decisions.
This is accomplished by offering the subject two or more options and tracking their decision-making process over time. The findings of these studies inspired Michael Murray-Slavkin, a forerunner in the field of preference testing, to formulate a theory known as "the Principles of Choice."
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How many valence electrons are in the alkaline earth metal family? do they form cations or anions?.
There are 2 valence electrons in the alkaline earth metal family. They form cations.
Alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons. This means that when it reacts with other elements, it loses two electrons instead of gaining them, making it a cation or cation.
A valence electron is an electron withinside the outermost shell or strength degree of an atom. For example, oxygen has six valence electrons, withinside the 2s subshell and 4 withinside the 2p subshell.
A cation is a positively charged ion. Anions are negatively charged ions. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. When a balanced atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively charged cation. When a balanced atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged anion.
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Ecological Succession: The process by which the ecosystem _________________________________________ from barren land to a complex ecological community.
Ecological Succession: The process by which the ecosystem colonization of species from barren land to a complex ecological community.
What is Ecological Succession?The process through which a region's species and habitat mix changes over time is known as ecological succession. These communities gradually take the place of one another until a "climax community"—such as an established forest—is attained or until a disruption, like as a fire, happens. The notion of ecological succession is important to ecology.
A dirt field, for example, is ploughed and left for the summer. Weeds begin to sprout on the field throughout the summer. Small bushes begin to develop once the weeds have grown. Trees begin to sprout in the field after a few years.
Ecological Succession: The process by which the ecosystem colonization of species from barren land to a complex ecological community.
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operons are structures in bacterial genomes that organize genes involved in a common metabolic pathway. a specific example is the lac operon, which produces three enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose (milk sugar) as a food source for escherichia coli. identify the functions of each part of the operon and related structures.
The functions of each part of the Lac operon and related structures are based on the following pairs: (1: E), (2:F), (3:D), (4:B), (5:C), (6:A)
1. The {lacZ} gene encodes the enzyme {β-galactosidase}, which hydrolyzes the disaccharide lactose into two monosaccharides: glucose and galactose.
2. The {lacY} gene encodes the enzyme {permease}, a membrane transport protein that facilitates the movement of lactose into the cell.
3. The {lacA} gene encodes {transacetylase}, an enzyme that detoxifies other molecules that might enter the cell through permease.
4. RNA polymerase binds to the {lac promoter} in order to transcribe the three lac genes.
5. The {lac operator} controls whether or not RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes.
6. The {lacI gene}, which lies just upstream from the lac operon, encodes the {lacI repressor} protein that binds to the operator to regulate the activity of the operon.
The complete question is:
Operons are structures in bacterial genomes that organize genes involved in a common metabolic pathway. A specific example is the lac operon, which produces three enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose (milk sugar) as a food source for Escherichia coli. Identify the functions of each part of the operon and related structures.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
1. The {lacZ}
2. The {lacY}
3. The {lacA}
4. RNA polymerase
5. The {lac operator}
6. The {lacI gene}
Options are:
(A). which lies just upstream from the lac operon, encodes the {lacI repressor} protein that binds to the operator to regulate the activity of the operon.
(B). binds to the {lac promoter} in order to transcribe the three lac genes.
(C) controls whether or not RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes.
(D) the gene encodes {transacetylase}, an enzyme that detoxifies other molecules that might enter the cell through permease.
(E) the gene encodes the enzyme {β-galactosidase}, which hydrolyzes the disaccharide lactose into two monosaccharides: glucose and galactose.
(F) the gene encodes the enzyme {permease}, a membrane transport protein that facilitates the movement of lactose into the cell.
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what is the scraping or scooping of the tissue surface of the skin or wall of a tumor cavity
skin, cavity walls, tiny tumors, abortions, to clean out, bodily materials, or infectious materials that have been scraped from the tissue surface. a cancerous melanoma.
What does removing tissue from the body for microscopic analysis entail?A procedure known as a biopsy is carried out by medical professionals to examine a small sample of tissue under a microscope. A tissue sample can be taken from almost any part of the body, including the skin, stomach, kidneys, liver, and lungs.
What is the name of scraping therapy?If you've ever had tendinitis or strained a joint, you can relate to how frustrating it may be. Scraping therapy, also known as Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization, is a service provided by RPT that has a proven track record of expediting soft tissue recovery. like muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia.
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86) which of the following are defenses that some plants use against herbivory? a) production of the unusual amino acid canavanine b) release of volatile compounds that attract parasitoid wasps c) association of plant tissues with mycorrhizae d) a and b only e) a, b, and c
The correct option for the given question is a. production of the unusual amino acid is canavanine , is a defense some plants use against herbivory.
A plant's first line of defense is the intact and impenetrable barrier of the bark and waxy cuticle. Both protect plants from predators. Other antiherbivore adaptations include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves). Plant structural features such as leaf surface wax, spines or trichomes, cell wall thickness/and lignification form the first physical barriers to herbivore foraging and secondary amino acid metabolites such as toxins, It also affects growth, development and digestibility. Reducers are the next barrier. Plants evade herbivory by hiding, building structural barriers, producing and acquiring chemical toxins, and recruiting predatory "bodyguards."
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Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. During periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways: glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen system. Figure 1 shows the rates at which the three metabolic pathways produce ATP following the start of an intense period of exercise.
Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term source of ATP for muscle cells?
Using the data correctly to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is the immediate and short-term source of ATP in muscle cells is the figure that indicates that ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period.
What is ATP?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a cellular energy source for use and storage. An adenine-based nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three consecutive phosphate groups form the nucleoside triphosphate structure of ATP. ATP is an important part of the process when macromolecules such as proteins and lipids move in and out of cells. Active transport mechanisms can move these molecules across concentration gradients, as hydrolysis of ATP provides the necessary energy. The energy source for cells is ATP. Cells can safely store energy in small packets and release it only when absolutely necessary. In other words, ATP bridges the gap between energy-requiring activities, such as synthesis, and energy-releasing activities, such as food breakdown.
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An element crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice, and it has a density of 1. 45 g/cm3. The edge of its unit cell is 4. 52x10-8 cm. How many atoms are in each unit cell? what is the volume of a unit cell? what is the mass of a unit cell? calculate an approximate atomic mass for the element.
The values of the no of atoms in each unit cell, the volume of a unit cell, the mass of a unit cell , Atomic mass for the element respectively are 4, 9.2345*10-23 cm³, 1.34x10 gm, 20.
Given,
Lattice is fcc and has a density of 1.45 g/cm³.
Edge length, a=4.52*10 cm
The total number of atoms in fcc lattice,
At corner = 1/8*8 =1
At face = 1/2*6 =3
Total number of particles = 3 + 1 =4
The volume of the unit cell,
Volume of unit cell = a³ =(4.52*10 cm)
=9.2345*10-23 cm³
The mass of the unit cell
Mass = Density*Volume
Mass = 1.45g/cm * 9.2345x10^-23
=1.34x10 gm
The atomic mass of the element
Mass of one atom =1.34x10/4 g
=3.35x10 gm
Atomic mass of the element = mass in gm/1amu
= 3.35×10 g /1.66x1024 g
= 20
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how can variation of traits in a population help in the adaption of the population to its enviornment
Answer:A population has genetic variations, possibly due to mutations. Favorable variations may allow an organism to be better adapted to its environment and survive to reproduce. Beneficial traits are favored in a population so that they may become better represented.
Explanation:
once sars-cov-2 genome enters into human host cells, the host rna dependent rna polymerase enzyme will copy viral rna into new rna copies to eventually be packaged into new viruses.True or False
The given statement that sars-cov-2 genome replicates into the host cell is true. It is the property of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme to replicate the genome as well as carry the transcription.
The SARS-CoV is a novel coronavirus with a big, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA that is roughly 30 thousand nucleotides long and has 14 functional open reading frames (ORFs), of which 2 major ORFs make up the replicase gene, which encodes the proteins needed for viral RNA synthesis. The entire SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes a polyprotein of roughly 7096 residues, including both structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs). Two non-structural proteins, ORF1a and ORF1ab, together with structural proteins, hold the majority of the nucleotide content of the viral genome. Spike glycoprotein mediates the entrance of the coronavirus into host cells (S protein). The homotrimers of the transmembrane spike glycoproteins protrude from the viral surface. Since the spike glycoprotein is essential for coronavirus entrance, it is a desirable antiviral target. The S1 and S2 subunits are two functional subunits that make up the S protein.
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Location Four: Select two events that you predict will be observed. If I explore two oceanic plates at a convergent boundary, then I will observe:
earthquakes
faults
ocean formation
mountains
volcanoes
island chains
seafloor spreading
The reaction to a stimulus is a
Answer:the reactionto a stimulus is called response
Explanation:brainiest please
Answer: The reaction to a stimulus is called response.
Explanation:
review the range shift of oak-hickory forests. this forest type is seen toexpand vigorously from the original range, notably displacing which forest type?
The correct answer is Maple beech birch forest. It is the forest type which is being displaced by range shift of oak hickory forests.
About 25% of Lewisboro is covered by this Maple beech birch forest, which grows on moist, well-drained (not soggy) soils. At the Brownell Preserve, where sugar maples are tapped to generate maple syrup, you can see good examples. There are mostly beech, red maple, and sugar maple trees. Other trees include tulip trees in extremely damp locations, white ash, black birch, black cherry, and basswood. Smaller sugar maple and beech saplings, hornbeam (ironwood), and sassafras trees typically make up the understory. Moreover, the oak-hickory forest is arguably the largest kind of deciduous woodland in eastern North America. Black and white oaks are the two most prevalent large trees in the Big Woods Plot, with pignut and shagbark hickories coming in second and third. These xerophytic (drought-tolerant) species thrive on sand-covered glacier debris.
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A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a _________.
Certain areas are home to numerous endemic species found nowhere else. Many of them are severely threatened by habitat loss and other human activities. These regions are biodiversity hotspots.
There are 36 locations in the world where effective species conservation can have a substantial impact on global biodiversity conservation. Areas with significant densities of endemic species (species found nowhere else on Earth) and substantial habitat loss are sometimes referred to as "hotspots" in the region and are thus naturally found there.
Endangered species are those that live in restricted habitats such as mountains, lakes, and islands. Extinction rates are exacerbated by habitat loss. Other factors include habitat loss, commercial overexploitation of animals, the introduction of hazardous alien species, pollution, and disease transmission.
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a prokaryotic cell is found in an environment that has high salinity and a cell wall composed of polysaccharides. it must be
A prokaryotic cell is found in an environment that has high salinity and a cell wall composed of polysaccharides must be archaea.
In the field of biology, archaea can be described as prokaryotic organisms that include some type of species that have the ability to survive in extreme conditions such as high salinity. Such archaea that can survive in high salinity conditions are referred to as halophiles.
The archaea also have a cell wall that is made up of polysaccharides rather and the plant cell wall is made from phospholipids.
Not all species of archaea can live in high-salinity environments. Some of the species that live in oceans especially can survive in saline conditions.
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which hormone released by the highlighted structure stimulates the release of tsh from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
A The hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates the release of TSH via hypothalamic neurons that secrete thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), a hormone that stimulates thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH.
TSH synthesis in the anterior pituitary is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and inhibited by thyroid hormone in a classic endocrine negative feedback loop. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates the release of TSH. Specifically, neurons in the hypothalamus release TRH, or thyroid-releasing hormone, which stimulates the thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH. Your hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which causes your pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). ), which stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),synthesize and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
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as they emerge from the ribosome, signal sequences are recognized and bound by a(n) ... select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a trna b signal peptidase c signal recognition particle d signal recognition particle receptor
As they emerge from the ribosome, signal sequences are recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP).
The majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined for the secretory pathway contain a short peptide known as a signal sequence at their N-terminus. These proteins include those that are inserted into most cellular membranes, secreted from the cell, or found within specific organelles.
The mechanism by which secretory proteins are targeted to the ER during their translation (the cotranslational pathway) is as follows. A signal recognition particle (SRP) composed of six polypeptides and a small cytoplasmic RNA (7SL RNA) recognizes and binds signal sequences as they emerge from the ribosome. The signal sequences are about 20 amino acids long and typically contain hydrophobic residues near the polypeptide chain's amino terminus.
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is tool use unique to members of our own human lineage? if not, name at least one other animal that makes tools.
It is false to say that tool use unique to members of our own human lineage. Chimpanzees are one of those animals who can makes tools.
The capacity to make and utilize tools goes back great many years in our genealogical record. Chimpanzees, our nearest living family members, might on their own devise at any point stick like weapons for hunting and make particular toolboxes for searching insects, recommending our genealogical record might have had wooden apparatuses since the progenitors of people and chimps veered exactly a long time back.
The beginning of stone devices goes back a 2.6 million years to Gona in Ethiopia. Known as the Oldowan, these incorporate not simply clench hand measured hunks of rock for beating, yet additionally the primary known production of stone devices — sharp pieces made by knapping, or striking a hard stone against quartz, obsidian, rock or whatever other stone whose chips can hold an edge. Right now are likewise the most established known butchered creature bones.
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Which statement is TRUE of infant vision?
Because of the sensitivity of their eyes, young infants avoid looking at areas of high contrast.
By around 2 or 3 months of age infants' color vision is similar to that of adults.
Infants tend to look at the center of any display, regardless of what it is.
Visual acuity develops very slowly, but by 18 months infants can see nearly as well as adults.
The TRUE statement regarding infant vision is B. At around 2 or 3 months of age infants color vision is similar to that of adults.
Eyes are a very important person to see life. The baby's sense of sight develops gradually as the baby gets older from birth. Newborn babies aged around 1 month can only see contrasting colors at close range. Baby's retinas are developing so that their pupils dilate to detect light. At the age of 2-3 months babies usually start to be able to see differences in colors clearly and objects with various shapes. When one object is moved to the other side, the baby's eyes are able to follow the object.
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which organ transplant is the most susceptible to rejection and has the best graft survival rates when the organ is obtained from hla-identical, abo-compatible siblings?
HLA-incompatible organ transplant is the most susceptible to rejection and has the best graft survival rates when the organ is obtained from hla-identical, abo-compatible siblings
A gene complex called human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is responsible for producing the MHC proteins in people. The control of the human immune system is carried out by these cell-surface proteins. The HLA is a crucial factor in organ transplant rejection because it causes the body to create antibodies when the organ from the donor is recognized as non-self.
In identical twins, HLA is identical. Therefore, twins, siblings with some similarity, followed by a parent with some similarity, are the top choices for transplantation. If a family member cannot donate, an unrelated donor will be given the least preference. Therefore, Twin>Sibling>Parent>Unrelated donor is the right order of chances of successful transplantation.
Hence, chances of HLA-incompatible organ transplant success lies in closeness of patient to donor.
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to study the maximum amount of genome diversity in humans, which of the following provides the most information?
To study the maximum amount of genomic diversity in humans using SNP variation
Human diversity can be seen through physiological analysis, namely through the genetic material in each person which gives different characteristics. Genetic material will be sequenced through a sequencing process and then mapped to the human genome database. Many factors cause human diversity such as climate and region.
SNP variation is a genetic variation indicated by a single nucleotide difference. This variation is one of the most common forms of human genetic variation. By using SNP variations we can study the differences in members of a biological species from one another.
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