Given that nearly all adaptive immune responses depend on helper T cells, they are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity.
They support the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as macrophages and B cells that release antibodies and kill ingested microorganisms. Without helper T cells, we cannot protect ourselves even against numerous ordinarily harmless bacteria, as was vividly shown in AIDS patients. However, helper T cells cannot function by themselves; they must be stimulated to become effector cells. They develop during the innate immunity responses brought on by an infection and become activated on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
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At embryonic day 7.0 in mouse embryos, BMP4 and BMP8b are secreted from the extraembryonic ectoderm. In response to these factors a small population of cells at the posterior/caudal end of the embryo will _____. Finish the sentence with the best answer.
A. express Blimp1 and become oocytes
B. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become primordial germ cells
C. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become spermatozoa
D. express retinoic acid and undergo meiosis.
In response to these factors a small population of cells at the posterior/caudal end of the embryo will B. express Fragilis, Blimp1 and Stella and become primordial germ cells.
A common generic model for the development of mammals is the mouse embryo. They differ from ordinary gastrulating/neurulating mammalian embryos, though. Mouse and rat embryos take on the shape of a "egg cylinder" before rotating, but most mammalian embryos, including those of humans, assume a flat disc shape.
As the fertilized egg moves through the oviduct and into the uterus, it splits and grows. This procedure takes 4-5 days in mice. The zona pellucida, a protective membrane on the egg, prevents the egg from implanting in the oviduct wall.
The embryonic origins of sperm and eggs known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) transmit genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. In mammals, BMP signaling from the surrounding tissues induces them from a subpopulation of cells in the peri-implantation epiblast.
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Which tissue type forms binding supporting and transporting structures and usually contains collagen for strength.
Collagen, which gives muscle tissue its strength, also produces structures that are binding, supporting, and transporting.
What kind of tissue provides binding and support?In addition to holding structures together and providing support for organs and the body as a whole, connective tissues also function to repair damaged tissues, store fat, transport substances, and defend against disease. They exist everywhere over the body.
What type of connective tissue contains the most collagen?In comparison to loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue includes more collagen fibers. Fibers are arranged in tidy, parallel bundles in dense regular connective tissue, It contains collagen fibers as well as elastic fibers, both of which offer excellent tensile strength and elasticity in one direction.
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All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have.
Ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm, and plasma membranes are common components of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Structures are shared by both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. A plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA are found in all cells. The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is the phospholipid layer that surrounds and protects the cell from the outside world.
The plasma membrane and the cytoplasm The plasma membrane serves as the gatekeeper, while the cytoplasm houses chemical processes.
The plasma membrane and the cytoplasm The plasma membrane serves as the gatekeeper, while the cytoplasm houses chemical processes.
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a deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in which one of the following? group of answer choices an increased ph in the intestinal lumen an increased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins a decreased formation of bile salt micelles increased levels of blood chylomicrons decreased amounts of fat in the stool
A deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in a decreased formation of bile-salt micelles.
The pancreas produces bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase and colipase, enzymes that degrade dietary lipids). Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid. The decreased production of bicarbonate will lead to a decrease of intestinal pH. Low levels of pancreatic lipase results in the decreased digestion of dietary triacylglycerols, this will lead to the formation of fewer bile salt micelles. The reduced pH will also interfere with the bile salts to effectively form micelles. Intestinal cells will have less substrate for chylomicron formation, and less fat soluble vitamins will be absorbed. Therefore, more dietary fat will be excreted in the feces. Thus, deficiency of pancreatic exocrine secretion can result in a decreased formation of bile-salt micelles.
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course hero what are homologous features? explain why they are important in biological classification, and give an example of a homologous feature.
They point to linkages in evolution. One such instance is the humerus bone, which is present in all vertebrates with limbs and was passed down from the ancestor of all vertebrates with limbs (an early amphibian).
What is the humerus bone and what does it do?The bone in your upper arm between your elbow and shoulder is called the humerus. Its primary job is to give your shoulder support and a wide range of arm movements.
What makes the humerus significant?The humerus supports the arm structurally and serves as the place at which numerous significant upper body muscles, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles, insert.
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the treatment whereby waste materials are separated from the blood by a machine is called .
Answer:
plasmapheresis
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
A. amino acids of the globin
B. spectrin
C. iron
D. heme group
Amino acids of the haemoglobin part of the haemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport.
What is haemoglobin?
The iron-containing oxygen-transporting metalloprotein known as haemoglobin, also known by the abbreviations Hb or Hgb, is found in the tissues of some invertebrates as well as the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The oxygen from the respiratory organs is transported to the rest of the body by haemoglobin in the blood.
What causes a decrease in haemoglobin?
Your illness or injury is causing blood loss. Every time you lose blood, you lose iron. If you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer, you could potentially lose blood.
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Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?.
A decrease in temperature would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve plots the rate of red blood cells in allure soggy establish the upright point around which something revolves against the general oxygen tightness on the level point around which something revolves. This curve is the main finish for understanding by means of what our ancestry accomplishes and releases oxygen.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve equates the oxygen satiation of red blood cells across a range of oxygen pressures. The complete evil line shows the curve for common adult red body fluid (Hb A). An oxygen-binding curve is a plot that shows partial satiation against the aggregation of oxygen.
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1. Which of the following is a general feature of kinases? (13% answered correctly) A. NONE OF THESE B. The catalyzed reaction must be protected from water C. ALL OF THESE D. Kinases convert aldoses to ketoses E Phosphoryl groups are transferred from AMP to an acceptor
B. The catalyzed reaction must be protected from water is a general feature of kinases.
What are kinases?
Kinases are the enzymes that facilitate the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Other molecules in the cell might change their state and become active or inactive as a result. Numerous cell processes involve kinases. Certain kinases that are connected to cancer are the focus of some cancer treatments.
The enzymes known as kinases are responsible for catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy molecules like ATP that can donate phosphate to particular substrates. This method is known as phosphorylation. Kinases are members of the phosphotransferase family of enzymes.
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When something heats up, new energy is created, and when something cools down, energy is destroyed.
Whilst you calm down some thing, the motion of debris or atoms inside that decreases, now no longer strength. Therefore, the given statement "whilst some thing heats up, new strength is created, and whilst some thing cools down, strength is destroyed" is clearly false.
Energy can't be created or destroyed, it could handiest be moved or alternate form. The handiest manner to chill an item down is to take away the heat (strength) from it.
When a substance heats up, the upward thrust in temperature makes those debris flow quicker and encounter every other. Thermal strength is the strength that comes from the heated up substance. The warmer the substance, the extra its debris flow, and the better its thermal strength.
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describe and explain the circumstances under which dendritic drainage patterns develop and the conditions under which trellis drainage patterns develop.
A dendritic stream consists of the random merging of streams, with tributaries joining larger streams irregularly at acute angles generally developing in regions where the underlying structure does not significantly control the drainage.
Trellis stream drainage patterns develop on alternating bands of hard and soft strata, with long parallel subsequent streams linked by short, right-angled segments and joined by short tributaries.
Dendritic drainage: The steams display a pattern that resembles a branching tree. These were created in lithologically consistent regions, such as sedimentary, huge igneous, or metamorphic rock. It grows on strata that are either almost horizontal or very gently dipping. That surface has virtually little relief. In the Himalayan region, Deccan plateau, and glaciated lowland region, this type of drainage pattern is quite prevalent.
Short tributaries join the mainstream at practically a straight angle in a drainage system known as a trellis. It grows in an area above strata that are crumpled and inclined. The mainstream develops in the strike troughs cut into the soft rocks, in contrast to the dendritic pattern, while tributaries flow down resistive ridges.
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Why do you think that it is important for body functions to return normal after exercise?
Answer: Think about it when you exercise your heating up inside so you body is functioning every part inside your body but then after a while you start to calm down and your back to normal again. But then the next day your going to feel all sorts of your body parts feeling like its bruised up but that's just your body still functioning of all the exercise you did that day!
Explanation: Hope this helps?
when you extend your elbow to put down a heavy object (e.g. placing a heavy textbook on a table), your biceps is being lengthened, but it is still contracting to control the downward movement. what type of contraction is this?
Your biceps are stretched when you extend your arm to set down a heavy object (such a large book on a table), but they are still contracting to regulate the downward movement. Isometric contraction is a form of contraction.
When tension is applied, an isometric contraction happens because the length of the muscle remains mostly unchanged. Isometric contraction, for instance, occurs while doing a biceps curl while holding the weight stationary rather than actively raising or lowering it. Isometric contraction include tightening (contracting) a specific biceps muscle or group of muscles. Isometric exercises do not considerably change the muscle's length. Furthermore, the injured joint is immovable. Isometric exercises help to maintain strength.
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Sex-linked problem: Red-green colorblindness Red-green colorblindness in humans is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A color-blind man marries a woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind. Complete the Punnett square to answer the following questions: What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? (X = wild type allele, Xc = color blind allele) Xc Yc XcXc XcY XY XXc 1/2 1/4 3/4 100% Probability of having a colorblind daughter? None
Answer:
Explanation:
The man is colorblind so his X chromosome is Xc. The woman is not colorblind, but her dad was colorblind so one of her X’s will be Xc. After you have the outside filled in, you can fill in the inside of the Punnett Square. For their daughter to be colorblind, both X’s have to have a c. Only 1 square in the Punnett Square has XcXc so the probability of having a colorblind daughter is 1/4.
mimosine is a natural product found in large quantities in the seeds and foliage of some legume plants. what functional groups are present in mimosine?
The functional groups present in Mimosine are carboxylic acid, ketone, amine, and alcoholic groups.
Mimosine is a natural substance that is abundant in some legume plants' seeds and foliage. It has been demonstrated to cause hair loss and hair growth suppression in mice. Alcohol, ketone, amine, and carboxylic acid make up the chemical known as mimosine. Six carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization and two carbon atoms with sp3 hybridization make up the chemical "mimosine." 24-alpha bonds and 4 pi-bonds make up mimosine.
One of the main effects of the amitotic drug mimosine is to inhibit the development of hair. It has undergone testing to determine whether it might be used to chemically shear sheep. In Indonesia, leucaena seed, which is high in mimosine, is typically only used sparingly in human diets as a curry sambal.
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mr. r has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. the red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin are destroyed more rapidly, so mr. r suffers from mild anemia (low hematocrit). what are the beta chains, and why are they important in the hemoglobin molecule? choose the best answer. mr. r has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. the red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin are destroyed more rapidly, so mr. r suffers from mild anemia (low hematocrit). what are the beta chains, and why are they important in the hemoglobin molecule? choose the best answer. beta chains are the part of the erythrocyte that holds the hemoglobin in position so it can properly receive oxygen. beta chains are the part of the hemoglobin that carries oxygen. all of the protein in hemoglobin is beta chains; therefore, hemoglobin could not exist without them. beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties.
Beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties
What is Hemoglobin ?
A blood test is necessary to determine how much hemoglobin is present in your blood. Hemoglobin is the main substance found in your red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein made up of the substances heme and globin. Heme is made composed of iron and porphyrin, a pigment that gives your blood its red color.
Hemoglobin's essential job is to move oxygen and carbon dioxide through your blood. Hemoglobin is carried around in your body by red blood cells. If your hemoglobin level is too low, you might not be able to give the other cells in your body the oxygen they need to survive.
Four iron atoms are included in each hemoglobin protein, which allows it to carry four oxygen molecules. Anywhere that blood flows, hemoglobin connects to red blood cells and distributes oxygen throughout the body. The billions of cells that make up the body each require oxygen to maintain and repair themselves.
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a vaginal swab for anaerobic culture is received in the laboratory. how should this specimen be handled?
Answer:
The specimen should be rejected
Explanation:
Hope it helps!
TRUE/FALSE the two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain
It is true that he two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain.
What is Neuron?
Neurons, also known as neurones or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system. They are the cells in charge of absorbing sensory information from the outside world, issuing motor commands to our muscles, and converting and relaying electrical impulses at each stage along the way.
Information is transmitted via neurons. Between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system, information is transmitted using electrical impulses and chemical signals.
Therefore, It is true that he two major ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry somatic sensory stimuli to the third-order neurons in the thalamus of the brain.
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2. There are 38
chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats.
chromosomes.
The eggs of a female cat would contain
mos
a. 38
b. 8
c. 57
d. 19
If there are 38 chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats. Then, the eggs of a female cat would contain 19 chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What are Chromosomes?Chromosomes may be defined as the thin, thread-like structure that significantly appears during the process of cell division. These structures would contain DNA, RNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins. Chromosomes were discovered by E. Strasburger in 1875.
Muscle cells are part of somatic cells which are diploid in nature. It means that 2n = 38. While egg cells of the female are categorized under germ cells or gamete cells which are haploid in nature. It means that n = 19.
Therefore, if there are 38 chromosomes in the muscle cells of cats. Then, the eggs of a female cat would contain 19 chromosomes. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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For piano playing, which muscles would have the fewest fibers controlled by each motor neuron?.
A motor neuron, which transmits information from the brain or spinal cord to the muscle, controls each fiber of the skeletal muscle.
The maximum number of muscle fibers that one motor neuron can innervate?This means that each motor neuron will innervate just a few muscle fibers (10–100), allowing the complete muscle to move with many different subtleties.
What purposes serve smaller motor units?A single motor neuron can provide a few muscle fibers in a muscle, which is known as a tiny motor unit. Very fine motor control of the muscle is made possible by small motor units. The tiny motor units of the extraocular eye muscles that move the eyes are the best example in humans.
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Alleles for which pair of genes are most likely to act as though they are being inherited independently?.
Chromosome-specific genes are inherited independently of one another. Mendel noticed that when peas with many traits were crossed, the offspring frequently differed from the parents.
How is it possible to claim that qualities are inherited independently?Mendel discovered during his dihybrid cross that each trait expressed independently of the other when two pairs of traits were taken into account. The Law of Independent Assortment, which addresses the independent transmission of traits, was created by Mendel.
What are the inheritance laws of Mendel?The Law of Dominance is one of Mendel's three proposed laws of inheritance. Segregationist law. Independent Assortment Law.
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Why is approximately 50% of any individual’s dna inherited from that individual’s father?.
Each pair receives one chromosome from each parent.
How much of your DNA is passed down from your father?23 pairs of chromosomes, those thread-like structures in every cell's nucleus that hold a person's genetic instructions, are among the numerous things parents pass down to their offspring. Our moms give us one set of 23 chromosomes, while our men give us another set of 23 chromosomes.
What influences how much DNA each parent contributes to you?The majority of us have 46 chromosomes total, or 23 pairs. Your mum gives you one of each pair, and your dad gives you the other one. This means that each parent contributes exactly half of your DNA to you.
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TRUE/FALSE. histoplasma and coccidioides produce tuberculosis-like damage to the lungs that can be seen on x-ray images.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
5. in an area with a heterogeneous distribution of suitable habitats, the dispersion pattern of a population is probably
In an area with a heterogeneous distribution of suitable habitats, the dispersion pattern of a population is probably clumped.
What is meant by heterogenous distribution?Heterogeneity means that your populations, samples and results are different. It is the opposite of homogeneity, which means that the population, data and results are the same. A heterogeneous population is the one where every member has a different value for the characteristic you're interested in.
Homogenous means alike whereas heterogenous means distinct from one another. Therefore, homogenous population has little variation and you could refer to a specific trait such as hair color or you could also refer to genetic diversity.
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yellow-headed blackbirds and marsh wrens often occur in the same marshy areas. when they occur together, territory sizes are relatively small with marsh wrens occupying territories at the edge of the marsh, and yellow-headed blackbirds occupying the edges of the ponds at the center of the marsh. in a removal experiment at two different sites, marsh wrens were removed and yellow-headed blackbirds remained. at the second site, yellow-headed blackbirds were removed and marsh wrens remained. at both sites, the territory sizes increased for each species in the regions where the other species is found when they occur together. which statement best reflects which portion of the niche is occupied when both species occur together?
The statement that best reflects which portion of the niche is occupied when both species occur together is that both species occupy their realized niche when found together.
What is a ecological niche?
The term "niche" in ecology refers to an organism's place in a community. A species' niche includes both the physical and environmental variables (such as temperature or topography) and interactions with other species that it needs to survive (like predation or competition).
Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) and Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) activity centers are geographically separated. This separation may take place because the two species favor distinct habitats, or because one species excludes the other. These theories were put to the test by keeping track of how Marsh Wren territories changed in size and position over the course of the breeding season and by getting rid of Yellow-headed Blackbird nesting colonies. The theory based on Yellow-headed Blackbirds actively excluding Marsh Wrens is best supported by the extension of Marsh Wren territory into blackbird breeding regions following both the natural emigration of blackbirds and their removal.
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Prokaryotes stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell ___.
some biologists prefer to focus efforts on preserving endangered species while others prefer to focus on preserving ecosystems. what is your advice to biologists that are choosing which way to follow?
The correct answer is b) Preserving ecosystems is the first thing to do because this problem is more closely related to us, as human beings.
Healthy ecosystems maintain our soil, purify our air, regulate our climate, recycle nutrients, and provide us with food. For the production of medicines and other items, they provide resources and raw materials. They are the foundation of all civilizations and support our economies. Simply put, without these "ecosystem services," we could not survive. They are known as our natural capital.
The biodiversity of an environment is the most crucial indicator of its health. A wide variety of species will be able to reject threats more successfully than a small number of them in large populations. Even if some species are killed by pollution, climate change, or human activities, the ecosystem may adapt and continue to exist.
The complete question is:
Some biologists prefer to focus efforts on preserving endangered species while others prefer to focus on preserving ecosystems. What is your advice to biologists that are choosing which way to follow?
a) Both types of efforts are not needed; the decreasing biodiversity is a natural process of mass extinction.
b) Preserving ecosystems is the first thing to do because this problem is more closely related to us, as human beings.
c) It is important to preserve the species first as humans can create artificial ecosystems.
d) Both types of efforts are needed; their relative importance depends on the circumstances.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Mark as brainiest
Answer:
I think it's C
Explanation:
because example the white moths in England they're environment changed too fast and they decreased in population only letting the black ones increase
once the hummingbird dna is cloned, we have the problem of finding the piece of dna that holds our gene of interest. explain how nucleic acid hybridization will accomplish this task.
The capacity of the gene's DNA to base-pair with a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule is utilized in nucleic acid hybridization to identify the gene's DNA.
What is nucleic acid hybridization?
Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA during the process known as hybridization (or hybridisation) in molecular biology. Under physiological settings, a double-stranded DNA sequence is typically stable, but altering these conditions in the lab will cause the molecules to break into single strands. In addition to being complimentary to one another, these strands might also be complementary to other sequences in the area. The single-stranded molecules are able to "hybridize" or anneal to one another when the environment's temperature is lowered.
Nucleotide hybridization is essential for DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA, as well as for molecular biology methods including Southern and Northern blots, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the majority of DNA sequencing methods.
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aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. group of answer choices true false
Principal cells absorb sodium and release potassium into the lumen in response to aldosterone. Potassium ions and hydrogen ions are exchanged in alpha-intercalated cells, which are found in the collecting duct and late distal tubule. The potassium is absorbed while hydrogen is excreted into the lumen.
Aldosterone is a hormone that affects the kidney's tubules to increase sodium and water absorption into the blood; this chemical is directly linked to decreased urine production. The juxtaglomerular cells change prorenin to renin when the blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. Angiotensinogen becomes angiotensin I as a result.
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