All possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.
The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along the reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger.
The transition state is a high-energy state, and some amount of energy the activation energy must be added in order for the molecule reach it. Because the transition state is unstable, reactant molecules don't stay there long, but quickly proceed to the next step of the chemical reaction.
In an atom, electrons can transition up or down depending on whether they absorb energy or emit energy. Electrons naturally want to be in the lowest possible energy state. Downward transitions would be possible to any lower energy level than the one the electron starts in so all possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.
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provide a reason to explain why the less stable radical intermediate leads to the formation of the major product in this reaction.
A radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive.Organic radicals are stabilized by any or all of these factors: presence of electronegativity, delocalization, and steric hindrance.Organic radicals are inherently electron deficient thus the greater the electronegativity of the atom on which the unpaired electron resides the less stable the radical.Organic radicals are inherently electron deficient thus the greater the electronegativity of the atom on which the unpaired electron resides the less stable the radical.The greater the steric hindrance the more difficult it is for reactions to take place, and the radical form is favored by default.
The least stable radical is methyl radicals
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Suppose you added some solid potassium nitrate (KNO3) to a saturated solution of KNO3 at 20OC and then warmed the mixture to 40oC. What would happen to the added KNO3? What would happened to if you repeated the procedure, except with sodium chloride (NaCl)?
The solubility of the potassium nitrate will increase as we increase the temperature because increases the kinetic energy of solute particles. More KNO₃ will dissolve in the solution and makes it unsaturated.
What is solubility?Solubility can be described as the maximum amount of Solute that can dissolve in a known quantity of solvent at a particular temperature. By changing the temperature we can increase the solubility of a solute. Sparingly soluble solids or liquids can be completely liquified by raising the temperature.
Solid solubility depends on the nature of the solute and the solvent. Substances such as sugar, common salt (NaCl), etc dissolve in water while substances such as naphthalene do not dissolve in water.
The solubility of potassium nitrate KNO₃ increases with an increase the temperature but the increasing temperature of NaCl solution does not show much change in the solubility of NaCl.
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what volume (in ml) of water must you add to 50.0 ml of a 0.600 m libr solution to produce a 0.145 m solution? assume the volumes are additive.
To neutralize 23.5 mL of a 0.145 M barium hydroxide solution, 23.9 mL of a 0.284 M hydrochloric acid solution is needed.
What does barium hydroxide serve?
Barium hydroxide is used to titrate weak acids, especially organic acids, in analytical chemistry. In contrast to the alkali hydroxides, barium carbonate creates clear, carbonate-free aqueous solutions because it is insoluble in water.
Acidity of barium hydroxide
When heated to 800 °C, barium hydroxide turns into barium oxide. Barium carbonate is produced when carbon dioxide reacts with it. Its strong base causes its extremely alkaline aqueous solution to go through neutralization reactions with acids.
Briefing:
The equation is given as:
Ba(OH)₂ + 2HCl ------> BaCl₂ + 2H₂O
from the equation it is clear that :
1mole of Ba(OH)₂ = 1 mole of HCl
number of moles of Ba(OH)₂ = volume × Molarity
= 0.0235 × 0.145
= 0.0034 mol
Therefore, number of moles of HCl = 2× 0.0034 mol = 0.0068 mol
volue of HCl = moles / Molarity
= 0.0068 / 0.284
= 0.0239 L = 23.9 mL
Thus, The volume of a 0.284 M hydrochloric acid solution is required to neutralize 23.5 mL of a 0.145 M barium hydroxide solution is 23.9 mL.
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1. were there any compounds that you could not positively id based on the information you had available to you? explain if needed.
In general, I was able to ID most of the compounds based on the materials and the images provided but not positively 100% because there are compounds that do not show up using only the NMR spectroscopy.
A compound is a substance made up of two or more components. Water, carbon dioxide, and table salt are examples of compounds.
In chemistry, a compound is a substance composed of two or more different chemical elements combined in a definite ratio. When elements come together, they react with each other to form unbreakable chemical bonds.
These bonds are formed when electrons are shared or exchanged between atoms.
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A chunk of dry ice, solid co2, disappears after sitting at room temperature for a while. There is no puddle of liquid. What happened?.
At room temperature, a chunk of dry ice, which is solid CO2, eventually disappears. No liquid puddle is present. The CO2 gas froze solid.
Dry ice is created when carbon dioxide freezes. Instead of first becoming a liquid and then a solid, carbon dioxide transitions directly from a gas to a solid. Because of this, anytime it melts, gas is also produced.
What does dry ice actually serve for?
Dry ice is typically used in industry for operations including blasting, maintaining frozen items, and conveying medications. Additionally, we regularly use dry ice for a number of additional purposes, such as creating spectacular effects for films and events.
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which one of the following is not true? group of answer choices a positron is the antiparticle of a proton beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron positrons are similar in ionizing power and penetrating power to beta particles an alpha particle is a he2 ion
The following statement is not true is : a positron is the antiparticle of a proton .
The statement that are true is given below :
beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton while emitting an electron.positrons are similar in ionizing power and penetrating power to beta particles .an alpha particle is a He²⁺ ionThe positron also called as antielectron is the antiparticle of an electron. the electric charge of positron is +1 e.
Thus, the statement which is not true is a positron is the antiparticle of a proton because a positron is the antiparticle of the electron.
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what is used in an acid-base titration to indicate the right amount of titrant has been added to an aliquot of the analyte to completely neutralize it
In an acid-base titration, an indicator is typically used to indicate the endpoint of the titration.
An indicator is a chemical that changes color when a certain pH is reached, usually near the equivalence point of the titration. Common indicators used in acid-base titrations include phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and bromophenol blue.
The indicator is typically added to the analyte solution at the beginning of the titration. When the titrant is added to the analyte, the pH of the solution will gradually increase.
When the amount of titrant added is equal to the amount of analyte, the solution will be neutralized, and the endpoint of the titration (the equivalence point) will be reached. At this point, the indicator will change color, indicating that the titration is complete.
The color change indicates the end point of the titration, and the amount of titrant added is equal to the amount of analyte.
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water was added to destroy any remaining acetic anhydride. what is the produt of water and acetic anhydride?
The product of water and acetic anhydride is acetic acid.
What is acetic acid?
Acetic acid is also known as ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, and methane carboxylic acid; it has the chemical formula of CH3COOH. It is the second simplest carboxylic acid.
Which chemical reaction involves the reaction of water and acetic anhydride?
Salicylic acid is reacted with an excess of acetic anhydride to produce aspirin. As a catalyst, a small amount of a strong acid is utilized, which speeds up the reaction. With the addition of water, the excess acetic anhydride will be quenched (reacted).
In this reaction, One equivalent of salicylic acid reacts with one equivalent of acetic anhydride to form aspirin. The reaction mixture still contains the residual acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride is easily hydrolyzed during the work-up process to create acetic acid, which is freely soluble in water. The filtrate from the separation of crude aspirin will contain the leftover acetic anhydride that has been hydrolyzed to acetic acid.
The product of water and acetic anhydride is acetic acid.
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Iron and oxygen react to form iron(III) oxide; 4Fe(s)+3O2(g)-->2Fe2O3(s). Determine the limiting reactant in each of the following mixtures of reactants: a) 2.0 mol of Fe and 6.0 mol of O2. b) 5.0 mol of Fe and 4.0 mol of O2. c) 16.0 mol of Fe and 20.0 mol of O2. express your answer as a chemical formula.
The limiting reagent in all the three mixtures a, b and c is Iron.
Iron and Oxygen reacts with each other to form iron (III) as follows,
4Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2Fe₂O₃(s)
So, as we can see,
4 moles of Fe reacts with moles of O₂ to form iron(III) oxide.
So, for every 1 mole of Fe, 3/4 moles of O₂ will required.
Also,
Moles = Given mass/Molar Mass
Molar mass of Fe = 55 g/mol.
Molar mass of Oxygen = 16 g/mol.
a). In mixture of 2.0 mol of Fe and 6.0 mol of O₂,
There are 3 moles of O₂ are present for every one mole of Fe.
So, Fe is the limiting reagent here.
b) In mixture of 5.0 mol of Fe and 4.0 mol of O₂,
4/5 moles of O₂ are present for one mole of O₂.
So, the limiting reagent in this case is Iron.
c) In mixture of 16.0 mol of Fe and 20.0 mol of O₂,
There are 16/20 moles of O₂ are present for one mole of Iron.
So, the Limiting reagent in this case is Iron.
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A metal cools from an initial temperature of 225 oc to 25 oc and releases 160 j of heat energy. If the mass of the metal is 5. 0 g, what is its specific heat capacity?.
The answer to the question is that a metals cools from 225°C to 25°C while releasing 160 j of thermal energy. The metal's specific heat becomes c = 0.16 J/g°c if its mass is 5.0 g.
Describe metal.A metal is a substance that exhibits a shiny appearance when freshly processed, polished, or shattered, and transmits both heat and electricity rather well.
Briefing:Given:
T₁ = 225°C
T₂ = 25°C
q = -160 J
m = 5.0 g
As we know,
q = mcΔT
Now,
-160 = 5*c*(T₂-T₁)
-160 = 5*c*(25-225)
c = -160/5(-200)
c = 0.16 J/g°c
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many covalent compounds are gases, liquids, or low-melting solids at room temperature. which option correctly accounts for this behavior? multiple choice question.
Covalent compounds are gases, liquids, or low-melting solids at room temperature because intermolecular forces between the molecules require little energy to break.
An electron exchange that results in the formation of electron pairs between atoms is known as a covalent bond. Bonding pairs or sharing pairs are the names given to these electron pairs. Covalent bonding is the stable equilibrium of the attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons.
Covalent compounds can be found as soft solids, liquids, or gases.Generally speaking, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.Covalent compounds are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water.They don't conduct electricity when they're solid, molten, or liquid.For more questions like Covalent compounds click the link below;
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a sample in a spectrophotometer gives a percent transmittance of 37.5 %. what is the absorbance of the sample?
A sample in a spectrophotometer gives a percent transmittance of 37.5 %. the absorbance of the sample is 0.425
Given that :
a percent transmittance = 37.5 %
The absorbance of the sample expression is given as :
Absorbance = - log (T)
where T = transmittance
Absorbance = - log ( percent transmittance / 100)
Absorbance = - log ( 37.5 / 100 )
Absorbance = - log (0.375 )
Absorbance = - ( -0.425 )
Absorbance = 0.425
Thus, the absorbance for the percent transmittance of 37.5 % is 0.425. the percent transmittance in the spectrophotometer is the percentage of light that passes through solution.
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na2co3 --> h2o (gas) co2 (gas) na2co3 (solid) how many l of gas are produced if 1.00 g. of nahco3 decomposes at 29 degrees c and 769 torr?
0.375 L volume of gas are produced if 1.00 g. of nahco3 decomposes at 29 degrees c and 769 torr
moles=0.011
p=769 torr
v=?
temperature=302K
PV=nRT
V=nRT/P
V=0.11×8.3×302÷769
V=0.375 L
The volume of an object in three dimensions is the area occupied within its boundaries. It is referred to as the object's capacity on occasion. The amount required to fill an object can be determined by finding its volume, for example, how much water is required to fill a bottle, aquarium, or water tank.
The most fundamental and frequent form of a three-dimensional shape is a sphere. We frequently encounter spheres in the form of balls, globes, decorative lights, oranges, etc.
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Three blocks are shown: Three blocks are shown. Block A has mass 3 kilograms, length 6 centimeters, height 4 centimeters, and width 2 centimeters. Block B has mass 1 kilograms, length 6 centimeters, height 2 centimeters, and width 4 centimeters. Block C has mass 2 kilograms, length 2 centimeters, height 6 centimeters, and width 4 centimeters. Which statement is correct? Block A has the greatest density. Block B has the greatest density. The density of Block A is equal to the density of Block B. The density of Block B is equal to the density of Block C
Answer:
Block A has the greatest density.
Explanation:
Three blocks are shown: Three blocks are shown.
Block A has mass 3 kilograms, length 6 centimeters, height 4 centimeters, and width 2 centimeters.
Block B has mass 1 kilograms, length 6 centimeters, height 2 centimeters, and width 4 centimeters.
Block C has mass 2 kilograms, length 2 centimeters, height 6 centimeters, and width 4 centimeters.
Which statement is correct?
- Block A has the greatest density.
- Block B has the greatest density.
- The density of Block A is equal to the density of Block B.
- The density of Block B is equal to the density of Block C
two gases are in a sealed 3.17 l flask. if you have 17.81 grams of ne and 18.81 grams of ar, what is the mole fraction of ar? give your answer in the correct number of significant figures.
two gases are in a sealed 3.17 l flask. if you have 17.81 grams of ne and 18.81 grams of ar, the mole fraction of ar is 45.76
How to solve ?molar mass of ne = 20.18/mole
17.81 / 20.18 = 0.882 moles
molar mass of ar = 39.948/mole
18.81 / 39.948 = 0.470 moles
molar fraction of Ar = 39.948 / 0.882 + 0.470
= 45.76
Formula Related to the Mole Fraction ?Consider a solution that consists of two substances A and B, then the mole fraction of each substance is:Mole fraction of solute = (Moles of Solute) / (Total number of moles of the solutes and the solvent).= XA = (mol A) / ( mol A + mol B)And= XB = (mol B) / ( mol A + mol B).
What are the Properties of Mole Fraction ?Because it is temperature independent, it is not affected by changes in temperature. In the case of the mole fraction, it is not required to be aware of the densities of the relevant phases. A mixture with a known mole fraction can be made by subtracting the actual masses of the elements from the total weight. The measure is symmetrical, therefore the roles of "solvent" and "solute" are switched in the mole fractions where x = 0.1 and x = 0.9. A component's mole fraction in a ternary mixture can be stated as a function of the binary mole ratios and mole fractions of the other components.
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Barium-131 is used in the detection of bone tumors. The half-life of barium-131 is approximately 12 days. How long will it take for the radiation level of barium-131 to drop to 1/4 of its original level?.
Barium-131's radiation level won't reach 1/4 of its initial level for 24 hours.
ln[A] t = -kt + ln[A] 0 is the integrated rate rule for the first-order reaction A's products.
A straight line is produced when the natural log of [A] is plotted as a function of time since this equation has the form y = mx + b.
How is the length of a half-life determined?
The amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. A first-order reaction's half-life is a constant that is correlated with its rate constant:
t 1/2 = 0.693/k.
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Give another example of electrical energy being transferred into light
Answer: lightbulb, lamp, nightlight
Explanation:
write the balanced net ionic equation for the reactions that occur when the given aqueous solutions are mixed. include the physical states. a. nitric acid, hno3 , and calcium hydroxide, ca(oh)2
Calcium hydroxide, or Ca(OH)2(aq), has the ability to neutralize nitric acid, or HNO3(aq). When these two compounds react, what salt is produced? Write a balanced chemical equation to describe the reaction.
HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) H 2 O (aq) + NaNO3 In this reaction, sodium hydroxide, a base, and nitric acid, an acid, combine to produce sodium nitrate, a salt, and water. It is, therefore, a neutralization reaction. Consequently, the chemical reaction that is balanced is 2 KClO 3 Chlorate of potassium 2 KCl Potassium chloride + 3 O2 the element of oxygen.
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if liquid ammonia and water were mixed, between which two atoms in these molecules would a hydrogen bond form?
For modest atomic masses, the atom's recoil plays a more significant role. Which two atoms in these molecules would be interconnected if liquid ammonia and water were combined?
What is a hydrogen bond, for instance?
Hydrogen, for instance, is covalently linked to the more electronegative oxygen atom in water molecules (H2O). Therefore, the dipole-dipole interactions between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another H2O molecule are what cause hydrogen bonding to form in water molecules.
What exactly does the term "hydrogen bond" mean?
The partial positive charge of the hydrogen atoms in some polar molecules causes them to be drawn to the partial negative charge of an atom in another neighboring molecule. A hydrogen bond is the name given to this attraction.
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identify the substitution product that is expected when 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane undergoes an sn1 reaction in the presence of water.
A tertiary cyclohaloalkane is 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane. This indicates that it hinders carbon-1 sterically. As a result, committing to SN1 is more likely than SN2.
Describe carbon.
The number of protons six and letter C are attributed to the chemical element carbon. Four of its four available electrons can be used to create covalent chemical connections because it is a nonmetallic, tetravalent atom. The periodic table's group 14 includes it. Just 0.025 percent of the carbon on Earth is found in its crust.
What uses does carbon serve?
Coal, toxic gases, and crude oil are all utilized as fuel in it. It is employed to create a wide range of products, including polymers and steel alloys. Even black ink for printing or painting is produced with it.
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0.02877 g sample of gas occupies 10.0 ml at 289.0 k and 1.10 atm. upon further analysis, the compound is found to be 38.734% c and 61.266% f. what is the molecular formula of the compound? molecular formula: draw the lewis structure of the compound. identify the geometry around each carbon atom. bent tetrahedral linear trigonal pyramidal trigonal planar is this compound polar? the compound is polar. the compound is nonpolar.
Geometry around Carbon atom is Lewis structure
Assuming ideal gas, we calculate the number of moles.
PV = nRT
n = PV / RT
n = (1.10 atm) (10 x 10^-3L) / [(0.08205746 L atm / mol K) (289 K)]
n = 4.64 x 10^-4 mol
So, the molar mass is:
molar mass = 0.02877 grams / 4.64 x 10^-4 mol
molar mass = 62.02 g/mol
The only possible combination is : C2F2
C = 12 * 2 = 24
F = 19 * 2 = 38
24 + 38 = 62 g/mol
So, The molecular formula of C2F2 is 62g/mol
Lewis structure if C2F2 is attached below the answere;
What is molecular formula of compound?
The molecular formula of a molecular compound is a chemical formula that shows the number of different atoms present in a molecule. For example, in CO₂, the subscript under oxygen shows that there are two atoms of oxygen present, whereas the lack of subscript under carbon shows it has only one atom of carbon present.
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what structural feature seems to distinguish the molecules in which the real bond angle is less than the model bond angle?
The bond angle is impacted by the presence of a lone pair of electrons at the core atom.
Why do some compounds have bond angles that deviate from expectations?
Several factors can lead to deviations from the optimum bond angles of a molecular form. The size of the involved atoms, the number of lone pairs, the number of bonds, the size of the groups attached to the central atom, and the environment in which the molecule is situated are just a few of the factors to consider.
What component(s) influences bond length and bond angle?
The length of the bond depends on how many electrons are bonded (the bond order). further bonds ordered,
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105 ml of water was added to 40.0 ml of 0.550 m mgcl₂ solution. assuming the volumes are additive, what is the mgcl₂ concentration in the diluted solution?
If volumes are additive and the concentration is determined by molarity, the concentration of the diluted solution of magnesium chloride is 0.152M.
Molar concentration is defined.A measurement used to determine the concentration of chemical compounds in a solution is called molar concentration. It is defined with specific reference to the amount of solute in a solution. The most popular unit for measuring molar concentration is moles/liter.
The formula for calculating molar concentration is mass/molar mass divided by the volume of solution in liters.
Molar concentration is defined as the number of moles divided by the volume of the solution in liters when expressed in terms of moles.
Substitution in the formula is required if the volumes are additive.
M₁V₁=M₂V₂
M₂ = 0.550 ×40/145
M₂ = 0.152M.
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a chemical engineer has determined by measurements that there are 81.2 moles of carbon in a sample of methyl tert-butyl ether. how many moles of oxygen are in the sample? round your answer to 3 significant digits.
It is 194.88 moles of oxygen that the chemical engineer determined in the sample of methyl tert-butyl ether if there are 81.2 moles of carbon
Procedure to calculate moles of oxygenIf C5H12O the formula of methyl tert-butyl ether, it is observed that there are 5 hydrogen atoms for every 12 oxygen atoms
And if each mole contains exactly 6.022 × 10∧23 atoms, according to Avogadro's number, then a simple rule of thumb can determine how many hydrogen atoms are present.
Rule of three1 mole ------------- 6.022 ×10∧23
81.2 moles ----------- x
X = 81.2 x 6.022 140 76×10∧23
x = 488,986 x 10∧23
Once again, by the rule of three, the amount of elementary oxygen particles is determined.
5 H atoms ---------- 12 O atoms
488.986 x ×1023 H ------ x O
X = 488,986 x ×10∧23 x 12 /5
X = 1173.567 x 10∧23
And with the rule of three and Avogadro's number, the number of moles of oxygen is also determined.
Rule of three6.022 ×1023 ------------- 1 mol
1173.567 x 1023----------- x mol
X moles = 1173.567 x 10∧23 x 1 / 6.022 x 10∧23
X = 194.88 moles
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l cells are a particular type of electrochemical cell that require a constant source of chemical fuels, or reactants, during operation. one of the most common types of fuel cells is the alkaline fuel cell, which uses hydrogen and oxygen as reactants. what species are formed at the anode of the alkaline fuel cell? h2 o2 e− oh− h2o h what species are formed at the cathode of the alkaline fuel cell? h2o e− oh− h2 h o2
Water molecules are the species that also are created on this end of the cell. The total reaction is referred to as a redox reaction.
Explain what electrochemical means.The research of the correlation of electrical electricity and chemical reactions is the focus of the branch of chemistry known as electrochemistry. Oxidation process are those in which electric currents are either generated or received.
What are some electrochemical examples?The typical 1.5-volt cell, which powers numerous electrical devices like TV remote controls and clocks, is an illustration of an electrochemical cell. Copper ions or pv cells are those that may produce an electric current as a consequence of chemical reactions taking place inside of them.
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Use the information and examples provided in the exploration and the values recorded in data table 1 from step 8 to determine how many moles of na2co3 are necessary to reach stoichiometric quantities. From that calculation, determine how many grams of na2co3 are necessary to reach stoichiometric quantities. Record both values in data table 1.
0.0102 moles Na₂CO₃ is 1.08g of Na₂CO₃ are necessaries .
Define Stoichiometry .
The quantitative study of the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction .
What is a mole ?
A standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles.
How to calculate the molecular weight of a given compound ?
Count the number of atoms of each element, and then multiply that number by the element's atomic weight.
Based on the reaction :
CaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃ → 2NaCl + CaCO₃
1 mole of CaCl₂ reacts per mole of Na₂CO₃
Further we are suppose to calculate number of moles of CaCl2•2H2O present in 1.50 g.
To solve this question we must find the moles of CaCl2•2H2O using its molar mass (147.0146g/mol).
No. of moles = Moles CaCl₂ = Moles of Na₂CO₃ necessaries to reach stoichiometric quantities.
Then find then the mass we must use molar mass of Na₂CO₃ (105.99g/mol):
Moles CaCl₂.2H₂O:
1.50g * (1mol / 147.0146g) = 0.0102 moles CaCl₂.2H₂O = 0.0102moles CaCl₂
Moles Na₂CO₃:
0.0102 moles Na₂CO₃
Mass Na₂CO₃:
0.0102 moles * (105.99g / mol) =
1.08g of Na₂CO₃ are present
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Add curved arrows to the reactant side of the following SN2 reaction to indicate the flow of electrons. Dravw the product species to show the balanced equation, including nonbonding electrons and formal charges Do draw in the leaving group as well as the main organic product, adn show the lone pairs and formal charge on the leaving group.
The statement is incomplete so diagram can't be drawn for curved arrows to the reactant side of the given SN2 reaction to indicate the flow of electrons.
The product species to show the balanced equation, including nonbonding electrons and formal charges and to draw in the leaving group as well as the main organic product, and show the lone pairs and formal charge on the leaving group.
What is lone pairs?In a covalent bond when a pair of valence electron remains unshared with another atom is referred to the Lone pair.
SN2 reaction:SN2 reaction is the type of mechanism in chemical reaction in which one bond is broken and other is done in one step.
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Enter a chemical equation for HClO4(aq) showing how it is an acid or a base according to the Arrhenius definition. Consider that strong acids and bases dissociate completely. Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer. Enter a chemical equation for HBr(aq) showing how it is an acid or a base according to the Arrhenius definition. Consider that strong acids and bases dissociate completely.Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer. Enter a chemical equation for Ca(OH)2(aq) showing how it is an acid or a base according to the Arrhenius definition. Consider that strong acids and bases dissociate completely.Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.
According to Arrhenius definition a compound is an acid when, in aqueous solution it can releases protons. and a compound is a base when, in aqueous solutions it can releases hydroxides anions.
According to Arrhenius, the acids are the hydrogen-containing compounds which give H+ ions or protons on dissociation in water and bases are the hydroxide compounds which give OH− ions on dissociation in water.
Arrhenius theory is only applicable only in the aqueous solution, for example, according to the Arrhenius theory, HCl is an acid in the aqueous solution but not in benzene, even though it donates H + ion to the benzene. Also, under Arrhenius’s definition, the solution of sodium amide in liquid ammonia is not alkaline, even though amide ion deprotonates the ammonia.
So, for the acidic and basic properties, the presence of water is necessary.
This theory does not explain acidic and basic character of substances in non-aqueous solvents.
In case of HClO4 when it is subjected to dissociation it produces hydronium ion in the solution and hence it can be termed as an acid.
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Pituitary gland hormones secreted
Answer: Growth Hormones.
. suppose 32.8 g of hydrochloric acid is mixed with 9.7 g of sodium hydroxide. calculate the maximum mass of water that could be produced by the chemical reaction. round your answer to 2
The maximum mass of NaCl that could be produced by chemical reaction is 14.03grams
What is Stoichiometry?
Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that includes determining desired quantitative data by exploiting relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical process.
Stoichiometric challenges are grouped into various types: Mass to mass conversion. Mass to moles conversion. Mole to mass steps conversion.
What is limiting agent?
The limiting reagent is the reactant that is totally consumed in a reaction, determining when the reaction comes to a halt. The exact amount of reactant required to react with another element can be estimated using reaction stoichiometry.
Given,
Mass of hydrochloric acid = 32.8 grams
Molar mass of hydrochloric acid (HCl)= 36.46 g/mol
Mass of sodium hydroxide = 9.7 grams
Molar mass of sodium hydroxide = 40.0 g/mol
According to the question, equation would be :
[tex]HCl + NaOH[/tex] → [tex]NaCl + H_2O[/tex]
moles of HCl = Given mass of HCl / Molar mass of HCl
moles of HCl = 32.8 / 36.46 = 0.899 ≅ 0.90moles
moles of NaOH = Given mass of NaOH / Molar mass of NaOH
moles of NaOH = 9.7 / 40.0 = 0.242 ≅ 0.24moles
Here, NaOH is a limiting factor, so it will be consumed completely. But moles of HCl are in excess.
So, only 0.24moles of HCl will be consume and remaining will be 0.90moles - 0.24moles = 0.66moles.
When 1 mol HCl react with 1 mol NaOH it produce 1 mol NaCl and 1 mol [tex]H_2O[/tex]
For 0.24moles of NaOH, we will have 0.24moles of NaCl
Maximum mass of NaCl = no. of moles of NaCl * molar mass of NaCl
mass of NaCl = 0.24 * 58.44 = 14.0256 ≅14.03grams
mass of NaCl ≅14.03grams
The maximum mass of NaCl that could be produced by chemical reaction is 14.03grams
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