The concentration of hydroxide ion is 6.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ M.
Water dissociates and forms an equilibrium reaction to give its ionic products hydronium ion and hydroxide ion. The reaction is given as:
H₂O + H₂O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻
The ionic product of water is referred to as Kw, whose value is
Kw = 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ M²
And Kw is equal to the product of the hydroxide ion and hydronium ion concentration.
Kw = [H₃O⁺ ] [OH⁻]
We are given, the hydronium ion concentration is 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M
So, hydroxide ion concentration can be calculated as:
Kw = [H₃O⁺ ] [OH⁻]
[OH⁻] = Kw/ [H₃O⁺ ]
[OH⁻] = 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ M² / 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M
[OH⁻] = 6.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ M
Thus, the concentration of hydroxide ion is 6.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ M
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In terms of equipment considerations, avoiding the maximum limits of the dive tables is wise because?
a. Dive tables are precise.
b. It is hard to read dive tables while underwater.
c. Depth gauges can malfunction and / or be read inaccurately.
d. you can get nitrogen narcosis more easily.
The correct answer is
c. Depth gauges can malfunction and/or read inaccurately.
What is Dive Table?
Dive tables are carefully formulated charts that provide a wealth of safety data to assist divers venturing into the ocean. They are traditionally printed on booklets or cards, for the diver to refer to before jumping in the water.
These dive tables provide valuable information such as how much time divers are allowed to stay at a specified depth, how deep they can go with the amount of air they are breathing, the interval in which they should resurface, and much more. With that information at hand, divers are able to plan out their dives according to their individual parameters, capability, current physical condition, and how deep they want to dive.
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a firm runs its technology operations on a fleet of amazon ec2 instances. the firm needs a certain software to be available on the instances to support their daily workflows. the developer team has been told to use the user data feature of ec2 instances.
User Data is generally used to perform common automated configuration tasks and even run scripts after the instance starts. When you launch an instance in Amazon EC2, you can pass two types of user data - shell scripts and cloud-init directives. You can also pass this data into the launch wizard as plain text or as a file.
In general, a configuration is the arrangement of the components that make up a whole, or the act of creating that arrangement. A configuration, or particular shape, is produced when objects are placed in any spatial arrangement. As an illustration, scientists refer to a configuration as the particular, bound arrangement of atoms that forms a molecule.
Text, observations, figures, photos, numbers, graphs, and symbols can all be used as forms of data. Individual prices, weights, addresses, ages, names, temperatures, dates, or distances, for instance, could be included in the data. Data is an unprocessed type of knowledge and has no meaning or use by itself.
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how is the number of molecular orbitals approximated by a linear combination of atomic orbitals related to the number of atomic orbitals used in proximation
In quantum chemistry, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals or LCAO is a superposition or mixing of atomic orbitals and a technique used for calculating molecular orbitals.
By Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals , we can predict which atomic orbitals can mix to form a molecular orbital on the basis of orbital symmetry. We can also predict the number of molecular orbitals that can be produced from the interaction between two atomic orbitals.
By LCAO, the position of electrons can be determined. If can electron is found in an atomic orbital say "A" and also in atomic orbital say B". Then the superposition of the two atomic orbitals A and B will give the overall wave function. It is represented by ψ.
ψ± = N(A ± B)
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What belief has the scientist in The Daily Times article developed as a result of experimentation?
1. He believes that if deafness is caused by a defective gene, gene therapy has the potential to cure many forms of hearing loss.
2. He believes that deafness is not hereditary, therefore there is no gene treatment that applies.
3. He believes that the scientists that conducted the study do not have the credentials to validate the results.
4. He believes that the tests are not valid and the results are not true.
The belief that scientists in The Daily Times article developed as a result of experimentation is he believes that if deafness is caused by a defective gene, gene therapy has the potential to cure many forms of hearing loss. The correct option is 1.
What is gene therapy?Gene therapy is a process in which the defective gene is repaired by scientific methods. Gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering. It is an attempt to cure diseases. It involves replacing a mutated gene.
Therefore, the correct option is 1. He believes that if deafness is caused by a defective gene, gene therapy has the potential to cure many forms of hearing loss.
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Which of the following best represents the transition state of the rate-determining step for the given reaction?
The transition state is only present when the reaction's potential energy is at its greatest. It is quite unstable for the species in the transition state.
The meaning of a transitionThe term is derived from the Latin word "transire," which meaning to cross. It frequently describes the action rather than the outcome. Thus, "transitioning" is the process of changing, of moving from one set of traits or circumstances to another.
What makes a good sentence for a transition?An excellent transition sentence might contain a word or phrase like although, despite this/that, in comparison, or yet if you needed to convey a point that contradicted your prior assertion.
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a chemical reaction happens in three steps. step 1:step 2:step 3:a→b cc→d ed a→f(fast)(slow)(fast)step 1:a→b c(fast)step 2:c→d e(slow)step 3:d a→f(fast) what is the rate-determining step
Answer:
Step 2 only
Explanation:
a mixture of helium and neon gases is collected over water at 28oc and 456 mmhg. if the partial pressure of he is 240 mmhg, what is the partial pressure of neon? (vapor pressure of water at 28oc is 28.3 mmhg)
Answer:
i need points
Explanation:
when 70.0 g of li3n(s) reacts with excess h2(g), 8.0 g of linh2 (s) is produced. the percent yield is closest to
when 70.0 g of li3n(s) reacts with excess h2(g), 8.0 g of linh2 (s) is produced. The percent yield is closest to 17%
How to calculate the percentage yield
The reaction between Li3N(s) and LiH(s) is given as:
Li3N+3H2 = 3LiH + NH3
Calculate the moles of Li3N
Moles = Mass/Molar mass
Moles = 70/35
Moles = 2 moles
From the reaction you can see that 1 mole of Li3N produce 3 moles of LiH, hence the moles of LiH is 6 moles
Determine the mass of LiH (theoretical yield)
Mass of LiH = 6 * 7.95
Mass of LiH = 47.7g
%yield = actual/theoretical * 100
%yield = 8/47.7 * 100
%yiels = 16.77%
Hence the percent yield is closest to 17%
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dalton supported his atomic theory with experimental evidence. what experiment would have supported the postulate that in chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged
In 1803 Dalton discovered that oxygen combined with either one or two volumes of nitric oxide in closed vessels over water and this pioneering observation of integral multiple proportions provided important experimental evidence for his incipient atomic ideas.
In closed vessels over water, Dalton observed in 1803 that oxygen interacted with either one or two volumes of nitric oxide. This ground-breaking observation of integral multiple proportions offered crucial experimental support for his developing atomic theories.
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a 69.0 ml portion of a 1.70 m solution is diluted to a total volume of 228 ml. a 114 ml portion of that solution is diluted by adding 121 ml of water. what is the final concentration? assume the volumes are additive.
The final concentration of this solution is 0.86M.
A 69 ml portion of a 1.70M solution is diluted with water till a total volume of 228 ml.
We know,
Moles = Molarity x volume
So, moles of 69ml solution.
Moles = 69 x 1.70
Concentration after dilution = 69 x 1.79/228
Concentration after dilution = 0.5417M
Now, 114ml portion of this solution is diluted by adding 121 ml of water.
So, the final concentration will be,
Concentration = 114 x 1.79/235
Final Concentration = 0.86M.
So, the final concentration is 0.86M.
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Atoms will combine with each in order to become more chemically stable. Compounds are formed between two atoms that have.
Atoms will combine with each in order to become more chemically stable by sharing electron and Compounds are formed between two atoms that have chemical bond that links them together.
In order for molecules and crystals to form, atoms or ions must maintain a long-lasting attraction to one another. Ionic and covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds are formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. There are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" like covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds as well as "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" like dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion force, and hydrogen bonding. The strength of chemical bonds varies greatly. By sharing or transferring electrons between the involved atoms, strong chemical bonds are created.
Since opposing electric charges attract, the positively charged protons inside a nucleus and the negatively charged electrons that surround it are drawn to one another. Placing an electron between them
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PLEASE HELP!!!
Consider the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Complete the chemical reaction. What is the missing product? How many molecules are needed to balance the equation?
Responses
A 3 molecules of water.3 molecules of water.
B 1 water molecule.1 water molecule.
C 2 molecules of H202 molecules of H 2 0
D 2 molecules of H2
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 which decomposes to water and oxygen
so
2H2O2 => 2H2O + O2
what mass of cacl2 is required to make 53 ml of a 0.020 m cacl2 solution? g cacl2 how many moles of chloride ions are present in the solution?
1.176 g of CaCl2 is required to make 53 mL of a 0.020 M CaCl2 solution, and there are 0.0106 moles of chloride ions present in the solution.
What is chloride ion?
The anion (negative charges ion) called Cl is the chloride ion. It is created when a compound like hydrogen chloride dissolves in water or even other polar solvents, or when the halogen element chlorine gains an electron. Sodium chloride and other chloride salts are frequently very water soluble. It is a crucial electrolyte that is present in all bodily fluids and is in charge of maintaining the proper acid-base balance, transmitting nerve signals, and controlling the flow of fluid into and out of cells. Less frequently, this same word chloride could also be included in chemical compounds' "common" names. These compounds contain one or even more chlorine atoms bound together covalently.
To calculate the mass of CaCl2 required to make 53 mL of a 0.020 M CaCl2 solution, we need to use the equation:
Mass (g) = Volume (mL) x Molarity (M) x Molar Mass (g/mol)
Mass (g) = 53 mL x 0.020 M x 110.98 g/mol
Mass (g) = 1.176 g CaCl2
To calculate the number of moles of chloride ions in the solution, we need to use the equation:
Moles = Mass (g) x (1mol/Molar Mass (g/mol))
Moles = 1.176 g x (1mol/110.98 g/mol)
Moles = 0.0106 moles Cl- ions
Therefore, 1.176 g of CaCl2 is required to make 53 mL of a 0.020 M CaCl2 solution, and there are 0.0106 moles of chloride ions present in the solution.
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Calculate the normal boiling point of chloroform given that the standard enthalpy of vaporization of chloroform is 31. 4 kj/mol and the standard entropy of chloroform is 93. 7 j/mol·k.
Chloroform's normal boiling point is 335 K given that the standard enthalpy of vaporization of chloroform is 31. 4 kj/mol and the standard entropy of chloroform is 93. 7 j/mol·k.
What function does chloroform serve?
A chemical known as a solvent, or one that facilitates the dissolving of other substances, is formaldehyde. Along with being used in the building, paper, and board industries, it is also used in the production of insecticides and films.
Given, 31.4 kJ/mol is the vaporisation enthalpy.
The standard entropy is 93. 7 j/mol k.
At equilibrium (when the liquid is boiling), according to the Gibbs free energy equation,
G = H - T (S), therefore
T (S) = H
S = H / T
93.8 = (31400 J/mol.) / T
T = 334.7 = 335K.
Chloroform has a 335K boiling point as a result.
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the specific heat of solid water and liquid watrer are 2.03 jgc and 4.18 g c respectively. calculate the heat of fusion of water in j/g
The heat of fusion of water is 335.091 j/g when considering the concept of calorimetry, sensible heat, and latent heat.
What is a simple definition of calorimetry?
Calorimetry is a branch of science that measures a body's status with regard to temperature in order to look at changes in its physical and chemical composition. The changes could be chemical, like burning, acid-base neutralization, or physical, such melting or evaporation.
What is the calorimetry's fundamental tenet?
Calorimeter Theory
While the body at a lower temperature absorbs heat, the body at a higher temperature releases heat. The law of conservation of energy is demonstrated by the principle of calorimetry, which states that the total amount of heat lost by a heated body is equal to
Briefing:
The total heat required is calculated as:
Total heat required= Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Total heat required= 2.50 kJ + 49.3 g× ΔHfus + 9.21 kJ
Heating a 49.3 g sample of g ice from -25.0 °C to water at 44.7 °C requires 28.23 kJ of heat. This is, the total heat required is 28.23 kJ. Then:
28.23 kJ= 2.50 kJ + 49.3 g× ΔHfus + 9.21 kJ
Solving:
28.23 kJ= 11.71 kJ + 49.3 g× ΔHfus
28.23 kJ- 11.71 kJ = 49.3 g× ΔHfus
16.52 kJ = 49.3 g× ΔHfus
16.52 kJ / 49.3 g= ΔHfus
0.335091= 335.091 =ΔHfus
In summary, the heat of fusion of water is 335.091 .
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How many individual decay steps are in the decay chain of uranium-238 before the stable end product of lead-206 is produced?
When stable lead-206 is produced by the radioactive decay of uranium-238, it passes through a 14-step radioactive decay series. There are eight and six decays in this sequence.
What is radioactive decay ?Ionizing radiation is released as a result of radioactive decay. Ionizing radiation offers a health concern by destroying tissue and the DNA in genes because it can damage the atoms in living things.
The decay chain is the collection of decay products produced to achieve this equilibrium. For instance, after producing intermediates like Uranium-234, Thorium-230, Radium-226, and Radon-222, the decay chain starting with Uranium-238 ends in Lead-206. Known as the "decay series" as well.
The daughter nucleus, thorium 234, is created by the alpha emission of a uranium 238 nuclei. This thorium then changes into protactinium 234 and experiences beta-negative decay to yield uranium 234 as a byproduct.
Thus, When stable lead-206 is produced by the radioactive decay of uranium-238, it passes through a 14-step radioactive decay series.
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write the balanced reaction for the combustion of hexanol, ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2ch2oh? (be sure to use whole number coefficients.)
The balanced reaction for the combustion of hexanol is:
2C₆H₁₄(g)+19O₂(g)→12CO₂(g)+14H₂O(g) 2 C ₆ H 14 ( g ) + 19O₂ ( g ) → 12CO₂ ( g ) + 14 H₂O ( g )
What is balanced reaction?
An equation for a chemical reaction is said to be balanced if both the reactants and the products have the same total charge and the same number of atoms for each component of the reaction. In other words, the reaction has equal amounts of mass and charge on both sides.
For instance, think about the response: O2 (g) + 2Mg(s) = 2MgO (g) Two magnesium and two oxygen atoms are present on the reactant and product sides of this reaction. The chemical reaction is a balanced chemical equation because it follows the law of conservation of mass.
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a. in acquiring a chromatogram on your vitamin c samples, what are the two parameters the detector recorded?
In acquiring a chromatogram on your vitamin c samples, two parameters need to be set: the time window and the activity rate threshold.
Chromatography is the approach. A chromatogram is an output (made from that approach). The chromatograph is the device this is used to generate the chromatogram.
Chromatography may be used as an analytical tool, feeding its output into a detector that reads the contents of the mixture. it is able to additionally be used as a purification tool, isolating the components of an aggregate for use in different experiments or strategies.
In chemical evaluation, chromatography is a laboratory approach for the separation of a mixture into its additives. The combination is dissolved in a fluid solvent known as the mobile section, which incorporates it thru a machine on which a material called the stationary segment is fixed.
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write the half reactions and overall reaction for the zn/ zn2 // cu2 / cu cell and calculate the cell potential from the standard reduction potentials
The cell potential of the Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu cell is +1.10 V.
What is cell potential?
Just two examples as to how chemical reactions generate power through the movement of electrons are the batteries throughout your remote control and the engine throughout your car. The voltage that exists between a battery's two half cells can be measured using the cell potential. We will describe how to do this and what elements make it possible for us to determine the voltage that is present inside an electrochemical cell. The potential difference between the two half cells inside an electrochemical cell is measured by the cell potential, or Ecell. The ability of electron density to move from one half cell to another is what determines the potential difference. Due to the fact that the chemical reaction is just a redox reaction, electrons can move between the electrodes.
The half reactions for the Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu cell are:
Oxidation: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
The overall reaction is:
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
The cell potential can be calculated from the standard reduction potentials of the two half reactions:
Ecell = Ereduction - Eoxidation
Ecell = (Ereduction for Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu) - (Eoxidation for Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-)
Ecell = + 0.34 V - (-0.76 V)
Ecell = + 1.10 V
This means that the cell potential of the Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu cell is +1.10 V.
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when considering whether a toxic compound will easily move through soil and enter the groundwater--which of the following properties must be identified?
The property that must be identified to consider whether a toxic compound will easily move through soil and enter the groundwater is: D. Soil sorption coefficient (Kd).
What is the soil sorption coefficient?Soil sorption coefficient (Kd) is the measurement to predict the amount of chemical substance absorbed into the soil per amount of water. This measurement is also called Freundlich solid-water distribution coefficient. To calculate the Kd value, we could use the equation as follows:
Kd = concentration on the solids (mg/kg) / concentration in the pore water (mg/L)
“The question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
When considering whether a toxic compound will easily move through soil and enter the groundwater—which of the following properties must be identified?
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an herbicide contains only c , h , cl , and n . the complete combustion of a 100.0 mg sample of the herbicide in excess oxygen produced 104.6 ml of co2 and 61.01 ml of h2o vapor at stp. a separate analysis determined the 100.0 mg sample contained 27.57 mg cl . determine the percent composition of the herbicide. percent carbon: % percent hydrogen: % percent chlorine: % percent nitrogen: % determine the empirical formula of the herbicide. empirical formula: the herbicide has a molar mass of 257.16 g/mol . what is the molecular formula of the herbicide? molecular formula:
The molecular formula of the herbicide, molecular formula: C12H14Cl2N2, %CL= 27.6%
A molecule is a collection of two or extra atoms held collectively with the aid of appealing forces called chemical bonds; depending on the context, the term can also or may not encompass ions that fulfill this criterion.
Molecular compounds are inorganic compounds that take the shape of discrete molecules. Examples include such familiar materials as water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). these compounds are very one kind from ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).
Molecules are made up of one or greater atoms. in the event that they comprise more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen molecule has oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom).
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Calculate the standard reaction entropy for the decomposition of 1 mol calcite to carbon dioxide gas and solid calcium oxide at 25°c.
For the breakdown of 1 mol of calcite to carbon dioxide plus white precipitate oxide at 25°c, the standard reaction entropy is 160.6 J/mol*K.
How do you define reaction in chemistry?In a chemical reaction, one or more materials known as reactants—are changed into one or more additional substances as products. Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances.
What kind of response?Synthesis, decomposition, only one, double-replacement, and combustion are the five fundamental varieties of chemical reactions. You can classify a reaction into one of these groups by looking at the reactants and products. Several categories will apply to some reactions.
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The complete question is-
Calculate the standard reaction entropy for the decomposition of 1 mol calcite to carbon dioxide gas and solid calcium oxide at 25°C.
CaCO₃ (s) → CO₂ (g) + CaO (s)
(a). -160.6 J/mol*K
(b). 160.6 J/mol*K
(c). 346.4 J/mol*K
(d). -266.9 J/mol*K
when gas molecules collide (for example molecules of o2 or n2 in the air), why don't they stick together?
when gas molecules collide (for example molecules of o2 or n2 in the air), they don't stick together due to their high thermal energy.
Why are collisions between gas molecules said to be elastic?Because gas molecules are so small, the kinetic theory of gases assumes that every collision between them will be fully elastic. The energy and momenta of the molecules are conserved during collisions if the molecules are small. As a result, regardless of accidents, the temperature does not change.
What is an elastic collision between gas particles according to the kinetic theory?Any collision in which there is no overall kinetic energy loss is said to be elastic. During an elastic collision, kinetic energy may be transmitted from one particle to another, but the combined energy of the colliding particles remains unchanged. Between gas particles, there are no forces of attraction or repulsion.
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in a titration of 35.00 ml of 0.737 m h2so4, ml of a 0.827 m koh solution is required for neutralization. question 25 options: 25.8 62.4 39.3 1.12 35.0
For neutralization in a titration of 35.00 mL of 0.737 M H₂SO₄, 62.4 mL of a 0.827 M KOH solution is needed.
H₂SO₄ + 2 KOH ---> K₂SO₄+ 2 H₂O
from the concentration equation
m1 n1 v1 = m2 n2 v2 ( since m = molarity , n = factor and v = volume)
M1 = 0.737 M
n1 = 2
V1 = 35 mL
M2 = 0.827 M
n2 = 1
V2 = ??
0.737 m x 2 x 35 mL = 0.827 m x 1 x v2
v2 =62.4
Hence, 62.4 mL of a 0.827 M KOH solution is needed for neutralization.
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Complete the sentence. Select all that apply. The discoveries of niels bohr were: the relationship between outer shell and chemical properties quantum energy emissions static electricity the charge on the electron orbits of electrons.
They absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation; the right responses are: -electron orbits; -quantum energy emissions; and -relationship between outer shell and chemical characteristics.
The movement of electrons within an atom's nucleus in their many orbits or shells was initially described by Neil Bohr. The number of electrons in an element's outer shell affects its physical characteristics. Additionally, he discovered that electrons can only be in specific fixed-energy orbits, and that if they are permitted to hop from one orbit to another, they absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. The elementary electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one. The lepton particle family's first generation includes electrons.
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the fusion of hydrogen into helium in the core of the sun can be summarised as : 4 hydrogen nuclei are converted into one helim nucleus some gamma rays a netruino
The statement give in question is false as 4 hydrogen nuclei are converted into one helim nucleus some gamma rays, only two atom come together for fusion reaction.
The core is the power generator in the Sun. The core radius is close to one-fourth of that of the star. Inside the core, pressures and temperatures are high enough to make fusion. In a nuclear fusion reaction, the nuclei of two atoms come together to make a new atom. In the core of a sun, two hydrogen atoms combine to form a helium atom. The proton-proton cycle is an essential reaction that occurs within the core of the Sun.
H + H → He + ENERGY
In the proton-proton chain reaction, hydrogen nuclei are converted to helium nuclei through many intermediates. This reaction generates high-energy photons (gamma rays). This energy can be calculated by the famous Einstein equation, E = mc2.
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As Nicole walks to her dorm room after a study group in the library she sees a backpack being stolen. The neurotransmitter activated during this emergency situation is
Multiple choice question.
a. norepinephrine.
b. endocrine.
c. insulin.
d. serotonin.
The neurotransmitter activated during the emergency situation is option A: norepinephrine.
A neurotransmitter and a hormone, norepinephrine is also known as noradrenaline. Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter. Nerve cells in the brainstem region and a region close to the spinal cord produce norepinephrine. Your adrenal glands release norepinephrine, a hormone, in response to stress. The fight-or-flight response is a response that alters several bodily functions. Thus, it perceives danger as mentioned in the question.
The sympathetic nervous system, which is a component of your body's immediate "fight-or-flight" response to danger, produces norepinephrine. The flight-or-flight reaction is also referred to as the acute stress response in medicine.
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describe what happens during the citric acid cycle and identify where the carbon atoms of acetyl coa end up and where the energy that was stored in acetyl coa ends up.
Through a series of enzymatic reactions, the two carbons that were formerly the acetyl group of acetyl CoA are released as carbon dioxide, one of the primary byproducts of cellular respiration, in the citric acid cycle.
All six carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are eventually incorporated into carbon dioxide because the two acetyl carbon atoms will eventually be released on later turns of the cycle.
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what term is used to describe the thick mixture of liquid and solid used to form the chromatography column?
Thick liquid layer that interacts with an inert carrier gas or mobile phase and is chemically linked to the inside of a capillary column
What is a chromatographic example?
Chromatography Methods
Some forms of liquid chromatography include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Ion-exchange, resin, and paper chromatography are a few other varieties of chromatography.
What is the chromatography's fundamental tenet?
Chromatography is one more method for separating and analyzing chemical mixtures. The method is based on the interaction of polarity between the sample and two additional components, the solid (or stationary) phase, and the mobile phase, which can be either a liquid or a gas.
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when the concentration of substance b in the reaction above is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. the most probable explanation for this observation is that
When substance B is doubled no change is found in the rate of the reaction because it is not involved in the rate-determining step of the mechanism, but is involved in subsequent steps.
According to the law of mass action,
"The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the active concentration of the reactant which each have raised powers to the experimentally determined coefficients which are known as orders". The rate of the reaction is determined by the slowest step in the reaction mechanics.
Order of in the mass action law is the coefficient which is raised to the active concentration of the reactants. It is experimentally determined and can be zero, positive, negative or fractional.
The sum of the orders of each reactant which is raised to its power is the order of the whole reaction and the law is known as the rate law.
The change in the concentration of B does not affect the rate of the reaction as B is the reactant. Hence, the order of B must be zero.
Hence, substance B is not involved in the rate-determining step of the reaction, but is involved in subsequent steps of the reaction.
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