Thymine is created during the deamination of 5meC, but uracil glycosylase is unable to identify it, which can lead to C→T mutations.
Gene silence occurs as a result of the methylation of the Cytosines 5′ to Guanosines (CpG) islands in the tumor suppressor gene promoter region. On the other hand, hypomethylation in a tumor's oncogene promoter region reactivates transcription.
Deamination of cytosine residues
In error-free repair, spontaneous deamination changes cytosine to uracil, which is removed from DNA by the enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase. 5-Methylcytosine residues deaminate to thymine, which this mechanism is unable to remove and repair. As evidenced by the lacI gene of Escherichia coli, 5-methylcytosine residues are hotspots for spontaneous changes. Here, we demonstrate that the rate of spontaneous transition at cytosine residues is increased to the hotspot rate at 5-methylcytosine residues in bacteria that lack uracil-DNA glycosylase (Ung-) and cannot remove uracil residues from DNA. These investigations offer concrete proof that cytosine deamination is a key contributor to spontaneous mutations.
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Fungi a. typically reproduce sexually when environmental conditions are poOr: b. typically reproduce sexually when environmental conditions are good. c. always reproduce sexually: d. always reproduce asexually
Given the time period and incident rate indicated by the bracket and question mark, this population is experiencing:
With the time period and incident rate indicated by the bracket and question mark, this population is experiencing an increase in the number and density of susceptible hosts.
Incidence rate or person-time rate may be a degree of the rate that incorporates time straightforwardly into the denominator. A person-time rate is by and large calculated from a long-term cohort follow-up consideration, wherein enrollees are taken after over time and the event of unused cases of infection is documented. A incidence rate depicts how rapidly infection happens in a populace. It is based on person-time, so it has a few preferences over a rate extent. Since person-time is calculated for each subject, it can oblige people coming into and clearing out the study. predominance rate is the extent of people in a populace who have a specific illness or quality at an indicated point in time or over an indicated time period. Predominance varies from the frequency in that predominance incorporates all cases, both modern and preexisting,
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what is feedback inhibition? how enzymes catalyzing the irreversible reactions in glycolysis and krebs cycle are regulated by amp:atp ratio?
Feedback inhibition is the inhibition of an enzyme by a reaction product. As more glucose-6-phosphate is produced, the rate of reaction slows. Hexokinase governs the rate-limiting step of glycolysis in the brain and red blood cells.
Feedback inhibition regulates glycolysis. Cellular respiration is a multi-step process, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Like many biochemical pathways, it is controlled in part by feedback inhibition: ATP, the end product of OXPHOS, inhibits the initiation of glycolysis. ATP, for example, is a "stop" signal: high levels mean the cell has enough ATP and doesn't need to make more through cellular respiration. This is a case of feedback inhibition, where a product "feeds back" to itself to close its path. Feedback inhibition is when a reaction product is used to regulate its own further production. Cells have evolved to use feedback inhibition to regulate enzyme activity in metabolism, using the products of enzyme reactions to inhibit further enzyme activity.
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what invertebrate index fossil group does sample b belong to? brachiopod what invertebrate index fossil group does sample c belong to
Trilobites, Ammonites, Brachiopods, Graptolites, and Nanofossils are a few examples of index fossils.
Any plant or animal that has been preserved in the Earth's rock record and is specific to a certain geologic period or environment is an index fossil. A suitable index fossil needs to be unique or easily identifiable, plentiful, have a broad geographic distribution, and have a limited time range.
The remains of extinct plants and animals are known as index fossils. The best index fossils are widespread, accessible, and simple to recognize. Ammonites, trilobites, and graptolites are a few of the most prevalent index fossils.
Sedimentary rocks are the main place to find index fossils. They are a crucial stratigraphic tool for comparing sedimentary rock's geological ages.
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How did the potential energy of the two vehicles change? did the potential energy of one vehicle change more than the other? why do you think so?.
The potential energy usually chnages by the forces acting on that with pressure.
Lucia moved the automobiles farfar from the middle magnet, with the pressure, so the capacity power of each automobiles increased. Lucia moved the automobiles towards the middle magnet, with the pressure, so the capacity power of each automobiles increased.
When you park your automobile on the pinnacle of a hill, your automobile has capacity power due to the fact the gravity is pulling your automobile to transport downward; in case your automobile's parking brake fails, your car may also roll down the hill due to the pressure of gravity.
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6. explain how the process of transformation and restriction enzymes are used to turn out collectible quantities of certain proteins.
Restriction enzymes cleaves the plasmid DNA and ligase enzyme seals the selected part of DNA and plasmid vector for gene cloning to produce certain proteins
restriction nucleases' cleavage of DNA at certain locations, considerably facilitating the separation and modification of individual genes. When a single DNA molecule is cloned to create many billions of identical molecules, this process is known as DNA cloning. It can be done via cloning vectors or the polymerase chain reaction. The capacity of a particular DNA or RNA sequence to bind to a complementary nucleic acid sequence allows for nucleic acid hybridization
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reduction of expression of a gene in fruit flies during early development causes the reduction of the anterior structures of one thoracic segment. what type of gene is it most likely to be?
Decreased gene expression in Drosophila during early development causes a decrease in the anterior structure of the thoracic segment. Segmentation Gene Gene Type Most Likely.
Segmentation genes are genes involved in the early stages of pattern formation, defining repeating units (metamers) in segmented organisms (usually embryos). They are divided into 3 groups: Gap genes, pair rule genes, segment polarity genes. A segmental gene is a general term for genes that have the function of specifying the organizational pattern of each repeating unit of a segmented organism. Animals are made up of segments. However, Drosophila segments also contain compartmentalized compartments. A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that encodes a specific protein that functions in one or more cell types in the body.
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what name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mrna is used to construct a protein? what name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mrna is used to construct a protein? rna processing gene expression polypeptide formation transcription translation
Translation is the process of converting information contained in RNA into a polypeptide.
Each of a cell's double strands of DNA separates into two single strands as it divides. Each of these single strands serves as a template for a new complementary DNA strand. As a result, each new cell has its own fully functional genome. This is referred to as DNA replication.
Translation is the process of converting information transmitted from DNA as messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. It is simply a conversion of one code (nucleotide sequence) to another (amino acid sequence).
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the arrival of children: affects the frequency of sexual relations by increasing it. affects the frequency of sexual relations by decreasing it substantially. does not affect the frequency of sexual relations. affects the frequency of sexual relations only slightly, but there is a substantial increase in sexual satisfaction for mothers.
The arrival of children affects the frequency of sexual relations by decreasing it substantially. Your body needs to restore its hormone levels to those from before pregnancy after giving delivery.
Your sexual desire and sexual reaction may decrease as a result of this modification. For instance, women who breastfeed children may have vaginal dryness because breastfeeding lowers estrogen levels. The type of sexual relations you have and how frequently you have it will probably alter as a result of birth and motherhood. After having a baby, a woman's desire in sexual relations may recover in 1 to 3 months, however it's typical for it to take longer. You are free to resume sexual relations whenever you feel ready, unless your doctor has suggested otherwise. You're not alone if you don't feel particularly lusty after delivering a baby. During the first few months, it's typical for both men's and women's libido to reach its lowest point.
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A scientist repeats the millikan oil drop experiment in a different galaxy and the charge on the drops is measured in a unit called the electrino (el). The scientist obtains data for four drops.
The el unit obtained is 0.46 x 10 ^ - 14 el and is usually obtained by a cost that elevated via way of means of special integers offers us the values of the expenses given.
For this we seize the smallest fee, divide it via way of means of different integers (for the reason that elemental fee have to follow this condition) and multiply it via way of means of those cited at the start to try and gain the alternative expenses. We have to count on consequences that have been in no way measured additionally (which "may be").
For now shall we forget about all the 10 ^ - 14 and the units.We begin then with 1.84. Maybe that is the basic fee, and we might most effective want to multiply via way of means of different integers to gain the relaxation of the expenses. Lets see:2(1.84)=three.sixty eight, we can not get three.22, we will attempt with the following possibility,: 2(1.84/2) = 1.84 , obviously,3(1.84/2) = 2.76 may be,4(1.84/2) = 6.68 once more we can not get 3.22, we can attempt with the following possibility,2(1.84/three) = 1.23 may be,3(1.84/three) = 1.23 , obviously,4(1.84/three) = 2.45 may be,5(1.84/three) = 3.07 may be,6(1.84/three) = 3.68 , once more we can not get three.22, we can attempt with the following possibility,2(1.84/4) = 0.92 , may be,3(1.84/4) = 1.38 may be,4(1.84/4) = 1.84 , obviously,5(1.84/4) = 2.3 may be,6(1.84/4) = 2.76 , may be,7(1.84/4) = three.22 we received any other cost! Two to go,8(1.84/4) = 3.68, may be,9(1.84/4) = 4.14 we received any other cost! One to go,10(1.84/4) = 4.6 may be,1(1.84/4) = 5.06 may be,1(1.84/4) = 5.2 done!Since (1.84/4) = 0.46 , the basic fee (fee of the electron) may be 0.46x 10 ^ - 14 el.Read more about experiment:
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codominance cross with blood types (5 pts) a mother has ab blood and a father has type o blood. what is the probability that their offspring will have type a blood? can they have offspring with type o blood?
blood group Either A or B is the blood group their offspring can have and the probability is 50%.
If the father has the blood group O, his genotype is IOI LO or (ii). Because the mother is of blood type AB, her genotype is IAIB. Combinations of these two groups could result in children with genotypes IAIO or IBIO, giving them blood groups A or B, respectively. Thus, blood group O cannot be found in children if one of the parents is a member of the group. A blood type is a type of blood that is distinguished by the presence or absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. Depending on the blood group system, these antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids.
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sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose (a disaccharide) into two monosaccharides. what is the substrate of sucrase
Answer:
glucose and fructose
Explanation:
Sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose.
The substrate of sucrase are glucose and fructose.
What is digestive enzymes and Sucrase?
Digestive enzymes are produced naturally by the digestive system in the body. They are responsible for breaking down food components such as fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The goal is that nutrients from food can be absorbed into the bloodstream to support the function of the body's cells.
Sucrase is one of digestive enzymes produced by the small intestine. The function of this enzyme is to break down sucrose into simple sugars, such as fructose and glucose. The goal is that these simple sugars are more easily absorbed by the body. Then it is reserve as energy.
Lack of this enzyme will cause digestive disorders, including: bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea and malnutrition.
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Below is list of molecules with different chemical characteristics Select the option below that most accurately predicts the relative rates of diffusion of these molecules across the plasma membrane (fastest slowest):
O CO2>ethanol>glucose>sodium
O ethanol>glucose>CO2>sodium
O sodium>ethanol>CO2>glucose
O glucose>ethanol>sodium>CO2
O CO2>ethanol>sodium>glucose
CO2 > ETHANOL >GLUCOSE >SODIUM is the option below that most accurately predicts the relative rates of diffusion of these molecules across the plasma membrane.
THE RATE OF MOLECULE DIFFUSION IS DEPENDENT ON MANY FACTORS.
1)MOLECULE SIZE is inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane, so CO2 has a much smaller size than glucose and ethanol. whereas glucose is greater than ethanol.
2)CHARGE ON THE MOLECULE, i.e. polarity of the molecule = non-polar molecules pass faster than polar molecules and polar molecules pass faster than ions, so sodium has a higher charge than glucose (polar molecule) and ethanol.
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when a population goes from large to small genetic drift is more pronounced in the small population. what are two major reasons that populations go from large to small?
Natural selection is a process in which people who inherit particular traits have a higher chance of surviving and procreating than people who do not.
Genetic drift: a shift in a population's genetic makeup brought on by chance.
Which of the two forms of genetic drift are they?Population bottlenecks and the founder effect are the two main causes of genetic drift. They differ in terms of the processes and things that lead to them.
What normally happens when population size suddenly drops?A bottleneck effect may result from a huge random disaster that drastically reduces the population size. Populations are vulnerable to genetic drift due to the shrinkage of the gene pool, which also frequently results in a loss of diversity; random mutations have the potential to wipe out entire populations.
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a staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the kirby-bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin.
The statement 'a staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the Kirby-Bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin' is true.
In the field of microbiology, the Kirby-Bauer method can be described as a method of testing for microbial inhibition by an antibiotic by forming wafers of the antibiotic in a plate of the solid-growth medium. These tests help in determining bacterial sensitivity to a particular antibiotic.
If a staphylococcus aureus strain in a Kirby-Bauer method shows sensitivity to penicillin if they form clear disks, then the staphylococcus aureus would be sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin on the whole. It is also referred to as the disc diffusion test.
The correct question is:
A staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the Kirby-Bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin. True or False
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Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the conditioned response. The correct option is d.
What is conditioned response?The conditioned response is the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning.
Assume that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the conditioned stimulus is a whistle sound.
In his experiments, Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat. The sound gradually began to elicit salivation. The conditional response in this experiment was salivation to the meat.
Thus, the correct option is d.
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Lion zebra eaters are called
Answer: Carnivores or Primary Consumers.
Explanation:
the process of removing dirt, dust, blood, or other visible contaminants from a surface or equipment is called
Answer:
Decontamination
click and drag each structure into a category to determine whether it is associated with the axon terminal or the motor end plate.
Specialized chemical synapses called neuromuscular junctions, also known as motor end plates, are created when the terminal branches of a motor neuron's axon make contact with a target
What purpose does an axon neuron terminal serve?When activated by such an electric signals carried by axon, the neuron terminal is a specialized part of a neuron that is isolated from neuronal soma by such an axon that may be extremely long.
That motor end plate is where, exactly?engine end plate,Each muscle fiber has one neuromuscular junction, which is normally found close to the middle of the fiber.As a result, its motor end plate will be situated close to the muscle fiber's middle.
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Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
Biologists classify the biosphere into the main types of ecosystems present on earth.
How are different biomes grouped?There are five main types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra. Some of these biomes can be further subdivided into more precise categories, such as freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga. Marine and freshwater biomes are both included in aquatic biomes.
Which biome contains plants whose seeds only grow after a fire?Shrubs predominate in the chaparral vegetation, which is suited to recurrent fires with some species generating seeds that only sprout following a hot fire.
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transcription and translation are seperate processes in gene expression; however they have simialarities. the following terms all relate to translation. which of these has a role that is most similar to that of the transcription start site during transcription
The function of the start codon during transcription is most comparable to that of the transcription start site.
By converting the DNA code into a complementary RNA code, transcription is the process of creating RNA from a DNA template. The process of translating an mRNA template into a protein involves changing the mRNA's coding into the amino acid sequence of the protein.
The goal of transcription is to create RNA copies of specific genes that the cell can utilize for biochemistry, whereas the goal of translation is to create proteins, which are employed for an enormous variety of cellular functions.
When the RNA polymerase protein attaches to the DNA promoter and forms a transcription initiation complex, transcription begins. The promoter specifies the precise site where transcription begins. On the other hand, translation starts when t-RNA, initiation factors, and ribosome subunits attach to the mRNA close to the AUG start codon.
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Which scenario will most likely result in a change to the nitrogen cycle that negatively affects plant growth?.
The impact of changes in the nitrogen cycle on plants is that they will lack organic molecules to stimulate growth and give the green color to the leaves
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that repairs the Earth. The atmosphere also fixes the other planets in the solar system. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas found in the atmosphere and this gas has a function in plant growth.
The process of absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere is carried out by nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium which live on plant roots. Bacteria capture atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonia (NH3) which can be taken up by plants and used to make organic molecules. Nitrogen will be used as the main nutrient in the soil which plays a very important role in stimulating growth and giving the leaves a green color
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_________, which is an autoimmune disorder caused by hyperthyroidism, is characterized by goiter and exophthalmos.
Answer:
graves disease
Explanation:
membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on their function? group of answer choices channels receptors enzymes tight junction proteins
The light junction membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on its function. The correct answer is option (D).
The least mobile of all the proteins in the body, lipid-tethered proteins (also known as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins, or GPI-linked proteins) are proteins that are anchored to lipids to restrict the movement of the cell. Enzymes, receptors, and channels are not in any way connected to other molecules.
Genetic data cannot be transmitted from membrane proteins to the cytoplasm. Only DNA and RNA contain genetic information, and for RNA to transmit genetic information, it must exit the nucleus and be translated into a protein in the cytoplasm. If a protein has the signal to do so when protein synthesis is complete, it may travel to the membrane; otherwise, it may serve another purpose. The membrane protein can convey information to the cytoplasm and receive information from other cells, but never in the form of genetic information.
The complete question is:
Membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on their function? group of answer choices
(A). channels
(B). receptors
(C). enzymes
(D). tight junction proteins
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will give u brainliest
Question
Hemophilia is a genetic blood disorder that is common in descendants of Queen Victoria. Although several women in the family were carriers of the allele for the disorder, only men ended up actually expressing the disorder.
Which statement is true about the inheritance of hemophilia?
Responses
It's a recessive trait on the X chromosome.
It's a dominant trait on the Y chromosome.
It's a recessive trait on the Y chromosome.
It's a dominant trait on the X chromosome
Answer: Recessive X-linked
Explanation:
Hemophilia is a recessive trait on the X chromosome. The correct option is A.
What is hemophilia?Hemophilia is a basically a genetic bleeding problem of disorder in which the blood fails to clot at it used to do. This can result in both spontaneous and post-injury or surgical bleeding.
Blood contains numerous proteins referred to as clotting factors that can results in the prevention of bleeding.
A mutation or change in one of the genes that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins required to form a blood clot causes hemophilia.
This change or mutation can cause the clotting protein to malfunction or go missing entirely. These genes are recessive and are usually found on chromosome X.
It can be carried by either the mother or the father, or by both of them. The likelihood of a child inheriting the haemophilia changed gene is determined by which of their parents has the changed gene.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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which restriction enzyme would recognize and cut this section of dna? 5'-aacagctgtgca-3' 3'-ttgtcgacacgt-5'
EcoRI, a restriction endonuclease enzyme, recognizes the ssDNA sequence 5'-GAATTC'-3 and makes a single-strand cut between the G and A nucleotides.
A restriction enzyme, also known as a restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase, or restrictase, is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near restriction sites within molecules. Restriction enzymes are a subset of the larger endonuclease enzyme family. Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into five types based on their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site or if the recognition and cleavage sites are distinct.
All restriction enzymes cut DNA by making two incisions, one through each sugar-phosphate backbone of the double helix. These enzymes, which are found in bacteria and archaea, serve as a defense mechanism against invading viruses.
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different types of large and small subunits. b the same types of large and small subunits. c different types of large subunits but the same small subunits. d different types of small subunits but the same large subunits.
Ribosomes in the cytosol and those bound to the ER membrane contain the same types of large and small subunits. The correct answer is option(b).
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, erect inside all containers, that perform organic protein combining. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order particularized apiece codons of prophet RNA particles to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two big elements: the limited and big ribosomal subunits.
ER membrane is, essentially, the transportation arrangement of the eukaryotic container, and has many different main functions to a degree of protein enclosing. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – harsh ER membrane, and smooth endoplasmic mesh.
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The complete question is:
Ribosomes that are free in the cytosol and those that are bound to the ER membrane have
a. different types of large and small subunits.
b. the same types of large and small subunits.
c. different types of large subunits but the same small subunits.
d. different types of small subunits but the same large subunits.
a sodium potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of the cell the movement of glucose into and out of a cell does not require energy
Answer:
it's energy correct
Explanation:
hope u new itmarry Christmasmoist heat methods have to operate at higher temperatures and longer exposure times as compared to dry heat methods to kill microbes. a. true b. false
Moist heat methods have to operate at higher temperatures and longer exposure times as compared to dry heat methods to kill microbes. This statement is false.
Moist heat sterilization is the use of heated, high-pressure steam to sterilize an object. This sterilization method uses no toxic liquids or fumes and is relatively cheap, quick, and effective in killing and eliminating potentially infectious bacteria, viruses, and spores.
Autoclaving, pasteurization, boiling, and tyndallization are all examples of moist heat sterilization (intermittent sterilization). Autoclaving is the most effective moist heat sterilization method because it kills microorganisms and their spores. It also makes use of autoclave equipment.
Heat conduction is used to achieve dry heat sterilization. Heat is absorbed by the device's outside surface and transferred throughout the device until the target temperature is reached. By oxidizing molecules, dry heat kills microorganisms.
Dry heat sterilization can take much longer than steam, flaming, chemical sterilization, or radiation sterilization. Heat can cause sensitive materials or thin sheets to warp. Because high temperatures can permanently damage plastics and rubber, they are not suitable for dry heat.
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Radiation is known to be _________ to human bodies.
A. helpful
B. effective
C. immune
D. dangerous
Answer: D
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
because the it make Healthy our keep feel safe