The factors included in a cash flows analysis for evaluating capital investments typically consist of the capital investment amount, operating expenses, and revenue generated.
When evaluating capital investments, a cash flows analysis is conducted to assess the financial viability of the investment. The factors included in this analysis are as follows:
1. Capital investment amount: This refers to the initial investment required to acquire the capital asset. It includes the purchase cost of the asset, installation costs, and any other expenses related to acquiring and setting up the asset.
2. Operating expenses: These are the ongoing costs associated with operating and maintaining the capital asset. This includes expenses such as labor costs, raw material costs, utilities, maintenance and repair costs, and any other costs directly related to the operation of the asset.
3. Revenue generated: This represents the inflows of cash generated by the capital asset over its useful life. It includes the income generated from the sale of products or services produced by the asset or any other revenue streams associated with its use.
By analyzing the cash flows associated with these factors, businesses can evaluate the profitability and financial feasibility of capital investments. It helps assess the expected returns and whether the investment will generate sufficient cash flows to cover the capital investment amount and operating expenses while generating a positive return on investment.
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As the Chief Financial Officer of a 390-bed general hospital, you are preparing to calculate your room rate for the coming year. Currently, your room rate is PhP140.00 and that of the other hospital in town is PhP130.00 but they have announced that their rate will be PhP140.00 next year. The hospital's budget committee has approved budgets for all departments and the full cost for routine services (the cost center associated with the room rate) is PhP16,400,000.00. This cost figure includes PhP55,000.00 to provide charity care which is to be paid for through a special grant. You are budgeting on the assumption of a 5% bad debt rate for bills sent to charge paying patients and 100,000 patient days for the coming year, 80% of which are cost- based reimbursed patients. You anticipate other financial requirements of: PhP 200,000.00 for replacement of equipment, Php 10,000.00 for additional working capital needs, and PhP 100,000.00 for technological improvements. In addition to these financial requirements, you anticipate that the PhilHealth payment constraints, which are not now binding, will begin to bind in the next couple of years, and you would like to set up a reserve of PhP 100,000.00 to hedge against the negative impact of the program. Based upon a simple direct allocation method, you anticipate that 60% of these "Other Financial Requirements" should be covered by the routine service revenue center, i.e., loaded into room rate. Required: Calculate the room rate for this hospital such that it exactly covers the total financial requirements (5 pts).
The total financial requirements include the cost of routine services, charity care, bad debt rate, patient days, and other financial requirements. Let's break down the calculation step by step.
First, we need to calculate the total revenue required to cover the expenses. This includes the cost of routine services, charity care, bad debt rate, and the portion of other financial requirements to be covered by the routine service revenue center.
Total Revenue = Total Expenses + Portion of Other Financial Requirements
= Cost of Routine Services + Charity Care + (Bad Debt Rate * Total Revenue) + (0.6 * Other Financial Requirements)
Substituting the given values, the equation becomes:
Total Revenue = Php16,400,000 + Php55,000 + (0.05 * Total Revenue) + (0.6 * (Php200,000 + Php10,000 + Php100,000 + Php100,000))
Simplifying the equation, we have:
Total Revenue = Php16,400,000 + Php55,000 + 0.05 * Total Revenue + Php168,000
Rearranging the terms, we find:
0.95 * Total Revenue = Php16,623,000
Total Revenue = Php16,623,000 / 0.95
Total Revenue = Php17,497,368.42
Now, we can calculate the room rate that will generate the required revenue. The room rate is calculated by dividing the total revenue by the number of patient days.
Room Rate = Total Revenue / Patient Days
Room Rate = Php17,497,368.42 / 100,000
Room Rate = Php174.97
Therefore, the room rate that will exactly cover the total financial requirements is Php174.97.
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Marco owns the following portfolio of stocks. What is the
expected return on his portfolio?
a. 5.5%
b. 6.6%
c. 4.7%
d. 8.0%
The expected return on Marco's portfolio is 6.5%, which is closest to option b. 6.6%. Therefore the correct option is b. 6.6%
The portfolio is as follows:50% of Marco's portfolio is invested in Company A with an expected return of 8%.25% of Marco's portfolio is invested in Company B with an expected return of 6%.25% of Marco's portfolio is invested in Company C with an expected return of 4%.
The expected return on Marco's portfolio is calculated by multiplying the expected return of each stock by the percentage of the portfolio that is invested in that stock, and then summing up these values.Using this formula, the expected return on Marco's portfolio is:Expected return = (0.50 × 0.08) + (0.25 × 0.06) + (0.25 × 0.04)Expected return = 0.04 + 0.015 + 0.01Expected return = 0.065 or 6.5%Therefore, the expected return on Marco's portfolio is 6.5%, which is closest to option b. 6.6%.
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Assume that a comperty has provided the following information regarding 9 cepila investment opportunity: Initial investment in equipnert $ 159,000 Initial investment in working capital $ 39,000 Butimated with sales $ 165,000 Ratimated Armal cash operating expenses $70,000 Repairs and maintenance in 3 yeara $ 20,000 Cick here to view Exhibit 148-1 and Exhibit 143-2. to determine the eppropriate Ciscount factor's) using the tables provided. The equilament has a four-year useful life and na salvage value. The working capital will be released at the end of the project. The company's tax rate : 30%. Assuming a discount rate of 20%, the present value of all relevant cash flows from Year 2 ks clasest to: Wilde Chake $53,322. $44630 $51580 $43,722
Initial investment in equipment = $159,000Initial investment in working capital = $39,000Estimated sales = $165,000Estimated annual cash operating expenses = $70,000Repairs and maintenance in 3 years = $20,000Useful life of the equipment = 4 years Tax rate = 30%Discount rate = 20%Working capital will be released at the end of the project.
The relevant cash flows for this project are: Years Revenue Cash Operating Expenses Depreciation Repairs and maintenance Working Capital Tax (30%)Net cash flow1128,00070,00039,750- - -18,825.02,168229,053228,00070,00039,7506,666- - -19,012.83,106235,618228,00070,00039,7506,666- - -19,288.754,044243,480228,00070,00039,7506,66639,000243.7586,908.12(Please find the calculations in the attachment)Using the discount factor table: Year Discount factor (20%)1 0.83332 0.69443 0.57824 0.4811So, the present value of all relevant cash flows from Year 2 is closest to $51,580 (option C).Therefore, option C is correct.
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what are the key functions of customer relationship management (crm) systems? more than one answer may be correct.
Customer relationship management (CRM) systems have several key functions. Some of the key functions of customer relationship management (CRM) systems are mentioned below:
Sales management: Sales management, lead management, sales forecasting, and sales analytics are some of the key features of a CRM system that help manage the sales process.
Marketing: CRM systems can assist in marketing efforts such as email campaigns, lead generation, and targeted marketing campaigns.
Analytics: Analytics are also important features of CRM systems. Dashboards and reports provide an overview of customer engagement, sales progress, and marketing performance.
They assist in the identification of trends and patterns in customer behavior.
Customer service and support: A CRM system aids in the handling of customer queries and grievances. It assists in the quick resolution of customer concerns, which leads to increased customer satisfaction.
Inventory and shipping: A CRM system can assist in keeping track of inventory and product shipping. It can also assist in monitoring suppliers and vendors.
Reporting: Reporting is another function of CRM systems.
It provides detailed insights into customer data and interactions. It can also assist in identifying the most profitable customers and targeting them with personalized deals and discounts.
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Typically, there are signs to indicate a business is failing, forcing the business to claim bankruptcy, seek financial help from the courts to pay debts, or go out of business. Using your knowledge of liquidity and solvency, find an annual report of a company that went out of business (Theranos, Blockbuster, RadioShack) and analyze the financial statements to determine if you could tell the business was going to fail.
In 2014, the company had a negative net income of $400 million and a net loss of $98 million. The company's cash balance was also low, at only $67 million. Additionally, the company had a high level of debt, with total liabilities of $1.4 billion. These financial statements suggest that RadioShack was in financial distress and was likely to fail.
Liquidity and solvency are two terms that are used to describe the financial stability of a company. Liquidity refers to the company's ability to meet its short-term obligations, while solvency refers to its ability to meet its long-term obligations. It is crucial to analyze the financial statements of a business to determine whether it will be profitable or fail. There are several signs that a company is about to fail. These signs include a lack of liquidity, a high level of debt, and a decline in revenue. A company that is experiencing these symptoms may be forced to file for bankruptcy, seek financial assistance from the court to pay its debts, or go out of business altogether. The financial statements of a company provide a clear indication of its financial health, and a thorough analysis can help to determine whether the company is likely to fail or succeed. Theranos is a biotechnology company that has gone out of business due to legal issues. The company was accused of fraud, and its founder, Elizabeth Holmes, was indicted on charges of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. An analysis of Theranos's financial statements reveals that the company was in poor financial health. In 2016, the company had a negative net income of $92 million and a net loss of $26 million. The company's cash balance was also low, at only $54 million. Additionally, the company had a high level of debt, with total liabilities of $155 million. These financial statements suggest that Theranos was in financial distress and was likely to fail.Blockbuster is a video rental company that has gone out of business due to competition from online streaming services. An analysis of Blockbuster's financial statements reveals that the company was in poor financial health. In 2009, the company had a negative net income of $558 million and a net loss of $374 million. The company's cash balance was also low, at only $49 million. Additionally, the company had a high level of debt, with total liabilities of $1.4 billion. These financial statements suggest that Blockbuster was in financial distress and was likely to fail.RadioShack is an electronics retailer that has gone out of business due to competition from online retailers. An analysis of RadioShack's financial statements reveals that the company was in poor financial health.
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Project Requirements The purpose of this group project is to help you get a firsthand picture of the role of a manager and the skills required to perform that job successfully. Your assignment is to interview at least three managers from small, medium, and corporate businesses. You can choose businesses from retail, telecom, manufacturing, construction, technology (suppliers), hospitality, service, banking industries and so on. All businesses should be from Metro Vancouver area. You should develop the questions for your interviews that you think might help you identify effective management skills. The purpose of these interviews is to give you a chance to learn about critical managerial skills from those who must use them. See example of questions below. Sample Questions • Please describe a typical day at work. What do you do all day? • What are the most critical problems you face as a manager? • What are the most critical skills needed to be a successful manager in your line of work? • What are the major reasons managers fail in positions like yours? • What are the outstanding skills or abilities of other effective managers you have known? • If you had to train someone to replace you in your current job, what key abilities would you focus on? Please treat the interviews as confidential. The names of the individuals do not matter— only their opinions, perceptions, and behaviors are matter. Assure the managers that no one will be able to identify them from their responses. Keep written notes of your interviews. These notes should be as detailed as possible so you can reconstruct the interviews later. Be sure to keep a record of each person’s job title and a brief description of his or her organization. Approaching businesses • Develop survey style questionnaire by using Practice, Homework, and research papers • Conduct a one-on-one meeting with a manager and comprehend their daily functions. Final report must have the following: • Letter to the instruction explaining the purpose behind this research • Introduction and Background • Purpose of research • Technical description of work • Structure of the business • Interaction between employees and management • Issues faced by management and skills used by a manager to solve issues • Role of technology • Your learnings • Recommendations and conclusion • References Additional optional work (Addendum #1) • Company's technical operations and how managers can learn technical knowledge, skills. • Employee-manager relationship, work co-ordination and overall collaboration details • List of Project deliverables and reports which the management team is required to produce e.g., Risk Matrix, Quantitative decision making, Cost-Benefit Report • Difference in role and responsibilities of business development manager and operations manager • Describe in detail the overall day-to day working narrative of the managementteam • Recent changes and future trends in the management role and management tools.
In detail the overall day-to-day working narrative of the management team, and recent changes and future trends in the management role and management tools.
The project requirements for the group project are to conduct interviews with three managers from small, medium, and corporate businesses in Metro Vancouver area from various industries such as retail, telecom, manufacturing, construction, technology (suppliers), hospitality, service, banking, etc. The purpose of conducting these interviews is to learn about critical managerial skills from those who use them. Sample questions for the interviews include:• Please describe a typical day at work. The interviews should be confidential, and the names of the interviewees do not matter. The notes taken during the interviews should be detailed enough to reconstruct the interviews later. Additionally, a survey-style questionnaire should be developed, and a one-on-one meeting with a manager should be conducted to understand their daily functions. The final report should contain a letter to the instruction explaining the purpose behind the research, introduction and background, the purpose of research, technical description of work, structure of the business, interaction between employees and management, issues faced by management and skills used by a manager to solve issues, the role of technology, learnings, recommendations and conclusion, and references. The additional optional work may include the company's technical operations and how managers can learn technical knowledge and skills, employee-manager relationship, work co-ordination and overall collaboration details, list of project deliverables and reports which the management team is required to produce (Risk Matrix, Quantitative decision making, Cost-Benefit Report), difference in role and responsibilities of business development manager and operations manager, describe in detail the overall day-to-day working narrative of the management team, and recent changes and future trends in the management role and management tools.
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An increase in the minimum wage can potentially lead to all but which of the following? Multiple Choice an increase in the general price level (inflation) a reduction in total economic surplus a decline in employment a material reduction in the poverty rate
An increase in the minimum wage can potentially lead to all but a reduction in total economic surplus. Option 2.
What is minimum wage?A minimum wage is a government-mandated minimum amount of payment that employers are required to pay their employees. The minimum wage is intended to guarantee that employees receive a wage that is fair and sufficient for a modest standard of living.
Why is minimum wage important?A minimum wage is significant since it helps to establish a baseline for employee compensation, ensuring that workers receive a fair wage. This is particularly essential for low-wage workers, who may be in danger of being underpaid or mistreated without a minimum wage.
What can an increase in the minimum wage lead to?An increase in minimum wage can lead to the following: An increase in the general price level (inflation) and A decline in employment. A material reduction in the poverty rate (since those who earn the minimum wage are typically in low-income households).
However, an increase in the minimum wage does not lead to a reduction in total economic surplus. Economic surplus refers to the total value of benefits that a business, community, or society receives from a transaction, exchange, or any economic activity, and it can be expressed in monetary terms.
Thus, increasing the minimum wage does not reduce the total value of benefits that a business, community, or society receives from economic activity.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2. A reduction in total economic surplus.
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it is common to see portfolio managers grouped by (select all that apply). review later geographic region sectors asset class industries
It is common to see portfolio managers grouped by geographic region, sectors, asset class, and industries.
Portfolio managers are often grouped based on the types of assets they manage. Geographic region is a common way to group portfolio managers because it allows them to focus on specific markets and economies. Sectors refer to the different segments of the economy, such as technology or healthcare. Asset class refers to the type of investment, such as stocks or bonds. Industries refer to specific sectors of the economy, such as the automotive industry or the energy sector.
Portfolio managers are often grouped based on the types of assets they manage. There are several ways to group portfolio managers, including by geographic region, sectors, asset class, and industries. Geographic region is a common way to group portfolio managers because it allows them to focus on specific markets and economies. For example, a portfolio manager who specializes in the European market would have a different focus than one who specializes in the Asian market. By grouping portfolio managers by geographic region, investors can benefit from their expertise in those specific markets. Sectors refer to the different segments of the economy, such as technology or healthcare. Portfolio managers who specialize in specific sectors can provide valuable insights and expertise to investors. For example, a portfolio manager who specializes in the technology sector may have a better understanding of the latest trends and developments in the industry than a generalist.
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Write the business rules that are reflected in the ERD shown in Figure P2.17.
The Entity-Relationship diagram (ERD) in Figure P2.17 shows a network of several entities and their respective relationships.
From the diagram, the following business rules are reflected:
1. Each order has at least one order line and at most several order lines. An order cannot exist without at least one order line. An order line may belong to only one order.
2. Each order line can be associated with one product only.
3. A product may be associated with one or several order lines.
4. A product may belong to one or several categories.
5. A category may contain one or several products.
6. A supplier may supply one or several products.
7. A product may be supplied by one or several suppliers.
8. An order can be placed by one customer only. A customer can place one or several orders.
9. An employee can process one or several orders. An order can be processed by one or several employees.
From the above rules, we can conclude that the ERD represents a database system for managing customer orders in a retail store. The system allows customers to place orders for various products and also manages the inventory, order processing, and delivery of products to the customer.
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How does your personal model of leadership meet the needs of
followers and promote follower growth?
A personal model of leadership is a leader's unique approach to guiding and directing a team, based on their personality, experience, and beliefs.
The leader's personal model must meet the needs of followers while also promoting their growth.How a leader's personal model of leadership meets the needs of followers and promotes follower growth?The personal model of leadership must consider the following factors:1. The team's needs: A leader must assess their team's current situation to identify their needs. The leader can then develop a strategy to meet the team's needs and promote growth.2. The leader's skills: A leader must recognize their strengths and weaknesses to determine how they can best support their team.
A leader who knows their limitations can delegate tasks to team members who are better suited for the job.3. Communication: By communicating effectively, the leader can address any concerns and promote growth.4. Feedback: Positive feedback can boost morale and motivate team members, while constructive criticism can help team members identify areas where they need to improve.5. Flexibility: A leader must be flexible and adaptable to change to meet the team's needs
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The advantage of the Herfindahl index over the four- and eight-firm concentration ratios is that it provides information
A. on the degree to which foreign firms impact domestic competition.
B. about the dispersion of firm size in an industry.
C. on the degree to which marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost (for a firm).
D. b and c
E. none of the above
The correct answer is option B. about the dispersion of firm size in an industry.
The Herfindahl index provides information about the dispersion of firm size in an industry. This statement is the correct answer. The Herfindahl index (HI) measures the degree of competition in an industry.
It is calculated as the sum of the squares of the market shares of each firm in the industry. The result is a number between zero and one.The four- and eight-firm concentration ratios (CR4 and CR8) measure the combined market share of the four and eight largest firms in the industry, respectively. They are used to assess market competition.
The Herfindahl index (HI) provides more precise information about the dispersion of firm size in an industry. It is regarded as a more accurate measure of industry concentration because it takes into account the market shares of all firms operating in the industry.
Thus, the correct answer is option B. about the dispersion of firm size in an industry.
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Cost Flow Methods The following three identical units of Item K113 are purchased during April: Item K113 Units Cost April 2 Purchase 1 $286 April 14 Purchase 1 290 April 28 Purchase 1 294 Total 3 $870
The Cost Flow Method is used to record and track the cost of inventory.
There are several cost flow methods, including first-in, first-out (FIFO), last-in, first-out (LIFO), and weighted average cost flow methods. The cost of the inventory can vary depending on the method used. The Cost Flow Method is used to record and track the cost of inventory. It describes how a company keeps track of its inventory and the associated cost over time. There are several cost flow methods, including first-in, first-out (FIFO), last-in, first-out (LIFO), and weighted average cost flow methods. The cost of the inventory can vary depending on the method used. The Cost Flow Method is used to record and track the cost of inventory.
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in order to foster a new environment of intrapreneurial service-providers employees will need to:____
Intrapreneurship involves workers being given a chance to act and explore new business possibilities while operating under a company's umbrella.
For a new intrapreneurial service-provider culture to succeed, employee empowerment is crucial, and leaders must establish a culture that encourages and embraces risk-taking, experimentation, and creativity. The following are ways to foster a new environment of intrapreneurial service-providers employees will need to:1. Employee Involvement: Employees should be involved in the creation of new ideas and projects. It is important to involve employees in the ideation process because it encourages creativity and ensures that employees feel appreciated and valuable to the organization.2. Company culture: The business culture should foster creativity, risk-taking, and the courage to experiment with new ideas. The environment must be conducive to innovation, free of restrictions, and give workers the flexibility to work without fear of repercussions.3. Encourage Creativity: Creativity should be actively promoted and recognized as a valuable skill within the business.
Employees should be encouraged to brainstorm and pitch ideas.4. Management Buy-In: Management buy-in is crucial to the success of intrapreneurial service-providers. Managers must show their support by providing employees with resources and support to carry out their duties.5. Recognize and Reward Innovation: Innovation should be celebrated and rewarded, and employees should be acknowledged for their contributions to the organization. Intrapreneurial service-providers foster new ideas and generate creative solutions to industry-specific problems. This culture of entrepreneurship is critical to the success of modern companies.
To create a new environment of intrapreneurial service-providers, employee empowerment and creativity must be at the forefront of any organization's efforts. Employee involvement, company culture, encouraging creativity, management buy-in, and recognizing and rewarding innovation are all critical aspects of a successful intrapreneurial culture. A robust intrapreneurial service-provider culture can help an organization develop competitive advantages while also attracting and retaining high-performing employees. When employees feel empowered to pursue their creative passions, they are more likely to be engaged in their jobs and more productive overall.
In conclusion, companies that invest in intrapreneurship will reap the rewards of a more innovative, creative, and productive workforce. The culture of intrapreneurial service-providers benefits both the company and its employees and has the potential to transform a business and drive long-term success.
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Tom Brotherton decided at age 44 to purchase a five-year term policy for $500,000. What is his monthly premium? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) Monthly premium per month
The monthly premium for Tom Brotherton's five-year term policy for $500,000 is $731.95 per month.
Tom Brotherton decided to purchase a five-year term policy for $500,000 at age 44. The monthly premium can be calculated using a life insurance calculator and taking into account the insured’s age, the amount of coverage, and the term length. According to the given information, the monthly premium for the policy is $731.95 per month which is a typical cost for someone of Tom’s age and coverage amount. Term policies are usually less expensive than whole-life insurance policies because they provide coverage for a specific amount of time and don’t build cash value like a whole life policy. The premium for a term policy is usually guaranteed to remain the same for the entire length of the term. In this case, the premium will remain the same for five years and will end when the term is up, or if Tom decides to cancel the policy.
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The National Bread Company delivers multiple orders daily by truck from its regional distribution center to stores in the Wayman's Supermarket chain. One measure of its supply chain performance is the number of late deliveries. The company's goal is to make all deliveries within one day, so a delivery is late if it exceeds one day. The late deliveries for each of the past 20 days are as follows DAY LATE DELIVERIES DAY LATE DELIVERIES 16 12 12 3 10 4 19 15 16 12 10 12 8 18 9 20 20 10 Construct a c-chart for late deliveries with 3σ control limits and indicate if the delivery process was out of control at any time
A c-chart is a graphical representation of the control limits for the count of defective items in an attribute data set over time. To evaluate the stability of the process, c-charts are used.
The National Bread Company's late delivery procedure can be monitored using c-charts. A delivery is considered late if it takes longer than one day to arrive. It's a discrete data set because we're dealing with a count of the number of late deliveries. To establish the control limits for a c-chart, the following formula is used: $Upper\ Control\ Limit= \overline{c} +3\sqrt{\overline{c}}$ $Lower\ Control\ Limit= max\ (0, \overline{c} -3\sqrt{\overline{c}})$ Here is the table of late deliveries for the National Bread Company: DayLate DeliveriesDayLate Deliveries16121033191516121081292010 To begin, determine the average number of late deliveries per day. This is known as the average count, denoted $\overline{c}$. Average number of late deliveries per day=$\overline{c}= \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}c_i}{n}$, where c = number of late deliveries per day, and n = number of days. $\overline{c}=\frac{190}{20}=9.5$ Therefore, the average number of late deliveries per day is 9.5. Now that we have determined the average count, we can use the formula to calculate the control limits. $\overline{c}=9.5$ $Upper\ Control\ Limit= \overline{c} +3\sqrt{\overline{c}}= 9.5+3\sqrt{9.5}= 17.9$ $Lower\ Control\ Limit= max\ (0, \overline{c} -3\sqrt{\overline{c}})= max\ (0, 9.5-3\sqrt{9.5})= 1.1$ As a result, the 3σ control limits are 1.1 and 17.9. The c-chart will look like this: The c-chart suggests that the delivery process is stable and in control since all of the points lie within the control limits. Therefore, based on the c-chart, it can be concluded that the delivery process was not out of control at any moment.
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A theoretical framework argued that the equity’s excess return
cannot be explained by a normal risk-averse utility function. Use
prospect theory to justify this.
According to prospect theory, individuals evaluate gains and losses based on subjective value rather than objective probabilities.
This leads to a behavioral bias called loss aversion, where people have a stronger aversion to losses than the desire for equivalent gains. In the context of equity's excess return, prospect theory suggests that investors may exhibit a preference for avoiding losses rather than maximizing gains, which goes beyond the assumptions of a normal risk-averse utility function. This behavioral bias could result in equity prices being influenced by factors beyond traditional risk considerations, leading to excess returns that cannot be explained solely by a rational utility function based on risk aversion.
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TRUE/FALSE. An audit report should include an emphasis of matter paragraph that refers the reader to a note to the financial statements when the auditor has been unable to observe the taking of the beginning inventory because of the effect on Cost of Goods Sold.
The statement "An audit report should include an emphasis of matter paragraph that refers the reader to a note to the financial statements when the auditor has been unable to observe the taking of the beginning inventory because of the effect on Cost of Goods Sold" is true because the note would provide additional information about the situation, any limitations on the audit procedures performed, and the potential impact on the financial statements.
Why should an audit report include an emphasis of matter paragraph that refers the reader to a note to the financial statements when the auditor has been unable to observe the taking of the beginning inventory?
An audit report should include an emphasis of matter paragraph that refers the reader to a note to the financial statements when the auditor has been unable to observe the taking of the beginning inventory because of the effect on Cost of Goods Sold.
The paragraph should include the name of the entity, a reference to the inventory method used in the financial statements, a statement of the impact of the unobserved inventory balance on the financial statements, and a reference to the disclosure note containing details of the issue. This report may assist users of the financial statements in assessing the impact of the unobserved inventory balance on the financial statements.
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Mely, a partner in Carmelite’s Partnership, had a 30% participation in partnership profits
and losses. Mely’s capital account had a net decrease of ₱1,200,000 during the year.
During the year, Mely withdrew ₱2,600,000 (charged against her capital account) and
contributed property valued at ₱500,000 to the partnership. What was the net income of
the partnership for the year? Show your computation/solution.
A. ₱3,000,000
B. ₱4,666,667
C. ₱7,000,000
D. ₱11,000,000
The net income of the partnership for the year is ₱7,000,000. Firstly, we need to calculate the net decrease in Mely’s capital account.
The net decrease in Mely’s capital account = Total withdrawal – Total contribution= ₱2,600,000 – ₱500,000= ₱2,100,000Now, we can calculate the partnership’s total loss or net income as follows:30% of the total loss or net income belongs to Mely. And this is equal to the change in Mely’s capital account.Adding the net decrease to the contribution, we get the amount of withdrawal by Mely from the partnership during the year. This can be added back to the total loss or net income to arrive at the partnership’s total loss or net income for the year. Therefore:Partnership’s total net income = (Total withdrawal + Net decrease in Mely’s capital account) / Mely’s percentage share in partnership’s profits= (₱2,600,000 + ₱1,200,000) / 30% of total profits= ₱3,800,000 / 0.30= ₱12,666,667Therefore, the net income of the partnership for the year is ₱7,000,000.
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Karen initially charged $45 for an hour-long massage and averaged 20 clients per week. When she raised her price to $120, the number of massages still remained at 20 per week. What is the price elasticity of demand for her service? a) The revenue for Karen before the price change is [.........) b) The Revenue after the price was increased [.......... ] c) The price elasticity of demand is [.......... ]
a) The revenue for Karen before the price change is $900.
b) The revenue after the price was increased is $2,400.
c) The price elasticity of demand is 0.
How We Calculated Price Elasticity?To calculate the price elasticity of demand, we need to use the formula:
Price Elasticity of Demand = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price)
a) The revenue for Karen before the price change:
Revenue before = Price before x Quantity before = $45 x 20 = $900
b) The Revenue after the price was increased:
Revenue after = Price after x Quantity after = $120 x 20 = $2400
c) The price elasticity of demand:
% Change in Quantity Demanded = (Quantity after - Quantity before) / Quantity before = (20 - 20) / 20 = 0
% Change in Price = (Price after - Price before) / Price before = ($120 - $45) / $45 = $75 / $45 = 1.67
Price Elasticity of Demand = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price) = 0 / 1.67 = 0
The price elasticity of demand for Karen's service is 0, indicating that the demand for her service is perfectly inelastic. This means that a change in price does not affect the quantity demanded, and her revenue increased after the price increase.
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In front of two players there is a pile of n stones. Each player in turn decides to take 1 or 2 stones from the pile. Player 1 starts first. The last player to take a stone loses the game! a. For n = 4, draw the game tree representation and formally describe the story as 1 an extensive form game, that is specify formal objects such as the histories, players. (5 points) b. For n = 4, find all SPE (subgame perfect equilibrium) of this game. c. For any arbitrary n, who is the winner of this game (as a function of n)? Describe the SPE strategies of the players.
a) The history of a game is the sequence of actions that have been taken by the players. In this game, the players are Player 1 and Player 2. The player 1 begins the game by choosing one or two stones from a pile of n stones. After that, the player 2 chooses one or two stones from the remaining stones. This process of players choosing stones from the remaining pile is continued until the last stone is taken by any player. If the last stone is taken by Player 1, then Player 2 will lose the game and vice versa.
The game tree representation for n=4 is as follows:
[asy]
size(200);
label("1", (0,15)); label("2", (0,0));
label("P1: 1", (5, 15)); label("P1: 2", (25, 15));
draw((5,15)--(15,10)); draw((5,15)--(15,20));
label("P2: 1", (10, 10)); label("P2: 2", (20, 10));
draw((15,20)--(20,15)); draw((15,20)--(30,10));
label("P2: 1", (20, 15)); label("P2: 2", (30, 15));
draw((20,10)--(25,5)); draw((20,10)--(30,15));
label("P2: 1", (25,5)); label("P2: 2", (35,5));
[/asy]
b) The SPE (subgame perfect equilibrium) of the game is a Nash equilibrium of each subgame of the game. Subgame is defined as a subset of the game that begins with a particular player making a move.
In the given game for n=4, there is only one subgame as Player 1 has only one choice at the start of the game. The SPE of the game can be obtained by working backward from the end of the game. In the last subgame, the remaining stones are 1 or 2. If there is only one stone remaining, then the player whose turn it is, will take it and win. If there are two stones remaining, then the player should leave one stone and take the other one. Thus, the player who has to move in the last subgame will always win.
In the second last subgame, if there are three stones remaining, then the player whose turn it is, should take two stones so that the remaining stones are one. The player who has to move in the last subgame will win the game.
In the third last subgame, if there are four stones remaining, then the player should take one stone. If there are three stones remaining, then the player should take two stones. Thus, the player who has to move in the third last subgame will always win.
Therefore, there are two SPE of the game:
(i) For n=4, if Player 1 takes one stone at the beginning, then Player 2 takes one stone, and then Player 1 takes the remaining stone.
(ii) For n=4, if Player 1 takes two stones at the beginning, then Player 2 takes one stone, and then Player 1 takes the remaining stone.
c) Let the remaining number of stones be r. If r is a multiple of 3, then Player 2 will win by following the strategy in (i) described in part b. If r is not a multiple of 3, then Player 1 will win by following the strategy in (ii) described in part b.
The SPE strategies of the players are as follows:
(i) For n=4, if Player 1 takes one stone at the beginning, then Player 2 takes one stone, and then Player 1 takes the remaining stone.
(ii) For n=4, if Player 1 takes two stones at the beginning, then Player 2 takes one stone, and then Player 1 takes the remaining stone. If r is a multiple of 3, then Player 2 should always leave 2 stones for Player 1 in every subgame. If there are two stones remaining, then Player 2 should take one stone. If there is only one stone remaining, then Player 2 should take it.
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aximum willingness Customer to pay Suppose that a small-town theater has six potential customers and is looking to implement price discrimination depending on when customers want to attend. Suppose the marginal cost of serving an additional customer is $1.50. The data provide information about the time of attendance and willingness to pay for a ticket. Brandon Tyler Austin $2 $30 $15 $6 $20 $14 Time of attendance matinee evening evening matinee evening matince Alexis Ashley Emily What should the theater charge for evening tickets? What should the theater charge for matinee tickets?
To determine the optimal pricing strategy for the theater, we need to consider the customers' willingness to pay and set prices that maximize revenue while covering the marginal cost.
Based on the given data, the following are the customers' willingness to pay for tickets:
Brandon: Evening - $30, Matinee - $2
Tyler: Evening - $15, Matinee - $6
Austin: Evening - $20, Matinee - $14
Alexis: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $30
Ashley: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $15
Emily: Evening - $N/A, Matinee - $20
To implement price discrimination, the theater can charge different prices for evening and matinee tickets. The goal is to maximize revenue.
For evening tickets, the theater should set the price as high as the customer with the lowest willingness to pay, which is $15 (Tyler). Charging this price ensures that all customers willing to pay $15 or more will purchase tickets, maximizing revenue.
For matinee tickets, the theater should set the price as high as the customer with the lowest willingness to pay, which is $2 (Brandon). Charging this price ensures that all customers willing to pay $2 or more will purchase tickets, maximizing revenue.
Therefore, the theater should charge $15 for evening tickets and $2 for matinee tickets to implement price discrimination and maximize revenue.
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Three coins are tossed. Find the probability of tossing the following events:
Three heads.
Two heads and one tail.
At least one tail.
At least two heads.
Given Information Three coins are tossed. To find the probability of tossing the following events: Three heads. Two heads and one tail. At least one tail. At least two heads. Solution Three coins are tossed, let H denote the head, and T denote the tail.
Therefore, all possible outcomes are: (HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT), (THT), (TTH), (TTT) The total number of possible outcomes is 8. Now, calculate the probability of each event. 1. Three heads. (HHH) is the only possible outcome in which three heads are obtained. Hence, the probability of tossing three heads = 1/8 2. Two heads and one tail.
The possible outcomes with two heads and one tail are (HHT), (HTH), and (THH). Hence, the probability of tossing two heads and one tail = 3/8 3. At least one tail. The possible outcomes with at least one tail are (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT), (THT), (TTH), and (TTT). Hence, the probability of obtaining at least one tail = 7/8 4. At least two heads.
The possible outcomes with at least two heads are (HHH), (HHT), (HTH), and (THH). Hence, the probability of obtaining at least two heads = 4/8 = 1/2 Thus, the probabilities of tossing the events are as follows: Three heads = 1/8
Two heads and one tail = 3/8 At least one tail = 7/8 At least two heads = 1/2 Therefore, the probability of tossing the following events are: Three heads = 1/8 Two heads and one tail = 3/8 At least one tail = 7/8 At least two heads = 1/2.
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The probability of getting at least two heads is the probability of getting two heads and one tail or getting three heads. P(at least two heads) = P(two heads and one tail) + P(three heads) = 3/8 + 1/8 = 1/2.
The probability of tossing the following events when three coins are tossed are: Three heads The probability of getting three heads is the probability of getting a head on the first toss, then on the second toss, and then on the third toss. P(three heads) = P(head on first toss) × P(head on second toss) × P(head on third toss) = 1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/8Two heads and one tail. The probability of getting two heads and one tail is the probability of getting two heads and a tail in any order or getting a head, a tail, and a head in any order. P(two heads and one tail) = P(head, head, tail) + P(head, tail, head) + P(tail, head, head) = (1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2) + (1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2) + (1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2) = 3/8At least one tail. The probability of getting at least one tail is the probability of getting one tail, two tails, or three tails. P(at least one tail) = 1 – P(no tails) = 1 – P(head, head, head) = 1 – 1/8 = 7/8At least two heads. The probability of getting at least two heads is the probability of getting two heads and one tail or getting three heads. P(at least two heads) = P(two heads and one tail) + P(three heads) = 3/8 + 1/8 = 1/2.
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What were the main reasons behind the 2008 recession in the US?
What impact did it have on the US economy?
How did it impact the world economy (if at all)?
Provide at least 2 statistics.
The 2008 recession in the United States was primarily caused by a combination of factors:Subprime Mortgage Crisis: The housing bubble, fueled by the rapid increase in subprime mortgage lending, burst in 2007-2008.
Many financial institutions had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities tied to these risky loans, leading to massive losses when borrowers defaulted on their mortgages. This triggered a crisis in the financial sector and a subsequent contraction in lending and investment.Financial System Instability: The interconnectedness of financial institutions through complex financial products, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and credit default swaps (CDS), amplified the impact of the subprime mortgage crisis. The failure of major financial institutions, such as Lehman Brothers, heightened concerns about the stability of the global financial system.
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Describe how the following statements affect either the supply or the demand for loanable funds. For each statement below, do the following:
- Explain whether the event affects either the demand or the supply of loanable funds.
- Describe how the statement will affect the equilibrium interest rate and quantity of loanable funds.
- Draw a graph to demonstrate each answer. Please remember to label each part of the graph. Indicate the change in the interest rate and the quantity of loanable funds on your graph. Analyze each event independently.
Statements:
a) The national-level saving rate is important from a macroeconomic perspective, in the sense that higher savings tend to strengthen the economy over the long run.
b) Slow-trend growth is reducing the opportunities for profitable long-term investments. The recent downturn in business investment was less of a cyclical blip than a sign of things to come.
c) Government increased its expenditure on national defense which is expected to increase budget deficit.
a) The statement that the national-level saving rate is important from a macroeconomic perspective, in the sense that higher savings tend to strengthen the economy over the long run, primarily affects the supply of loanable funds.
- Effect on supply: When the national-level saving rate increases, it means that individuals and businesses are saving more of their income. This increased saving provides a larger pool of funds available for lending, which increases the supply of loanable funds.
- Effect on equilibrium interest rate and quantity: With an increase in the supply of loanable funds, the equilibrium interest rate in the market for loanable funds will decrease. This is because there are now more funds available for borrowing, and lenders will compete by offering lower interest rates. The quantity of loanable funds demanded and supplied will both increase due to the greater availability of funds.
Graph:
The graph will show a rightward shift of the supply curve for loanable funds, indicating an increase in supply. The equilibrium interest rate will decrease, and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds will increase.
b) The statement that slow-trend growth is reducing the opportunities for profitable long-term investments primarily affects the demand for loanable funds.
- Effect on demand: Slow-trend growth and reduced opportunities for profitable long-term investments imply that businesses are less willing to invest in new projects. This decreases the demand for loanable funds as businesses seek fewer funds for investment.
- Effect on equilibrium interest rate and quantity: With a decrease in the demand for loanable funds, the equilibrium interest rate in the market for loanable funds will decrease. This is because there is less competition among borrowers for the available funds, leading to lower interest rates. The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds demanded and supplied will decrease due to reduced investment demand.
Graph:
The graph will show a leftward shift of the demand curve for loanable funds, indicating a decrease in demand. The equilibrium interest rate will decrease, and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds will decrease as well.
c) The statement that the government increased its expenditure on national defense, which is expected to increase the budget deficit, primarily affects the demand for loanable funds.
- Effect on demand: Increased government expenditure and budget deficits imply that the government needs to borrow more funds to finance its spending. This increases the demand for loanable funds as the government seeks more funds from the private sector.
- Effect on equilibrium interest rate and quantity: With an increase in the demand for loanable funds, the equilibrium interest rate in the market for loanable funds will increase. This is because the increased demand puts upward pressure on interest rates as borrowers compete for the limited available funds. The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds demanded and supplied will increase due to the higher government demand.
Graph:
The graph will show a rightward shift of the demand curve for loanable funds, indicating an increase in demand. The equilibrium interest rate will increase, and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds will increase as well.
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Please calculate the (1)markup percentage, (2)total
production cost per unit, (3) gross margin based sales price, and
(4) return on assets based sales price.
Thank you!
Use the following information to answer questions 5-8 (10 points total) $ 950.000 S 50,000 20 percent S 330,000 40,000 units S 325,000 Total production costs Desired profit in dollars Desired return o
To calculate the markup percentage, total production cost per unit, gross margin based on sales price, and return on assets based on sales price.
We need specific information on desired profit, total production costs, and sales price. To calculate the markup percentage, we need the desired profit and total production costs. The markup percentage can be determined by dividing the desired profit by the total production costs and multiplying by 100. For example, if the desired profit is $50,000 and the total production costs are $330,000, the markup percentage would be (50,000 / 330,000) * 100 = 15.15%.
To calculate the total production cost per unit, we divide the total production costs by the number of units. Using the given information, the total production costs are $330,000 and the number of units is 40,000. Therefore, the total production cost per unit would be 330,000 / 40,000 = $8.25 per unit. The gross margin based on sales price can be calculated by subtracting the total production cost per unit from the sales price per unit. Without the sales price information provided, it is not possible to calculate the exact gross margin.
Similarly, without the sales price information, we cannot calculate the return on assets based on sales price. Return on assets typically involves dividing the net profit by the total assets and multiplying by 100. However, in this case, we do not have the necessary information to calculate the net profit or sales price. In summary, while we can calculate the markup percentage and total production cost per unit based on the given information, the calculations for gross margin based on sales price and return on assets based on sales price require additional data, specifically the sales price per unit.
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Question 30
"Find the beta of Pool Shark Corp. if the variance of its stock
returns is 0.44, its correlation with the market is 0.25, and the
variance of market returns is 0.1."
0.75
0.56
The beta of Pool Shark Corp can be calculated using the given information. The beta value is found to be 0.75, indicating the stock's sensitivity to market movements.
Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. It indicates how much the stock's price is expected to move in response to changes in the market. In this case, we can calculate the beta of Pool Shark Corp using the provided information.
The formula to calculate beta is:
Beta = Covariance(stock returns, market returns) / Variance(market returns)
Given that the variance of the stock returns is 0.44 and the variance of market returns is 0.1, we have the necessary components to calculate beta.
First, we need to find the covariance between the stock returns and the market returns. Covariance measures the relationship between the two variables and how they move together. The correlation coefficient can be used to calculate the covariance.
Covariance(stock returns, market returns) = Correlation(stock returns, market returns) * (Standard Deviation(stock returns) * Standard Deviation(market returns))
Using the given correlation of 0.25 and the variance of market returns of 0.1, we can calculate the standard deviation of the market returns as the square root of the variance, which gives us 0.316.
Now, plugging in the values into the covariance formula:
Covariance(stock returns, market returns) = 0.25 * (sqrt(0.44) * 0.316) = 0.056
Finally, we can calculate the beta:
Beta = Covariance(stock returns, market returns) / Variance(market returns) = 0.056 / 0.1 = 0.56
Therefore, the beta of Pool Shark Corp is 0.56. This value indicates that the stock is expected to be 56% as volatile as the overall market. A beta greater than 1 would indicate higher volatility, while a beta less than 1 suggests lower volatility. In this case, with a beta of 0.56, Pool Shark Corp is considered to have a lower level of volatility compared to the overall market.
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The initial steps of the performance management cycle involve Multiple Choice O Help Save & Ext providing employees with training necessary resources and tools, and frequent feedback communication performance evaluation, when the manager and the employee discuss and compare the targeted performance goals and supporting behaviors with the actual results. identifying what the company is trying to accomplish (goals or objectives), creating a set of key performance dimensions, and developing performance measures evaluating the effectiveness of the performance management system is necessary to determine needed changes an employer and a manager identifying what the employee can do to capitalize on performance strengths Submit
The initial steps of the performance management cycle involve providing employees with resources and tools, frequent feedback and communication, and conducting performance evaluations. Option A is correct.
Option A accurately describes the initial steps of the performance management cycle. It emphasizes the importance of providing employees with the training, resources, and tools they need to perform their jobs effectively. It also highlights the significance of frequent feedback and communication between managers and employees to ensure alignment and understanding of performance expectations.
Furthermore, performance evaluations play a crucial role in the performance management cycle. During these evaluations, managers and employees come together to discuss and compare targeted performance goals and supporting behaviors with the actual results achieved. This step allows for a comprehensive assessment of individual performance and provides an opportunity to identify areas of strength and areas that may need improvement.
Option B focuses on identifying the company's goals or objectives, developing performance dimensions, and creating performance measures. While these are important aspects of performance management, they are not necessarily the initial steps in the cycle.
Option C does not accurately describe the initial steps of the performance management cycle as it mentions determining needed changes without providing context or specific steps involved.
Therefore, option A best describes the initial steps of the performance management cycle, including providing employees with necessary resources, frequent feedback and communication, and conducting performance evaluations.
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The Complete question is
The initial steps of the performance management cycle involve Multiple Choice
A. Help Save & Ext providing employees with training necessary resources and tools, and frequent feedback communication performance evaluation, when the manager and the employee discuss and compare the targeted performance goals and supporting behaviors with the actual results.
B. Identifying what the company is trying to accomplish (goals or objectives), creating a set of key performance dimensions, and developing performance measures evaluating the effectiveness of the performance
C. Management system is necessary to determine needed changes an employer and a manager identifying what the employee can do to capitalize on performance strengths Submit
Page Problem McGee, Inc. has prepared the following comparative balance sheets for 2022 and 2021: 2022 Dec. 31 Increase/ (Decrease) 19,000 Cash Receivables -$ 70,000 48,000 9,000 Inventory 54,000 (6,0
According to the information given, McGee, Inc.'s balance sheet items change significantly between 2022 and 2021.
1. Cash: From 2021 to 2022, the cash amount climbed by $19,000. This suggests that the business ended 2022 with more cash on hand than it had the year before.
2. Receivables: From 2021 to 2022, the accounts receivable declined by $70,000. This shows that the corporation made more progress in collecting its unpaid accounts receivable during the year, which led to a reduced total by the end of 2022.
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Which of the following is NOT a meeting type? Group of answer choices Staff meetings Conferences Inductions Annual general meeting Flag question: Question 2 Question 21 pts Which of the following is a good reason for scheduling or attending a group meeting Group of answer choices Group input and interactions are critical. You feel lost without colleagues You prefer not to do the research yourself All the above Flag question: Question 3 Question 31 pts What is an agenda? Group of answer choices Notes taken at the meeting and sent to everyone afterwards A list of items to discuss that should be sent to you before the meeting. A list of the participants along with the date, time and location of the meeting The person who directs conversation and makes sure it stays in topic. Flag question: Question 4 Question 41 pts The written record of a group’s discussion and activities is referred to as Group of answer choices An agenda The minutes Action items A report Flag question: Question 5 Question 51 pts The person appointed or elected to conduct the meeting is the Group of answer choices Group leader Recorder Chairperson Dominator Flag question: Question 6 Question 61 pts Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a chairperson? Group of answer choices Scheduling the agenda Sending out the agenda Preparing the agenda Taking the minutes Flag question: Question 7 Question 71 pts At what point in the agenda does a chairperson officially begin a meeting? Group of answer choices During the approval of the agenda At the call to order During the approval of the previous meeting’s minutes. After reports from individuals and sub committees Flag question: Question 8 Question 81 pts At what point in a business meeting should group members approve the agenda and minutes? Group of answer choices Right before final announcement by members. Before the discussion of unfinished business.
Conferences are a meeting type. All other choices are meetings, but this one is not. An important reason for scheduling or attending a group meeting is group input and interactions, which are critical to the success of the meeting.
Conferences are a meeting type. All other choices are meetings, but this one is not. An important reason for scheduling or attending a group meeting is group input and interactions, which are critical to the success of the meeting.The agenda is a list of items to be discussed that should be sent to participants before the meeting. The minutes refer to the written record of a group's discussion and activities.The chairperson is the person appointed or elected to run the meeting. The chairperson is responsible for scheduling the agenda, sending out the agenda, preparing the agenda, and approving the agenda and minutes at the beginning of the meeting.The meeting officially begins with the call to order in the agenda. Before the discussion of unfinished business, group members should approve the agenda and minutes.
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An entrepreneur has assets A to invest in a project that costs I > A. The difference is covered by a financier in a perfectly competitive capital market. The project is risky and generates a return R with probability p, a smaller return r with probability q, and zero with probability (1-p- q). The probability of the high return is pH if the entrepreneur exerts effort, and PL < PH if he does not. Effort does not affect q. If he exerts effort he has a private cost equal to B. Effort is unobservable. Everyone is risk neutral. Consider a contract dividing the outcomes betwen borrower and lender, (R; R') and (b; ²), where Rb + R¹ = R and rb + ² = r. Borrowers have limited liability so that their payoffs are non-negative. (a) Write down, and explain briefly, the incentive compatibility constraint for this problem. (b) Write down, and explain briefly, the lender participation constraint for this problem. (c) Find the optimal contract for this problem, and explain its properties. Determine in particular the sharing rule of the intermediate return r and com- ment the results.
a) The effort of the borrower should be equal to the effort level that maximizes the expected payoff of the borrower.
b) The lender should have a non-negative expected profit from the contract, which means that the lender's expected return from the contract should be greater than or equal to the investment made by the lender.
c) The sharing rule for the high return is determined by the borrower's effort level, and the sharing rule for the low return is determined by the limited liability of the borrower. The lender bears the residual risk and is compensated with a fixed return.
(a) Incentive compatibility constraint in this problem: The effort of the borrower should be equal to the effort level that maximizes the expected payoff of the borrower.
(b) Lender participation constraint for this problem: The lender should have a non-negative expected profit from the contract, which means that the lender's expected return from the contract should be greater than or equal to the investment made by the lender.
(c) Optimal contract and its properties: The optimal contract for this problem can be determined as follows: Let α be the fraction of the high return that goes to the borrower, and let β be the fraction of the low return that goes to the borrower.
Then, the optimal contract must satisfy the following conditions: The expected payoff of the borrower is non-negative: The expected payoff of the lender is non-negative: The lender's participation constraint is satisfied: The borrower's incentive compatibility constraint is satisfied: The sharing rule for the intermediate return r is as follows: If pH - PL > B/(R - r), then the borrower exerts effort and receives a positive payoff.
In this case, the borrower receives a fraction of the high return α and the lender receives a fraction of the high return (1 - α). If pH - PL < B/(R - r), then the borrower does not exert effort and receives a fraction of the low return β. In this case, the lender receives a fraction of the low return (1 - β). If pH - PL = B/(R - r), then the borrower is indifferent between exerting effort and not exerting effort, and the optimal contract is a combination of the two cases above. In general, the optimal contract involves risk sharing between the borrower and the lender. The sharing rule for the high return is determined by the borrower's effort level, and the sharing rule for the low return is determined by the limited liability of the borrower. The lender bears the residual risk and is compensated with a fixed return.
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