Because the composition of electron transport chain varies between species, various organisms use the electron transport chains to produce varying amounts of ATP.
What causes cells to produce the most ATP?The majority overall ATP synthesis takes place during cellular respiration inside the mitochondrial matrix, producing about 32 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is oxidized.
What causes about 90% of the ATP produced during cellular respiration?Nearly 90% of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced via oxidative phosphorylation.By substrate-level phosphorylation, less ATP is produced during glycolysis and the citric acid/Krebs Cycle.
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summarize the concept of microbial antagonism and discuss the effect of antibiotics on the levels of normal microbiota or opportunistic pathogens
Microbial antagonism is the inhibition of one bacterial organism by other. It is a method of using established cultures of microorganisms to prevent the intrusion of foreign strains. When introduced to an already-colonized environment, an invasive strain of bacteria tends not to thrive and may go completely extinct.
Through microbial antagonism, the normal bacterial flora of the body provides some defense against disease-causing organisms. Humans and other mammalian gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) are home to trillions of microorganisms, collectively named the microbiota. Intestinal microbes are stable under physiological conditions, but antibiotics administration can cause dysbiosis in the microbiota. It is characterized by a reduction in the diversity of microbes and the normal function of the intestinal microbiota in maintaining host wellness.
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which of these statements about heritability is false? group of answer choices twin studies can offer insight into broad sense heritability of human traits. heritability measures the extent to which environmental variation contributes to the total phenotypic variation. broad sense heritability measures the ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance. narrow sense heritability measures the contribution of additive genotypic variance to phenotypic variance. high narrow sense heritability values are correlated with a greater degree of response to artificial selection.
heritability do not measures the extent to which environmental variation contributes to the total phenotypic variation.
The amount of phenotypic variable that can be attributed to genetic variance is known as heritability, and it is a key indicator of how well a population will react to either artificial or natural selection.
Think about, for instance, a 2001 study by researcher Patrik Waldmann on the endangered shrub Scabiosa canescens. This plant is frequently found in extremely small populations, like many uncommon species. Since these populations are predicted to have little genetic variety, their capacity for adaptation would be constrained.
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many viruses cause what are referred to as flu-like symptoms as a result of the body's response to the infection. these symptoms include .
White blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms go to work ridding your body of the foreign invader. In fact, many of the symptoms that a person suffers during an infection (fever, malaise, headache, rash) are the result of the activities of the immune system trying to clear the infection from the body.
The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. Influenza-like illness (ILI), also called “influenza-like illness,” is a broader category. The CDC says that with ILI, you have a fever of at least 100 F and a cough or sore throat, but the cause of the symptoms is unknown. Colds are minor infections of the nose and throat caused by more than 200 different viruses. Rhinovirus is the most common cause, accounting for 10 to 40 percent of colds. Other common cold viruses include the coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The flu is caused solely by influenza viruses, while the common cold can be caused by several different viruses, including rhinoviruses, parainfluenza, and seasonal coronaviruses. Seasonal coronaviruses should not be confused with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
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what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? what is the role of helper t cells in the adaptive immune response? helper t cells produc
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity because they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses.
They promote the activation of macrophages and B cells that secrete antibodies and kill ingested microbes, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill infected target cells. We cannot defend ourselves against many typically benign bacteria without helper T cells, as was clearly demonstrated in AIDS patients. Helper T cells, however, require stimulation to develop into effector cells; they are unable to function on their own. They emerge on the surface of antigen-presenting cells during the innate adaptive immune reactions triggered by an infection.
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Which of the following statements is correct? Totipotent/Pluripotent stem cells only become germ cells. Mutations in sex steroid synthesis enzymes cause defects in sex determination. Germ cells require FSH and LH to enter meiosis. O Sexlethal regulates the expression of sex determining genes because it is a transcription factor,
The correct option is B ; Mutations in sex steroid synthesis enzymes cause defects in sex determination. in all mammalian species, this chapter will concentrate on the sequence in humans and incorporate material from other species as needed.
We will first outline the anatomic processes in male and female development before summarizing our present understanding of the mechanisms that govern this development.
Sexual differentiation is a sequential process that begins with the establishment of chromosomal sex at fertilization, continues with the determination of gonadal sex, and culminates in the development of secondary sexual characteristics that comprise the male and female phenotypes.
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Which of the following statements is correct?
A Totipotent/Pluripotent stem cells only become germ cells.
B Mutations in sex steroid synthesis enzymes cause defects in sex determination.
C Germ cells require FSH and LH to enter meiosis.
D Sexlethal regulates the expression of sex determining genes because it is a transcription factor,
1) all of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except a) calcium ions. b) nonrandom mutations. c) receptor proteins. d) phytochrome. e) secondary messengers.
all of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except b-Nonrandom mutations
Light signaling pathways are an important part of the mechanisms that control plant development. These pathways allow information from specific light wavelengths to be amplified and coordinated, resulting in complex physiological and developmental responses.
The non-random pattern of mutations in gene and non-gene regions of DNA suggests that a protective mechanism is in place to prevent potentially disastrous mutations.
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you have a micro tube containing 1 ml of a solution with 5.57 x 100 cells/ml and you are to produce a solution that contains 55 cells/ml. what dilutions should you perform?
Dilute the aliquot three times, each time transferring 1 microL into 900 microL diluent.
Dilution is the process of weakening a liquid by mixing it with water or another liquid: Before adding the bleach to the wash, dilute it in water. When you dilute a substance, you make it weaker or less pure by mixing it with another substance. Serial dilution is a common method for achieving this concentration reduction. Dilution of homoeopathy. Dilution (equation), a formula for calculating the rate at which a gas dilutes. Trademark dilution is a type of illegal trademark use that occurs outside of the relevant market. A microliter(microL) is a volume unit equal to one millionth of a liter (one-millionth).
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an individual's exposure to an airborne pathogen has prompted an immune response that includes both cellular and humoral components. which of the following activities is most closely associated with the humoral immune response?
B cells create antibodies that are exclusive to the disease, which best explains the humoral immune response.
The humoral immune response is the type of immune response in which B cells produce antibodies to kill external bacteria and stop the progression of intracellular illnesses. Helper T cells are usually required to activate B cells and induce their development into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
During this process, first, the antigen binds to the antigen receptor in the B-cell. This B-cell will engulf and digest this antigen into fragments. These fragments are then presented to the T-cell via the MHC complex.
In response to this T-cells will release cytokines. These cytokines will activate the B-cells to produce antibody-producing plasma cells. The antibodies will further bind to the antigen to kill and eliminate them from the body.
Therefore, option c is the correct statement.
The complete question is -
An individual's exposure to an airborne pathogen has prompted an immune response that includes both cellular and humoral components. Which of the following activities is most closely associated with the humoral immune response?
a. T cells directly attack the foreign pathogen.
b. A circulating lymphocyte containing an antigenic message returns to the nearest lymph node.
c. B lymphocytes produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen.
d. Granulocytes and macrophages engulf and destroy the invading agents.
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what are the two basic types of ecological succession which are categorized mainly based on how many nutrients - or lack thereof - are already present in the soil after the disturbance?
The two basic types of ecological succession are Primary and Secondary.
What is Ecological succession ?Ecological succession is the process of change in an ecological community's species composition over time. The time frame can span several decades or fewer (for instance, following a wildfire).The cycling of nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur is made possible by bacteria.The community grows through an increase in complexity from a small number of pioneering plants and animals to a stable or self-sustaining climax community. The effects of established organisms on their own settings serve as the "engine" of succession and the reason why ecosystems evolve. Living has the effect of changing one's environment, sometimes subtly and sometimes blatantly.To learn more about Ecological succession refer to:
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high levels of this contaminants have been found in fish prompting recommendations to limit intake of some fish to no more than one serving per week.
High levels of methylmercury contaminants have been found in fish prompting recommendations to limit intake of some fish to no more than one serving per week.
What is methylmercury contaminants?
A neurotoxic pollutant called methylmercury bioaccumulates in marine food webs and is hence present in seafood. The majority of the mercury found in marine food webs was first released into the environment as a result of human activity, and the processes involved in getting the mercury from emission sources to fish depend on a number of factors that will be impacted by climate change.
Therefore, High levels of methylmercury contaminants have been found in fish prompting recommendations to limit intake of some fish to no more than one serving per week.
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which test(s) (differential stain, isolation test, or biochemical test) is most helpful in distinguishing between the two gram-negative rods?
Gram positive bacteria are identified using biochemical tests such as the catalase test, the coagulase test, the starch hydrolysis test, and the nitrate test, whereas Gram negative bacteria are identified using biochemical tests such as the oxidase test, the urease test, the indole test, the sulphur test, and the methyl red/voges-proskauer test.
Why is the Gram stain such an effective diagnostic tool?Knowing whether your bacterium is Gram-positive or Gram-negative might help your doctor determine what sort of illness you have and which drugs will be most helpful in treating it.
Microbial identification is accomplished by three methods: genotypic, proteotypic, and phenotypic. Genotypic identification examines the sequences in bacteria and fungi's rRNA regions, whereas proteotypic approaches examine the ribosomal proteins produced.
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do we need to be concerned with the wave nature of the blood cells when we describe the flow of blood in the body?
The blood cells need to be concerned wgen under the Broglie's relation it's no concern issues.
If we begin from de Broglie's relation
lambda=frac λ= mvh and insert the given values lambda=frac 63 instances 10^} instances 4 times 10^}=1.66 10^textrmλ= 10 −14 ×4×10 −3 6.63×10 −34 =1.6610 −17 m lambdaλ is simply too small so we don't have any issues approximately wave nature of the blood cells.
λ=1.6610 −17 m that is too small so we don't have any issues approximately wave nature of the blood cells.
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Fmri studies at cleveland clinic and case western reserve university found the social network (part of the default node network) in the brain is activated by. (select all that apply. ).
The brain's default mode network (DMN) is made up of regions that are normally more active when the body is at rest than when doing an active task. However, recent research has indicated that specific activity types can activate this network.
It has been proposed that social cognition, particularly higher-order activities like attributing mental states to others, activates a network of regions that at least partially overlap with the default mode network DMN. Here, we investigate this assertion using data from functional MRI meta-analyses and current investigations into the anatomical and functional connections of the social brain. We also go through recent data supporting the presence of a DMN in non-human primates. We wrap up by going over some of these observations' implications.It is now becoming more and more clear that specific sorts of tasks cause the brain regions connected to the DMN to become active. In fact, the supposed anti-correlation between task-related networks and the DMN has been questioned (Murphy et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2012).
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the ureter, renal artery, and renal vein enter the kidney through the area known as the . it leads into the hollow interior of the kidney, called the
The ureter, renal artery, and renal vein enter the kidney through the area known as the hilum. It leads into the hollow interior of the kidney, called the renal sinus.
Where is the renal sinus?
The renal sinus is a central spacious cavity formed by the extension of the perinephric space into the deep recess located at the medial border of the kidney
What does the renal sinus contain?
The renal sinus is a cavity within the kidney that is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves, and fat. The renal hilum extends into a large cavity within the kidney occupied by the renal vessels, minor renal calyces, major renal calyces, renal pelvis, and some adipose tissue.
What is the importance of renal sinus?
The observation of renal sinus fat is important for detecting a small tumor located in that area and determining the exact tumor stage.
Thus, the correct answer is renal sinus.
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Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?.
Our personality resides in the frontal lobes, which are thought to be our emotional control center.
What does each brain lobe control?The frontal lobe plays a key role in cognitive processes and in the regulation of voluntary motion or activity. The occipital lobe is mostly in charge of vision, whereas the parietal lobe handles information concerning temperature, taste, touch, and movement.
What is in charge of voluntary motor activity?The motor cortex, a region of the brain situated behind the frontal lobe, controls these voluntary movements. A neural signal from the motor cortex travels from the brain stem, via the spinal cord, and into the neural network to the muscle being controlled.
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What number labeled on the microscope diagram identifies the fine adjustment knob?
A.) 13
B.) 10
C.) 4
Which letter choice is correct? A, B, or C?
The number labeled on the microscope diagram identifies the fine adjustment knob is 13. Option A is correct.
What is a microscope?A microscope is an instrument that is used to produce an enlarged image of microscopic objects.
Microscopic objects are objects whose size ranges from less than 10⁻⁶ m
There are several types of microscopes. The types of microscopes include:
Simple microscope.Compound microscope.Electron microscope.The image shows a compound microscope. The various parts of a compound microscope include:
BasePillarArmStageInclination jointClipsDiaphragmNose pieceBody tubeFine adjustment knobCoarse adjustment knobEyepiece lens or OcularMirrorObjective lensesLearn more about microscope at: https://brainly.com/question/820911
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based on our current knowledge, about what proportion of exons in primary transcripts leave the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
About 50% proportion of exons in primary transcripts leave the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
A gene's exons are the regions that code for proteins. Exons are mRNA coding regions where amino acids are codified. Numerous exons encode various protein domains. The domains can be encoded by a single exon or by several exons joined together. A portion of the genome that is contained within an mRNA molecule is known as an exon. Exons can be classified as "coding" or "non-coding," depending on whether they contain the instructions needed to make a protein. Exons and introns make up each gene in the genome.
Eukaryotic creatures are big and complicated because eukaryotic cells include nuclei that are encased in nuclear membranes. Eukaryotic cells are found in protozoa, fungi, plants, and mammals. They fall under the Eukaryotic kingdom. Plants, mammals, fungi, and protists all contain eukaryotic cells.
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6) the chemical signal for flowering could be released earlier than normal in a long-day plant exposed to flashes of a) far-red light during the night. b) red light during the night. c) red light followed by far-red light during the night. d) far-red light during the day. e) red light during the day.
The signal for flowering that is released earlier than normal is . d) far-red light during the day.
The mild duration which is basically required to set off flowering in flora is called important photoperiod. A lengthy day plant will handiest flower while the mild duration is longer than a important variety of hours. Spinach, lettuce, and a few styles of wheat are lengthy-day plants.
All right, So the signaling molecule right here for flowering is probably launched in advance than regular in an extended day plant um uncovered to flashes of a long way red mild all through the day, um or red mild all through the day. Red mild observed through a long way pink mild all through the night, or a long way pink mild all through the night, or pink mild all through the night.
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complementary proteins are 2 or more proteins that are combined so that the essential amino acids that are missing from one are provided by the other.
Due to the fact that when combined, grains and legumes provide all nine essential amino acids, grains and legumes are referred to as complementary proteins.
How do contrasting proteins combine?All the required amino acids can be adequately supplied by combining two or more foods with incomplete proteins to create complementary proteins. As long as you obtain enough of each protein during the day's meals, complementary proteins don't have to be consumed together.
What proteins are regarded as complimentary proteins?Due to the fact that when combined, grains and legumes provide all nine essential amino acids, grains and legumes are referred to as complementary proteins. Because they include tryptophan, methionine, and cysteine, nuts and seeds are a good complement to legumes.
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Carcinogens cause _____.A.allergic reactionsB.genetic defectsC.chronic health effectsD.birth defectsE.cancerE. Cancer
The main one is E. Cancer
pd-1 is a negative co-stimulatory signal expressed by tumor cells. what advantage would the expression of pd-1 have in a tumor cell avoiding the immune response?
Tumor cells can avoid being killed by activated T cells.
Tumors are abnormal growths of body cells. Tumors occur when cells divide and grow excessively in the body.
The immune system should be able to help protect the body from cancer.
PD-1 therapy is a therapy that increases the effectiveness of the patient's immune system to fight tumor cells. The PD-1 molecule on tumor cells then interacts with the PD-1 receptor on T cells. The PD-1 molecule signals the T lymphocytes to stop working so that the lymphocytes experience anergy or even apoptosis. By producing PD-1, tumor cells can avoid lymphocyte attack.
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1) all of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except a) calcium ions. b) nonrandom mutations. c) receptor proteins. d) phytochrome. e) secondary messengers.
The correct answer is option B
B nonrandom mutations.
What is Mutation?
The DNA sequence varies from creature to organism. The order of the base pairs can occasionally shift. We refer to it as a mutation. Changes in proteins that are translated from the DNA by a mutation are possible.
A abrupt, heritable change in an organism's characteristics is called a mutation. One who demonstrates these heritable changes is referred regarded as a "mutant." Recessive genes are typically produced through mutations.
Genetic differences between animals are brought on by the mutation. Generations after generation inherit advantageous mutations.
For instance, sickle cell anemia results from a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. The RBCs take on the shape of a sickle. The African population, however, is protected from malaria by this mutation.
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after one round of pcr, one molecule of dna consisting of two complementary strands yields molecules of dna for a total of strands.
Each cycle doubles the number of double-stranded DNA pieces, resulting in 2n (2 to the n:th power) copies of DNA after n cycles. For example, after 10 cycles, there are 1024 copies, after 20 cycles, there are about one million copies, and so on.
The area between the two primers has been duplicated once at the conclusion of one cycle, yielding two copies of the original gene region.
N = No x 2^x
N = final no of DNA molecules
No = Initial no of DNA molecules
x = no of cycles
Let’s put the values in the formula…
N = No x 2^x
N = 3 x 2^5
N = 3 x 32
N = 96
so, 96 DNA molecules will be present in total.
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In the snail Cepaea nemoralis, an autosomal allele causing a banded shell, u, is recessive to the allele for an unbanded shell, U. Genes at a different locus determine the background color of the shell. The allele for a yellow shell, b, is recessive to the allele for a brown shell, EB. A banded, yellow snail is crossed with a homozygous brown, unbanded snail. The F1 progeny are then crossed with banded, yellow snails in a testcross. Predict the percentage of progeny in each phenotype if the two genes are linked with no recombination, if the two genes assort independently, and if the genes are 20 m.u. apart. Place the percentage for each phenotype for each of the scenarios in the table below. Percentages can be used more than once. Phenotyp Linked Independent Genes 20 m.u. no recombinationassortment apart Brown, unbanded Brown, banded Yellow, unbanded Yellow, banded 0% 10% 20% 25% 30% 40% 50% 60%| 70% 75% | 80%, 90% 100%
The F2 testcross offspring will be half-banded, yellow, and half unbanded, brown.
Absolute linkage prevents the creation of recombinant offspring. The F1 inherited banded and yellow alleles (BBCY) from the banded yellow parent together on one chromosome and unbanded and brown alleles (BOCBw) from the unbanded brown parent jointly on the homologous chromosome.
These two allelic combinations will be present in equal amounts in all F1 gametes in the absence of recombination. The F2 testcross offspring will therefore be half banded, yellow, and half unbanded, brown.
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what is the net amount of atp gained from anaerobic breakdown (glycolysis) of one molecule of glucose in the cytoplasm during anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis generates only two total molecules of ATP per glucose molecule from anaerobic breakdown (glycolysis) of one molecule of glucose in the cytoplasm during anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down sugar molecules to release energy for cellular metabolism. It takes place in the cell's cytoplasm. The primary goal of glycolysis is to produce thousands of ATP molecules for use in various cellular metabolisms. The primary goal of glycolysis is to produce pyruvate for the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cycle rather than to produce adenosine 5′-triphosphate.
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________ carry sensory information to the CNS.
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Multipolar neurons
Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Afferent division- brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.
Which neurons carry sensory information to CNS?Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord), whereas efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.The three major type of neurons are- Sensory neuron, Motor neurons and interruptions.Afferent neurons are the sensory neurons which transmit the impulse from the sensory receptors of the body to the central nervous system- brain or spinal cord.Sensory neurons convert the signals from the outer part of the body to the central nervous system of the body. Motor neurons carry the signals out of the central nervous system. the function of the inter-neurons are to connect the various neurons to the brain and spinal cord. Afferent neurons carry nerve impulses to the CNS ( central nervous system).The afferent neuron receives the stimulus which generates the impulse. this impulse travels down to the interneuron where the stimulus is interpreted and response is sent through efferent neuron or motor neuron to muscle.To learn more about CNS refer to:
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excess fluid consumption can result in a condition called . multiple choice chronic hypotension terminal osmosis idiopathic rehydration water intoxication
Excess fluid consumption can result in a condition called water intoxication.
Water intoxication is a condition that arises as a result of drinking too much water. This occurs when you drink more than a liter of water in an hour, causing your kidneys to work harder. When you drink mostly water, the body will be prone to hyponatremia, a condition in which the salt level in the blood is lower than normal. This happens because the excess air in the body will "dissolve" the salt (sodium) so that the salt level will be relatively lower.
Sodium is an important component in fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. A lack of sodium can make fluids in the body attracted to cells, such as brain cells. As a result, the cells will swell and cause several significant symptoms such as impaired consciousness and even life-threatening.
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Explain how a change in the subunits of a polymer may lead to changes in structure or function of the macromolecule.
They consists of the proteins , nucleic acids polymers and sequences of macromolecules that can evolve and changed the composition, that leads to evolutionary change and hence structural diversity .
Macromolecules are polymers, which are long chains of subunits called monomers. These subunits are often very similar to each other, and for all the diversity of polymers.
Proteins are one of the important and abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions from all the macromolecules. Their are Many properties of protein they can be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective and also serve in transport, storage, or membranes.
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movement of muscles during inspiration allows expansion of the lungs and thus a decrease in internal lung pressure (decrease in alveoli pressure), resulting in air entering into the alveoli. which of the following statements describes what makes this possible?
The lungs' pleural fluid makes the lung walls adhere to the thoracic wall. The diaphragm flattens and tightens during inspiration , and the chest cavity widens.
A vacuum is produced by the contraction, drawing air into the lungs. The diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome-like form during exhalation, forcing air from the lungs. Your diaphragm contracts and descends when you inspiration, or breathe in. Your lungs expand into the additional space in your chest cavity as a result. The muscles in the area between your ribs also aid in chest cavity expansion. As a result of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting during inhaling, the lung volume increases.
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the three tissue systems of a mature plant root complete their development in the root zone of a) cell division. b) elongation. c) differentiation.
The three main tissue systems for a mature plant root which completes their development during the root zone is differentiation. Option (c) is correct.
Elongation happens simply beneath the hints of developing stems withinside the apical meristems. The 3 tissue structures of a mature plant root whole their improvement withinside the root area of differentiation. The stems and leaves collectively make up the shoot system. Each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) consist of all 3 tissue kinds (floor, vascular, and dermal).
Different cell kinds incorporate every tissue kind, and the shape of every cell kind affects the characteristic of the tissue it comprises. The roots of seed flora have 3 primary functions: anchoring the plant to the soil, soaking up water and minerals and transporting them upwards, and storing the goods of photosynthesis. Some roots are changed to take in moisture and trade gases. Most roots are underground. Some flora, however, additionally have adventitious roots, which emerge above the floor from the shoot.
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