the substitution of the sulfur‑containing alkyl chloride is much faster than the substitution of the analogous alkyl chloride. draw a curved arrow mechanism to explain why.
Answers
The substitution of the sulfur‑containing alkyl chloride is much faster than the substitution of the analogous alkyl chloride.
The solvent in which the SN2 reaction takes place has a big impact on how quickly it proceeds. Because of the strong hydrogen-bond interactions between the solvent protons and the reactive lone pairs on the nucleophile, the use of protic solvents (those, such as water or alcohols, with hydrogen-bond donating capability) reduces the power of the nucleophile. A slower SN2 reaction is consequently caused by a weaker nucleophile. Polar, aprotic solvents—those without the ability to donate hydrogen bonds—are those that speed up SN2 reactions.Consequently, a carbocation is created, with the central carbon having only three bonds and a formal charge of 1.The second stage of this two-stage reaction involves the nucleophile attacking the carbocation's empty, "electron hungry," p orbital in order to create a new bond and restore the carbon's tetrahedral geometry.To learn more about SN2 reactions-
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Related Questions
explain how the hydrogen bright line spectrum provides experimental evidence of atomic energy levels and what the relative spacing between the lines means
Answers
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
What is Hydrogen Bright Line Spectrum?
The Rydberg formula has been used to determine the wavelengths of several spectral series that have derived from the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. These spectral lines that have been seen are the result of electron transitions between two energy levels within an atom. The development of quantum mechanics was greatly aided by the Rydberg formula's classification of the series. In astronomical spectroscopy, the spectral series are crucial for determining red shifts and detecting the existence of hydrogen.
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
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How many atoms of hydrogen ( h ) are present in 200 molecules of ammonia ( nh3 )?.
Answers
First, lets examine the formula for that of Ammonia.
Ammonia = NH3
Notice that in the formula, there are 3 hydrogen atoms in a single ammonia molecule. This being said, if there are 200 molecules of ammonia in the given scenario, multiply 200 by 3.
[tex]200[/tex] × [tex]3 = 600[/tex] ← Amount of (H) Atoms Present in 200 (NH3) Molecules
Hope this helps!
Why is alcoholism considered a chronic disease? a. Alcoholism requires lifelong treatment. B. It is marked by the sudden onset of severe symptoms. C. Alcoholism must be cured repeatedly throughout life. D. It can be overcome with proper treatment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided. A b c d.
Answers
A is the best choice. Since alcoholism requires lifetime treatment, it is regarded as a chronic condition. Due to its extreme difficulty in treatment, alcoholism is regarded as a chronic condition.
And tends to come back over the course of the affected person's lifespan. An alcoholic is never fully freed from their addiction, even though it can be treated. They must take action and keep in mind that their illness may flare up at any time. Navigate to content To search, click. A chronic condition is a sickness that develops over time or a human health condition that is persistent or has other long-lasting impacts. Alcoholism is generally defined as any drinking of alcohol that causes serious issues with one's mental or physical health.
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elemental silicon is oxidized by $\ce{o2}$ to give a compound which dissolves in molten $\ce{na2co3}$. when this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, a precipitate forms. what is the precipitate?
Answers
SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Elemental silicon is oxidized by O₂ to give a compound which dissolves in molten Na₂CO₃ . When this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Mechanism 1
1. Si + O₂ → SiO₂
2. SiO₂ + Na₂CO₃ → CO₂ + Na₂SiO₃
3. Na₂SiO₃ + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl + H₂O (l) + SiO₂
In chemistry, a stable shaped via a change in a solution, frequently due to a chemical reaction or change in temperature that decreases solubility of a stable. In meteorology a precipitate is liquid or strong water.
Hence, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
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what atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the bond between n and o in nitrosyl chloride, nocl? fill in the blank 1 orbital on n fill in the blank 2 orbital on o how many σ bonds does n have in nocl? how many bonds does n have?
Answers
The orbitals that are used are 2p and 3p orbitals and there two sigma and a pi bond present in nitrosyl chloride.
What are atomic orbitals?We know that atomic orbitals are the regions in space that we can be able to obtain or find the electron in an atom. In this case we can see that we are talking about the compound that we call nitrosyl chloride.
In this compound, we have to know that the atomic orbitals that are involved in the bond are the 2p and 3p atomic orbitals of nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine respectively. Since we have one double and one singe bond, we have two sigma bonds and one pi bond.
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calculate the solubility (in g/l) of caso4(s) in 0.300 m na2so4(aq) at 25°c . the Ksp of caso4 is 4.93×10−5 .
Answers
The solubility (in g/l) of caso4(s) in 0.300 m na2so4(aq) at 25°c is 0.016762 g/mol.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance in an effort to dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a special temperature. Solubility is a characteristic asset of a particular solute-solvent combination, and special substances have significantly differing solubilities.
Solubility of CaSO₄; K_sp = 4.93 × 10⁻⁵
Concentration of Na₂SO₄ = 0.4 M
The ionic equation of CaSO₄ is given as;
CaSO₄ ⇒ Ca²⁺ + SO₄²⁻
Now, the formula for solubility ,
K sp = [A⁺]ᵃ × [B⁻]ᵇ
Thus, plugging in relevant values into the solubility equation -
4.93 × 10⁻⁵ = Ca²⁺ × 0.4
Ca²⁺ = ( 4.93 × 10⁻⁵)/0.4
Concentration of Ca²⁺ = 12.325 × 10⁻⁵ M
The molar mass of CaSO₄ = 136 g
Hence, solubility of CaSO₄ in 0.4M of Na₂SO₄ is 12.325 × 10⁻⁵ M × 136 g/mol = 0.016762 g/mol
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
Answers
As more co2 is absorbed into the oceans the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
There is more CO2 evaporating into the ocean as a result of human-driven increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The average pH of the ocean is currently 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but when more CO2 is absorbed, the pH drops and the ocean turns more acidic.
What is pH?
pH is a measurement of how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is in relation to other liquids. The phrase, which is frequently used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, converts hydrogen ion concentrations, which typically vary between 1 and 1014 gram-equivalents per litre, into numbers between 0 and 14.
Therefore, As more co2 is absorbed into the oceans the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
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50 points please graph the points please in the color they are in
Answers
Answer: Umm
Explanation:
I can't draw on the picture oh wait I can let me add my answer
Answer:Well just use the numbers in the chart and go from the bottom to the top. I understand that these are hard I would recommend watching a video on something that is similar to this problem and do it that way I understand if This is not much help but this question has stumped me. :(
Explanation:
Undecane is an alkane that contains an 11-carbon chain. How many hydrogen atoms are in undecane?.
Answers
Straight-chain alkane undecane has 24 hydrogen atoms in it.
How many atoms of hydrogen and carbon are there in decane?10 carbon atoms and 22 hydrogen atoms are covalently linked together to form the hydrocarbon decane. Decane is a member of the enormous organic family known as alkanes. The only atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules of the alkane family are carbon and hydrogen.
An alkyne with 16 carbon atoms has how many hydrogen atoms?Consequently, the alkyne with 16 hydrogen atoms has the formula C9H16 C 9 H 16. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond connecting the carbon atoms. Their usual formula is CnH2n, or C n H 2 n. 2n = 44, where n is the number of hydrogen atoms.
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sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen. compared to water molecules, how will the h2s molecules behave?sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen. compared to water molecules, how will the h2s molecules behave?not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each otherhave a higher capacity to absorb heat for the same change in temperaturehave greater cohesion to other h2s moleculeshave a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other
Answers
Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen but it is less electronegative than oxygen , the H₂S molecules will behave as not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
The hydrogen bond is the type of the dipole dipole interaction between the molecules directly attached to the more electronegative atom like Fluorine , oxygen and nitrogen. for hydrogen bonding the molecule must contain highly electronegative atom. the hydrogen bonding are of the two types : intermolecular hydrogen bonding and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Thus, sulfur is in the same column as oxygen but H₂S molecules will not form the hydrogen bond with each other.
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which of the following statements about water are true? group of answer choices the conjugate acid of water is h3o . water can act as an acid. the conjugate base of water is oh-. water can act as a base. all of the above are true.
Answers
All the following statements are true about water.
Amphoteric nature:
A molecule or ion that can react both as an acid and as a base is known as an amphoteric compound. Since water has the potential to act both as an acid and as a base, water is amphoteric in nature.
All the statements are true about water. Water is amphoteric in nature which means that it can react with both acid as well as base. When reacting with base water acts as an acid and while reacting with acid, it acts as a base.
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the solubility of slaked lime, ca(oh)2, in water at 20°c is 0.185 g/100.0 ml. what volume of 0.00100 m hcl is needed to neutralize 10.0 ml of a saturated ca(oh)2 solution?
Answers
That means:
Mass of calcium hydroxide = 0.185 g.
Volume = 100 mL = 0.1 L.
Molarity of HCl = 0.00100 M.
Volume of calcium hydroxide = 12.5 L.
Calculate the number of mol for calcium hydroxide:
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=
M
a
s
s
M
o
l
a
r
m
a
s
s
=
0
.185
g
74
.09
g
/
m
o
l
=
0.00250
m
o
l
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=
M
a
s
s
M
o
l
a
r
m
a
s
s
=
0
.185
g
74
.09
g
/
m
o
l
=0.00250
m
o
l
Calculate molarity for calcium hydroxide:
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
0.00250
m
o
l
0.1
L
=
0.0250
M
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
0.00250
m
o
l
0.1
L
=0.0250
M
For the given volume, number of mol of calcium hydroxide present is:
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=
0.0250
M
×
0.0125
L
=
0.000312
m
o
l
n
C
a
(
O
H
)
2
=0.0250
M
×0.0125
L
=0.000312
m
o
l
When calcium hydroxide dissociates in water then 2 mol of hydroxide ion are released. That means twice the mol of calcium hydroxide,
n
O
H
−
=
2
×
0.000312
m
o
l
=
0.000624
m
o
l
n
O
H
−
=
2
×
0.000312
m
o
l
=
0.000624
m
o
l
.0.000624 mol are required to completely neutralize the HCl. The required volume can be calculated as:
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
H
C
l
=
n
H
C
l
V
o
l
u
m
e
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
n
H
C
l
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
H
C
l
=
0.000624
m
o
l
0.00100
M
=
0.624
L
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
H
C
l
=
n
H
C
l
V
o
l
u
m
e
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
n
H
C
l
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
H
C
l
=
0.000624
m
o
l
0.00100
M
=0.624
L
Hence, the required volume of HCl is 624 mL.
what quantity of heat (in kj) will be released if 0.4501 mol of nh₃ are mixed with 0.200 mol of o₂ in the following chemical reaction? 4 nh₃ (g) o₂ (g) → 2 n₂h₄ (g) 2 h₂o (g) ∆h°
Answers
32.18 KJ/mol of heat will be released if 0.4501 mol of NH₃ are mixed with 0.200 mol of O₂.
Limiting reagent- The reactant that is totally consumed during a reaction, or the limiting reagent, decides when the process comes to an end. The precise quantity of reactant required to react with another element can be estimated from the reaction stoichiometry.
1 mole of O₂ and 4 moles of NH₃ reacts-
therefore,
A reaction between 0.4501 mole of NH₃ should occur with 0.4501 x 1 / 4 = 0.1013 moles of O₂
O₂ is an excess reagent, and NH₃ is a limiting reagent.
286 KJ/mol of energy are released by 4 moles of NH₃.
0.4501 mole The amount of energy released by NH₃ =286KJ/mol x 0.4501 / 4mol
= 32.1822 KJ/mol of energy
Thus, heat released is -32.18 KJ/mol.
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On the basis of strength of intermolecular forces, which of the following elements would be expected to have the highest melting point?(A)Br2(B) Cl2(C) F2(D) Kr(E) N2
Answers
The element with the highest melting point is bromine (Br2). As a result, choice (A) is the right one.
Intermolecular forces: What are they?The attractive and repellent forces that form between the molecules of a substance are known as intermolecular forces. The majority of the chemical and physical characteristics of matter are governed by these forces. Vander Waals forces are the intermolecular forces that hold molecules together.
Intermolecular forces are those that exist within the molecules themselves. Intermolecular forces keep the particles of solids and liquids bound together.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions, Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions, and Dispersion Forces are the intermolecular forces.
A significant amount of energy will be needed to break bonds as atom sizes grow because of the stronger intermolecular force. Since among all the elements, bromine is the largest in size. Bromine will therefore have the highest melting point.
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h shift of slkyls next to carbonyla dn electronegative atoms the hydrogens on the carbons next to the carbonyl gorup are shifted to ____ ppm
Answers
The hydrogens just on carbons close to the carbonyl group have a shift towards carbonyla triple - negative electronegative atoms of about 200 ppm.
What is the name of the carbonyl group?
A carbon atom is double-bonded to the an oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group, that is a chemically active functional group. Aldehydes and ketones, which are typically joined to another carbon compound, are the simplest carbonyl groups. Many aromatic chemicals have these structures, which contribute to flavor and fragrance.
Which structural subunits make up carbonyls?
Carbonyl-containing functional groups include aldehydes and ketones. The primary distinction is that for carbon to be a member of these functional groups, it must be doubly bonded to other groups in addition to oxygen. A ketone must have a connection between the carbonyl carbon and
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If 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the following reaction, what is the mass in grams of NO that will be formed?
4 NH₃ (g) + 5 O₂ (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H₂O (g)
Answers
According to law of conservation of mass and stoichiometry, if 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the given reaction 816 g of NO will be formed.
What is law of conservation of mass?According to law of conservation of mass, it is evident that mass is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .
Law of conservation of mass and energy are related as mass and energy are directly proportional which is indicated by the equation E=mc².
Law needs to be modified in accordance with laws of quantum mechanics under the principle of mass and energy equivalence.This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier in the year 1789.
As per the law, mass of reactant= mass of products, (4×25)+(5×51.5)-(6×18)=816 g.
Thus, 816 g of NO is formed in the given reaction.
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draw the organic products of the reaction shown. draw charges and the counterion. draw hydrogens on oxygen and nitrogen where appropriate and draw charges where needed.
Answers
The organic products of the reaction shown in the prsence of hcl and H2O.hydrogen on oxygen and nitrogen where appropriate and charges where needed.
Methane, widely known as natural gas, has a healthy substitute in hydrogen. According to estimates, it makes about 75% of the universe's mass and is the most prevalent chemical element. Huge quantities of hydrogen atoms are present on earth in water, plants, animals, and, of course, people. The energy-producing chemical process known as respiration, which powers the metabolisms of most living organisms, depends heavily on oxygen. Many other organisms, including humans, depend on the oxygen in the air we breathe to maintain life. Plants and several microorganisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
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enough of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water to produce a 1.55 m solution. the ph of the resulting solution is 2.70 . calculate the ka for the acid.
Answers
The ka for the monoprotic acid is 5.37 × 10⁻⁴.
Consequently, a monoprotic acid is an acid that may donate simplest one proton, whilst polyprotic acid can donate multiple proton. in addition, a monoprotic base can most effective accept one proton, while a polyprotic base can take delivery of more than one proton.
The key difference among monoprotic and diprotic acid is that monoprotic acids are able to donate one hydrogen atom or proton to their aqueous solution, while diprotic acids are able to donate hydrogen atoms or protons to their aqueous answer.
Calculation:-
The value of dissociation constant of acid is
Ka = (0.00295)(0.00295)/0.0162)
Ka = 5.37 × 10⁻⁴
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how many molecules are there in 360cm3 of nitrogen as r.t.p
Answers
Answer:
9.68x10^21 molecules of nitrogen
Explanation:
I will assume that r.t.p. is supposed to be STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure. rtp might refer to room temperature and pressue, but no value is given for room temperature, so let's assume standard temperature (0 degrees Celsius). Here is a marvelous, and useful, property of gasses at STP: One mole of gas at STP occupies 22.4 liters. Let's make that a conversion factor: (1 mole/22.4 liters).
We have the volume of gas at STP: 360 cm^3. Convert that into liters:
(360cm^3)*(1 ml/cm^3)*(1 liter/1000 ml) = 0.360 liters(L)
Now use the conversion factor from above to convert the volume of gas into moles of gas:
(0.360L)*(1 mole/22.4 liters) = 0.0161 moles of gas
By definition, 1 mole is 6.02x10^23 particles, or molecules of the gas.
Convert moles of the gas to molecules:
(0.0161 moles)*((6.02x10^23 molecules)/mole) = 9.68x10^21 molecules of nitrogen.
which statement is true? which statement is true? in a reaction, oxidation can occur independently of reduction. a redox reaction involves either the transfer of an electron or a change in the oxidation state of an element. if any of the reactants or products in a reaction contain oxygen, the reaction is a redox reaction. redox reaction is a reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products.
Answers
In a redox reaction, any increase in the oxidation state of a reacant must be accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation state of a reactant.if any of the reactants or products in a reaction contain oxygen, the reaction is a redox reaction. redox reaction is a reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products.
a chemical process that occurs when an object comes into touch with oxygen or another oxidizer. Rust and an apple's brown color are examples of oxidation. There is an oxidation reaction when oxygen interacts with a substance or an element. The process of removing hydrogen from the reactant species is another definition of oxidation. A molecule, atom, or ion undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons.
Reactions where electrons are gained are referred to as reduction, whereas reactions where electrons are lost are referred to as oxidation.
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Answer:
a reaction in which the exchange of electrons (oxygen) occurs.
Explanation:
when this enzyme catalyze the reaction, the activation energy barrier changes by 27.6 kj/mol for the forward rate constant. how will the activation energy barrier change for the reverse rate constant in this catalyzed reaction?
Answers
The change in the activation energy barrier is the same: 27.6 kJ/mole.
By reducing the activation energy, a catalyst can speed up a process. In the case of this question, the activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kg per mole, which unquestionably speeds up the reaction.
However, a catalyst does not disrupt the equilibrium because it clearly affects both the forward and backward reaction rates as shown in the picture attached below.
As a result, the forward reaction's activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kJ/mole. Then perhaps the activation energy barrier, 27.6 KJ/mole for the reverse reaction, does not change. Consequently, the addition of a catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium.
Therefore, the activation energy barrier remains constant at 27.6 kJ/mole.
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where would 14c have to be in the starting glucose to ensure that the fermentation process releases all of the 14c label as 14co2?
Answers
The methyl group of pyruvate is where C1 labels when it is added to glucose. A hexose is split into two trioses by aldolase.
What exactly happens during fermentation?
Carbohydrates are broken down by the enzymes of microorganisms during fermentation in the absence of oxygen. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi are able to produce enzymes that can break down different kinds of sugar molecules because they have unique sets of metabolic genes.
Short answer: What is the fermentation process?
A substance decomposes into a simpler substance through the process of fermentation. In the absence of oxygen or any electron transport, the metabolic process known as fermentation transforms organic molecules (mostly carbohydrates like starch or sugar) into acids, gases, or alcohol.
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One mL of water i poured onto one hand and one mL of acetone i poured onto the other hand. A they evaporate, they both feel cool. Which one feel cooler and why?
Answers
Energy is required for evaporation, and so this extra heat is expended from the body. they both feel chilly as they dissipate.
Describe evaporation and provide instances.
In the water cycle, evaporation happens when water from any body of water on the earth's surface evaporates into the atmosphere. Rain is produced when this water cools. Evaporation is what creates the steam inside a warm cup of coffee or tea.
What is the evaporation process?
The process of evaporation turns liquid water into gas water (water vapor). Evaporation is how water gets from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. Heat energy causes the bonds holding the water together to fall apart, which causes evaporation.
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beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. which beaker weighs more?
Answers
Beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. both beakers weighs same more.
In its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, water is a substance made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. It is among the most common and necessary compounds. At room temperature, it is an odorless, tasteless liquid with the significant property of dissolving many other substances. Glass container with a flat bottom and a tiny pouring spout is known as a beaker. It is employed in the chemistry lab to stir, heat, and mix liquids. Beakers are cylindrical containers that come in a range of sizes.
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lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6li and 7 li, with masses of6.015 amu and 7.016 amu, respectively. what is the relative abundance of each isotope?
Answers
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Formula used to calculate average atomic mass follows:
Avg atomic mass = ∑(atomic mass of an isotope) x (fractional abundance) ....(1)
Let the fractional abundance of Li-6 isotope be 'x'. So, fractional abundance of Li-7 isotope will be '1 - x'
For Li-6 isotope:
Mass of Li-6 isotope = 6.015 amu
For Li-7 isotope:
Mass of Li-7 isotope = 7.016 amu
Average atomic mass of lithium = 6.941 amu
6.941 amu = x *(6.015) + (1-x) * (7.016)
x= 0.0749
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Therefore, the relative abundance of the isotope is 92.51%
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When the temperature of a 3. 0-l sample of a gas is dropped from 200°c to 100°c, what will be the final volume of the gas sample?.
Answers
P1V1T1=P2V2T2 Add 273 to convert degrees Celsius to Kelvin:
∴200×25/298=250×V2/273, ∴V2=200×25×273/298×250, ∴V2=18.32L
Where is the volume equation?The basic formula for volume is length, breadth, and height, as opposed to length, width, and height for the area of a rectangular shape. The calculation is unaffected by how you refer to the various dimensions; for instance, you can use "depth" instead of "height."
What is chemistry using volume units?Volume, which is measured in cubic units, is the 3-dimensional space occupied by matter or encircled by a surface. The cubic meter (m3), a derived unit, is the SI unit of volume.
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pH RANGE QUESTIONS!!!!!!
PLEASE HELP
Answers
The solution pH range is based on the given indicators:
Alizarin yellow- Yellow: 10 to 12
Bromocresol Green - blue: 3.8 to 5.4
Bromothymol Blue - green: 6.0 to 7.6
Methyl orange - yellow: 3.1 to 4.4
What is a pH indicator?A pH indicator can be described as a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH of the solution can be determined by changes in absorption or emission properties.
pH indicators are employed in titrations in analytical chemistry and biology to calculate the extent of a reaction. Because of the determination of color, pH indicators are susceptible to giving imprecise readings.
Alizarin yellow has a pH range of 10 to 12 where 10 for yellow and 12 for red. Bromocresol Green have a pH range of 3.8 to 5.4
Bromothymol Blue has a pH range of 6.0 to 7.6 where 6.0 for Yellow and 7.6 for Blue color. Methyl orange has a pH range of 3.1 to 4.4 where 3.1 is for red and 4.4 is for yellow color.
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recall that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. both ethanol and water had the same amount of thermal energy added to them, but their temperatures are different. why does the same amount of added energy (in water) not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol?
Answers
The same amount of added energy in water not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol because of temperature difference.
What is temperature?
The physical concept of temperature expresses in numerical form how hot or cold something is. A thermometer is used to determine temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, which historically defined various reference points as well as thermometric substances. The most popular scales are the Celsius scale, also known as centigrade, with the unit symbol °C, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), as well as the Kelvin scale (K), with the latter being primarily used for scientific purposes. One of the seven units inside the International System of Units is the kelvin (SI).
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules that make up a substance is how we define temperature in chemistry. A substance's constituent particles do not all possess the same kinetic energy. The distribution of the particles' kinetic energy at any particular moment can be used to describe it.
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A monatomic ideal gas expands slowly to twice its original volume, doing 300 j of work in the process. Find the heat added to the gas and the change in internal energy of the gas if the process is (a) isothermal; (b) adiabatic; (c) isobaric.
Answers
For isothermal process dq=-dw=-300J dU=0 , for adiabatic process dq=0 so dU=dw=300J.
What is isothermal process?
In this process the change in temperature is zero through out. So dT=0
What is adiabatic process?
The change in heat is zero through out. So dq=0
From first law of thermodynamics internal energy dU=dq+dw,
for isothermal process dT=0 and dU=n[tex]C_{v}[/tex]dT so dU=0 thus dq= - dw,= -300J.
for adiabatic process dq=0, so dU=dw=300J
What is internal energy ?
Any system for the virtue of its existence have energy known as internal energy.
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Rupert had three substances. A brown substance was a liquid at room temperature. He hit each of the other two with a hammer. A blue crystal cracked but did not break. A silver substance flattened but did not crack. Which two statements could be true?.
Answers
The correct ones are:
The silver substance is ionic.The brown substance is molecular.The silver substance is silver (Ag) and the brown substance is bromine (Br).
Silver is a monovalent inorganic cation, a silver cation, a monoatomic monocation, and an elemental silver. Cations and anions are held together by electrostatic forces to form ionic solids. Ionic solids are hard, brittle, and have high melting points due to the strength of these interactions.
A bromine compound is a molecule formed by the combination of two bromine atoms. Br2 is a reddish-brown liquid that is never found in its elemental form, but rather in inorganic compounds known as bromides and natural organo-bromine compounds.
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