The physical and living environment of Antarctica are changing as a result of the warming of the Antarctic Peninsula. As the sea ice conditions change, the distribution of penguin colonies has altered.
According to ice cores from Antarctica, present-day greenhouse gas concentrations are higher than ever, proving that warming on this continent is caused by human-induced climate change rather than a natural cycle. If these glaciers melt, the sea level will increase more. Over the next 50 years, a little increase in Antarctica's overall temperature is forecast. Any increase in the pace of ice melting is anticipated to be at least partially compensated by the warming's increased precipitation. A shelf of ice in East Antarctica did both in March 2022. The gigantic Conger-Glenzer ice shelf's collapse and breakup in March was one East Antarctic calving event that shocked the whole globe.
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in the usa today, how does the overall rate of soil erosion on cultivated land compare to the rate of formation?
Although soil is susceptible to erosion, like all core samples, under natural circumstances on moderate slopes, the rate of land production either balances or outpaces the rate of soil erosion.
Explain what soil erosion is.When water or wind impact separates and dissolves soil particles, the soil deteriorates gradually as a result of soil erosion. Poor water quality, soil erosion, and surface runoff have grown to be important problems all over the world.
What makes it known as soil erosion?The process of eroding away the topsoil or surface layer through the mechanical movement of surface particles caused by forces like wind, rivers, or even glaciers.
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what type of soil will you use for evaluation of the sr treatment? select one: a. dry particulate soils b. oil borne stains and soils c. composite soils d. aqueous borne stains and soils
Because they have different charges, Crystal Violet retained on the top of the soil column while Eosin Y was visible all the way down the column stains.
Each dye has a lot to do with cation exchange and polarity, and each dye ended up in various spots. This process is dependent on the soil's charges and binding sites, which are both connected to its ability to hold water. Crystal Violet remained near the top and left the site positively charged because it was anxious to take a hydrogen molecule and our soil had a negative charge. Polar Eosin Y diffused more quickly ability through the length of the soil column and shares our soil's negative net charge. A. It is challenging for scientists to learn about those who have passed away because of soil stains and other changes to the earth. A. It is challenging for scientists to learn about those who have passed away because of soil stains and other changes to the earth. B. Despite their best efforts, forensic anthropologists were never successful in locating the original James Fort. B. Despite their best efforts, forensic anthropologists were never successful in locating the original James Fort. C. The discovery of skeleton remains allowed scientists to pinpoint the position of the original James fort. C. The discovery of skeleton remains allowed scientists to pinpoint the position of the original James fort. D. By checking for soil stains the size of a human body or coffin, archaeologists can find old graves. Archaeologists.
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the metamorphosed marble around the solidified granitic (felsic) magma must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of:
The metamorphosed marble around the solidified granitic magma must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of baked contacts.
In the study of Geology, the principle of baked contacts states that the heat from magma will heat/bake or metamorphose the layer of sedimentary rocks it flows onto, and therefore the magma that comes in contact with the limestone will heat the limestone with an extremely high temperature causing the limestone mineral to grow and fused with one another resulting in a formation of a solidified layer of marble through metamorphism. This extreme heat and pressure is causing recrystalization of within the solidified limestone.
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Driest month and temperatures
Answer:
The driest month of the year is August with an average daily maximum of 44 C and an average low of 30 C.
3) Select 2 that apply.
What are two consequences that the agricultural revolution has had on the environment?
1.factories and machines making the production of goods much faster and cheaper than those that
were handmade
2.the destruction of ecosystems to make room for crops
3.the ability to use mostly fossil fuels (coal and oil) for energy purposes
4.the ability of human populations to settle down, build civilizations, and expand in vast numbers
Tar
The two consequences that the agricultural revolution has had on the environment are
the ability of human populations to settle down, build civilizations, and expand in vast numbers the destruction of ecosystems to make room for crops.What is the agricultural revolution?The term "agricultural revolution" refers to a number of cultural changes that originally created the opportunity for people to switch from a livelihood of harvesting and hunting to one of agriculture and animal civilization.
The Agricultural Revolution was the exceptional rise in agricultural output in Britain between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries as a result of gains in labor and land productivity.
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What do you predict earth's interior is like? how do its rocks compare to rocks on the surface?.
The interior of the Earth can be inferred from volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs. They also demonstrate one way in which the layers of the Earth communicate with one another.
On Earth, volcanoes are most frequently found where tectonic plates are separating or joining together, and the majority are underwater. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, has volcanoes brought on by divergent tectonic plates, whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes brought on by convergent tectonic plates. As in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, and the Rio Grande rift in North America, volcanoes can also form where the plates of the crust are being stretched and thinned. A diapir upwelling from the core-mantle boundary, located 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) beneath the Earth's surface, is thought to be the cause of volcanism that occurs away from plate boundaries. The Hawaiian hotspot is one example of the hotspot volcanism that results from this. Where two tectonic plates slide past one another, volcanoes typically do not form.
Large eruptions can change the atmosphere's temperature because the Sun is obscured by ash and sulfuric acid droplets, which cool the Earth's troposphere. In the past, major volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters that have resulted in devastating famines.
In addition to Earth, other planets have volcanoes. As an illustration, Mercury has pyroclastic deposits that were created by violent volcanic activity.
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After viewing the map on canada's forest regions (figure 5-13 page 113) what trends do you notice in terms of the location of sawmills and pulp and paper mills and the distribution of the majority of canada's population?
In terms of location, there is a trend in how the sawmills and pulp and paper mills as well as Canada's population is distributed, and this trend is:
Majority of Canada's population is South Location of Sawmills is higher in Cordilleran forests Location of pulp and paper mills is higher in Boreal forests How is Canada's population distributed?The north of Canada is quite close to the North pole and as a result, not many people stay there as the conditions are difficult for human survival. This is why the majority of Canada's population are located to the south.
Canada has a very large Saw mill industry and they are located mostly in the South as well. Based on the map on Canada's forest regions, these saw mills prefer Cordilleran forests as they have their highest density there.
Then there is Canada's pulp and paper mills industry which is also located south. They prefer to stay in the Boreal forest area and this is likely because the trees there favor their industry.
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Which list includes major events in the history of life on earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent?.
Major events in the history of life on earth in the proper order includes: first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first eukaryotes; colonization of land by plants and fungi.
Life is complex and challenging to define concisely, as evidenced by the presence of numerous definitions of life as described in the section above. Since the second half of the 19th century, living systems have been the subject of scientific study. However, the disparity in definitions and lack of agreement among experts also imply something else. Microbes are the earliest known life forms, on earth and they left traces of their existence in rocks that were 3.7 billion years old. A particular class of carbon molecule created by living beings made up the signals.
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which does not play a role in causing a rain shadow? cold polar air a mountain range adiabatic cooling humid ocean air
A rain shadow is not brought on by frigid polar air, claims the statement.
When it's humid, what does that mean?The amount or air containing water vapor is known as humidity. The dampness will be high when there is bunch enough water vapor present in the air. As the humidity increases, it feels more humid outside. In meteorologists, dampness is generally portrayed using the word "relative humidity."
Is humidity chilly or hot?Therefore, the sweat evaporation of water slows down so when the air's relative humidity is high, indicating that now the air seems to have a high amount of moisture. The outcome? You feel that it is hotter. If indeed the air is really dry, the opposite happens.
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explain at least three ways that the oil industry has affected the environment of the middle east. be sure to consider the processes of extracting, refining, and transporting oil.
Water resources are heavily polluted, salinity of water is high due to the process of oil extraction and refining.
The economies of many Middle Eastern nations, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen, and Persia, rely heavily on the oil sector. Environments for oil production might vary from one nation to another.
Maximum environmental harm is caused during the extraction phase, when oil is first extracted from the ground, as land is cleared to make room for machinery. Drilling sites' oil leaks damage the local wildlife and vegetation gasoline is produced during the refinement of oil. Oil refineries emit hazardous pollutants into the air and may harm the water nearby.
The stage of transportation could result in oil spills. Spills devastate the coral reef and pollute the water and land along the coast. These results may persist for a very long time.
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which of the following are factors that influence the amount of rainfall that becomes runoff versus groundwater?
Amount and type of vegetation, How dry the soil is, Type of soil on the surface, Steepness of the slope are factors that influence the amount of rainfall that becomes runoff versus groundwater
The characteristics, formation, or phase of the rainfall that is falling to the earth are frequently mentioned while discussing the many forms of precipitation in meteorology.
Precipitation can happen in one of three ways that are clearly distinct. Stratiform precipitation typically lasts longer and is less intense than convective precipitation. When moist air is forced upward over rising terrain and condenses on the slope, such as a mountain, orographic precipitation occurs.
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What makes a Jewish synagogue unique
Answer:
Architecture
Explanation:
One thing that makes synagogues unique from many other religious buildings is the lack of standardized architecture. Catholic churches are shaped like crosses, Buddhist stupas mimic mountains, but synagogues can take any shape or form. Part of this may relate to Jewish history: After being expelled from Jerusalem, Jews were often marginalized and segregated from mainstream society. Utilizing local architecture may have been a survival strategy that helped them blend in.
in a moderately warming climate, economically valuable trees like spruce will not thrive as well as less economically important species.
True, Economically significant trees like spruce will not fare as well in a moderately warming climate as less significant species.
The climate in savannas is pleasant all year round. In a savanna, there are actually two distinct seasons: a very lengthy dry season (winter) and a very wet season (summer). Only an average of 4 inches of rain fall during the dry season. There will be absolutely no rain between December and February. Surprisingly, the temperature is a little lower during this dry season. It is still just about 70 degrees F, so don't expect sweater weather.
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In looking at Figure 16.2, Stampede Pass and Bend both have elevations between 3500-4000 feet, but one receives many more inches of rain per year. Which of the following best explains the difference in precipitation?
Stampede Pass and Bend both have elevations between 3500-4000 feet, but one receives many more inches of rain per year.
Stampede Pass dumps into Interstate 90 after crossing the Yakima River (DP15), which you will then follow many miles south into the Cle Elum Valley. In 1881, the history of Stampede Pass began. The route builders' abrupt head-long surge gave the pass its original name, "Garfield Pass," after the 20th U.S. president. An assistant engineer working for the Northern Pacific Railway later changed the name to "Stampede." BNSF Railway now owns Stampede Pass. The corridor is mostly utilized for moving empty rail cars in a single direction because it is predominantly single-tracked, has short tunnel clearances, is not signaled, and has severe gradients.
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What are the three primary colors of light, and what happens when they are combined?.
Geologists know that potassium-40 decays to argon-40, with a half-life of 1. 3 billion years. If an analysis of a feldspar crystal in a sample of granite shows that 75 percent of the potassium-40 atoms have decayed to form argon-40, what is the age of the granite? the granite sample is years old.
The granite specimen dates back 2.6 billion years.
What components compose granite?Granite is a plutonic rock with a light tint that is mostly present in mountainous areas of the crustal. It consists of coarse quartz grains (10–50%), sodium feldspar, and potassium feldspar. These minerals make up about 80% of the rock's composition.
Briefing :
Given ,As we know that the radioactive decays follow the first order kinetics.
First we have to calculate the rate constant.
Formula used : [tex]t\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.693}{k}[/tex]
[tex]1.3 billion years[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.693}{k}[/tex]
[tex]k = 0.533 ( billion years )^{-1}[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the age of the sample of granite.
The expression for rate law for first order kinetics is given by :
[tex]k = \frac{2.303}{t}[/tex] [tex]log \frac{a}{a-x}[/tex]
where,
k = rate constant = 0.533
t = time taken for decay process = ?
a = initial amount of the reactant = 100 g
a - x = amount left after decay process = 100 - 75 = 25 g
Putting values in above equation, we get the age of the sample of granite.
[tex]0.533 = \frac{2.303}{t} log \frac{100}{25}[/tex]
t = 2.6 billion years
Therefore, the age of the sample of granite is, 2.6 billion years
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you are to create a concept map for engr 1181. this can be created by hand or on the computer, however it is to be submitted via carmen. you can use the internet to look up additional examples of concept maps
A concept map or a conceptual diagram, shows potential connections between concepts.
Technical writers, engineers, instructional designers and others can utilize concept maps to structure and organize knowledge. A concept map often depicts concepts and information as boxes or circles that are connected by labeled arrows, frequently in the form of a hierarchical structure with downward branches, although it can also take the shape of free-form maps.
Concept mapping is a method for displaying these connections between various concepts. Concept maps have been used, for instance with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism, to define the ontology of computer systems.
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Many satellites are moving in a circle in the earth's equatorial plane. They are at such a height above the earth's surface that they always remain above the same point.
(a) Find the altitude of these satellites above the earth's surface. (b) Explain, with a sketch, why the radio signals from these satellites cannot directly reach receivers on earth that are north of 81.3 N latitude.
The altitude of these satellites above the earth's surface is 3,588 10⁷ m, and the radio signals from these satellites cannot directly reach receivers on earth that are north of 81.3 N latitude because by the curve of the planet; consequently, the signals cannot reach these places
to find the altitude of these satellites above the earth's surface requires the use of the law of universal gravitation and Newton's second law.
as newton laws
F = ma
where, F is force, M is mass, and a is acceleration
and law of universal gravitation is
G m M / r² = F
where G is gravitation constant, m and M is mass, r is radius
so if we combine it will be
G m M / r² = m a ...(1)
formula of centripetal acceleration
a = v²/r
where, a is acceleration, v is velocity and r is radius
velocity factor equation is
v = d/t
where d is distance, and t is time
A complete orbit with a time (T) called the period circumnavigates the distance.
while distance of satellite is
d = 2πr
we can combile with velocity formula so,
v = d/t
v = 2πr/T
while,
a = v²/r ---->centripetal acceleration
so,
a = ( 2πr/T)²/r
a = (4π²r²/T²)/r ....(2)
insert equation 2 in expression 1
GM/r² = 4π²r/T²
GM/r³ = 4π²/T²
r = ∛ GM T² / 4π²
Re is the distance from the center of the earth which is the distance from the surface of the earth
formula of r is the distance from that object’s is
r = Re + h
Re + h = ∛ GM T²/4π²
h = ∛(G M T²/4π²) - Re
where, r is distance from that object’s , Re is radius of the Earth, h is altitude
Convert to SI units. time in second
T = 1 day (24 hours / 1 day) (3600 seconds / 1 hour)
T = 86400 seconds
let's do the math
h = ∛(G M T²/4π²) - Re
h = ∛ (6.67 10⁻¹¹ 5.98 10²⁴ (8.6400 10⁴)² / 4π²) - 6.37 10⁶
h = ∛ (75.42 10²¹) - 6.37 10⁶
h = 4.225 x 10⁷ - 0.637 x 10⁷
h = 3.588 10⁷m
b) In the appendix we find that for very large latitudes the straight path from the satellite to the earth is interrupted by the curvature of the planet. As a result, the signal cannot reach these locations
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Madagascar’s economy is focused on vanilla, while Saudi Arabia’s economy is centered around oil. Why have these countries chosen to specialize in these particular products?
Answer: These products are very difficult to produce. No other countries in the world trade these products.
match the term on the left to its definition regarding the relative location of transport of sediment by a glacier.
Regarding the relative location of transport of sediment by a glacier is: Englacially is Option C; Supraglacially sediment is Option A; Subglacially sediment is Option B.
Glaciers transport large amounts of sediments which may be carried at its base, on its surface, or internally. Englacially transported sediments are carried from within the ice of a glacier. Englacial processes are the body of the glacier or region between the bed and surface. Supraglacially transported sediments are carried from the top of the glacier. Supraglacial processes refer to the melting of debris-covered ice and re-sedimentation of the sediment cover. Subglacially transported sediments are carried from the base of a glacier. Subglacial processes refer to processes that occur at the ice sheet bed that cause the Earth’s surface to be worn down, broken up, and transported by ice.
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Hurricane season for the atlantic ocean lasts from june to november. Which factor makes an atlantic hurricane less likely to form during the month of march?.
The Atlantic Ocean's hurricane season runs from June to November. An Atlantic storm is less likely to occur in March due to the cool ocean water. When a hurricane crosses land, its wind speed decreases since it formed over sea.
When the ocean water is the hottest, hurricanes form. Hurricane season in the Atlantic runs from June 1 to November 30 every year, throughout the summer months. The ocean surface is warming due to our changing climate, which might extend the hurricane season.
Although the Atlantic basin's official hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, tropical cyclone activity can occasionally occur before and beyond these dates. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is September 10, with mid-August through mid-October seeing the highest activity.
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suppose that you have two rocks, each containing a radioactive isotope and its decay products. in rock a, there is an equal amount of the parent and the daughter. in rock b, there is twice as much daughter as parent. which rock is older? explain how you know this from the information given.
The youngest rock is the one with the largest ratio of daughter nuclei to parent nuclei, indicating that decay took place over the longest period of time. Oldest is Rock B.
Explain what rocks are.According to geology, a rock is just a naturally occurring material made up of crystalline crystals of ore deposits that have fused to together form a solid mass. The minerals might not even have formed simultaneously.
How are rocks used?They are a part of daily life and aid in the development of new technology. We use mineral deposits for things like construction, cosmetics, transportation, infrastructure, and appliances.
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Select the best answer that fills in the blanks to complete this sentence. The slopes that face to the southeast are warmer than the slopes that are facing to the northwest in these data acquired near winter solstice at 10 am in the morning. The reason why the slopes that FACE to the SOUTHEAST are warmer, is because in winter the sun comes up in the morning and is ____BLANK 1 _______. The slopes that face the northwest are steep and at 10am, they would have received ____BLANK 2 _____. The temperature difference is approximately ____BLANK 3 _____ on these two different sides of this canyon, just estimating temperatures from the key.
Below are your choices:
The slopes that face the northwest are steep and at 10am, they would have received . The temperature difference is approximately on these two different sides of this canyon, just estimating temperatures from the key.
The Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established land policy and territory government. Eventually, the area and a tiny portion of the land between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi rivers were divided into five states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. There are 44,000 people living in the Northwest Territories. Yellowknife, the capital of the NWT, is said to have more sunshine than any other Canadian city. There are 11 official languages in the Northwest Territories. The Northwest Territories once encompassed the entirety of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, as well as the majority of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The original, tiny province of Manitoba was separated from the region in 1870. From the Territories, Alberta and Saskatchewan were established in 1905.
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the rapid movement of sand by longshore drift could block access to the mainland by closing gaps in barrier islands and between spits. what steps can be taken to prevent further erosion?
The content and shape of the coastline are significantly influenced by longshore drift barrier islands.
It alters the beach slopes and produces spits, which are long, narrow shoals of land that project out from the shore. Along a shoreline, longshore drift can potentially completely alter or eliminate "barrier islands." Groins effectively restrict longshore transport, trapping longshore drift sediments on the updrift side (a process known as updrift accretion), but they also frequently lead to down drift erosion (a process known as down drift erosion), which is the erosion of sand. A spit is a sand ridge that juts out from the shore. The spit's tip might turn around and head for the calmer waters near the shore. Waves could also deposit sediment to create barrier islands and sandbars. This sheet of water can "capture" and carry beach sediment back out to sea as it moves on and off the beach. Longshore drift is a process that can significantly erode a beach barrier islands.
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is the magnitude and direction in the change in npp from grasslands to shrublands the same among the sites?
Yes, the magnitude and direction in the change in npp from grasslands to shrublands the same among the sites.
In shrublands and grasslands, wildfires are common. By evaluating the primary effects of wildfire on plant communities (such as secondary succession and species invasion), soil characteristics (such as water repellency (hydrophobicity), aggregation and structure stability, and contents of organic carbon and nutrients), and surface processes, the goal of this study is to give land managers a general overview (e.g., ash deposition, ground surface clogging, water runoff, soil erosion, hillslope debris flow, and dry ravel). The paper also explores how livestock grazing affects how post-fire grasslands and shrublands function. Despite the mention of mesic zones, this assessment concentrates on drylands. Grasslands and shrublands often have low to moderate fuel loading, which leads to relatively moderately intense wildfires and moderate burn severity.
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A satellite orbits the earth with an elliptical orbit modeled by x squared over 43 million eight hundred twenty four thousand four hundred plus y squared over forty seven million one hundred ninety six thousand nine hundred equals 1 comma where the distances are measured in km. The earth shares the same center as the orbit. If the radius of the earth is 6,370 km, what is the maximum distance between the satellite and the earth?.
According to the given information, the maximum distance between the satellite and the earth is 510 km.
The function that represents the elliptical route of the satellite is presented as follows;
[tex]\frac{x^2}{47,334,400} + \frac{y^2}{43,956,900}[/tex]
The compass of the Earth, R = ,370 km.
The equation of an cirque is presented as follows;
[tex]\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2} + \frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2}[/tex]
a = The major axis( the longer axis), which gives the maximum distance
between the satellite and Earth.
b = The minor axis( the shorter axis)
By comparison, we get;
a² = 47,334,400 km²
Therefore;
a = √(47,334,400 km²) = 6,880 km.
The distance between the satellite and the face of the Earth, d, is given as follows;
d = a - R
Which gives;
d = 6,880 km - 6,370 km = 510 km
Distance between the satellite and the face of the Earth, d = 510 km.
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you find a broad river valley (see cross section below, solid black area is water in a river channel) and decide to build your settlement there. what would be the possible pros and cons of building in different locations? what geologic hazards could you face at your location and how could you potentially remediate them?
Transportation, irrigated, productive land, and access to clean water are benefits. Unpredictable flooding and loss of homes, lives, and crops are drawbacks of habitation near river valley.
The term "river valley" refers to the natural channel(s) that a river and its tributaries have developed. This includes the river and any islands that may be there, as well as the river terraces—flat a l l u v i a l plains that the river has deposited—river banks, and flood plain lands. These geological structures are the result of moving glaciers and flowing rivers. The combined effects of gravity, water, and ice result in valleys, which are low-lying sections of land that have been eroded and washed out.
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geologists use a number of terms to describe the ways in which the oceans interact with land. identify the following examples by labeling the image.
The term used by geologists to discuss sea-land interactions is an estuary, swampy delta, coastal plains, Uplifted terrace, and sand dunes.
Discuss the terms in detail;
1. Estuary: A place where a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean is called an estuary. In estuaries, brackish water is created when a freshwater river and a salty ocean mingle. Although not as salty as the ocean, brackish water has some saltiness. Other names for an estuary include a bay, lagoon, sound, or slough.
2. Swampy Delta: A delta forms when a river empties into an ocean, sea, desert, lake, or simply into a bog. The main channel of this phenomenon splits into numerous streams, or distributaries Deltaic wetlands have a unique water balance that sets them apart from typical river basins, reservoirs, and lakes.
3. Uplifted Terrace: Any relatively flat area of marine origin that is bordered by a steeper ascending slope on one side and a steeper descending slope on the other is referred to as a marine terrace.
4. Sand dune: A dune is a sand mound that the wind creates, typically along a beach or in a desert. Sand accumulates in dunes when the wind drives it into a protected region behind a barrier.
5. Coastal plains: A flat, low-lying area of land near the water is known as a coastal plain. Coastal plains and the rest of the interior are divided by neighbouring landforms like mountains.
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two closely related soils, alfisols and ultisols differ in one key respect relative to the bt horizon. is the soil described in the previous questions an alfisol or ultisol?
Two closely related soils, Alfisols and Ultisols differ in one key respect relative to the Bt horizon. Is the soil described in the previous questions an Ultisol.
Strongly leached, acidic forest soils with low native fertility are known as ultisols (from the Latin ultimus, "last"). Typically on older, stable landscapes, they are most common in humid temperate and tropical regions of the world. Primary minerals have undergone intense weathering, and these soils have lost a significant amount of Ca, Mg, and K. Clays have built up in the underlying horizon of ultisols, frequently with intense yellowish or reddish tints brought on by the presence of Fe oxides. Ultisols are a type of soil that can be found in the Southeast of the United States. Aquults, Humults, Udults, Ustults, and Xerults are the five suborders that they fall under.
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Scientist often use ______________ which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere–ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics.
Scientists often use climate models, which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate dynamics.
Climate models, also known as general cyclic models or GCMs, use mathematical equations to describe how energy and matter interact in different parts of the oceans, atmosphere, and land. .
Climate models are important tools for improving our understanding and predictability of climate behavior on seasonal, annual, decade, and centenary time scales. Models investigate the extent to which observed change in climate can be attributed to natural variability, human activity, or a combination of both.
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