Suppose that a One-way ANOVA is being performed to compare the means of 4 populations and that the sample sizes are 14, 16, 19, and 13. Determine the degrees of freedom for the F-statistic. (a) the degree of freedom of the numerator (b) the degree of freedom of the denominator

Answers

Answer 1

The degrees of freedom for the F- statistic is:

(a) the degree of freedom of the numerator= 3

(b) the degree of freedom of the denominator= 58

What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

The statistical analysis tool known as analysis of variance (ANOVA) divides the observed aggregate variability present in a data set into two categories: systematic variables and random components. The random factors have no statistical impact on the presented data set, whereas the systematic factors do.

The sum of squares "is the sum of the square of variation, where variation is defined as the spread between each individual value and the grand mean".

If we assume that we have [tex]p[/tex] groups and on each group from [tex]j=1,...,p[/tex]we have [tex]n_{j}[/tex] individuals on each group we can define the following formulas of variation.

We know, we have this property

[tex]SST=SS_{between} +SS_{within}[/tex]

The degrees for the numerator are [tex]df_{num}=k-1=4-1=3[/tex], where k represents the number of groups (k = 4)

The degrees for the denominator are [tex]df_{den} =N-K=62-4=58[/tex], where N represent the total number of people (N = 14+16+19+13=62)

And the total degrees of freedom are given by:

[tex]df_{tot} =df_{num} +df_{den} =3+58=61[/tex]

Hence, degree of freedom of the numerator is 3 and the degree of freedom of the denominator is 58.

To learn more about analysis of variance:

brainly.com/question/28566238

#SPJ4


Related Questions

what is the slope of 0

Answers

It’s c your right great job

14.95x4.1
can someone explain how to like do it like how u get the answer

Answers

there’s this thing called a calculator

Which of the following examples represents a proportional relationship?

Answers

The example that represents a proportional relationship is A. y = -x

What is a proportional relationship?

Proportional relationships are relationships between two variables where their ratios are equivalent. Another way to think about them is that, in a proportional relationship, one variable is always a constant value times the other.

A relationship between two variables, x, and y, represent a proportional variation if it can be expressed in the form of y = kx.

In the proportional relationship, the constant of proportionality k is equal to the slope m and the line passes through the origin

It should be noted that y = -x is a linear equation that passes through the origin.

In conclusion, the correct option is A.

Learn more about proportional relationship on:

https://brainly.com/question/12242745

#SPJ1

a ladder reaches a maximum length of about 23 m. for any ladder to be safe, the angle it makes with the ground should be between 65° and 70°. one storey of a building is about 4 m. a fire breaks out on the fifth storey of a building. will the extension ladder reach the fifth storey safely?

Answers

Answer:

Given,

Let's assume the maximum safe height of wall = h

angle formed between ladder and ground = 70°

length of ladder = 16 ft

From the given data, it can be seen that ladder will form a right angle triangle structure with the wall

So,from the concept of trigonometry,

Sin70^o\ =\ \dfrac{\textrm{maximum safe height of wall}}{\textrm{length of ladder}}Sin70

o

=

length of ladder

maximum safe height of wall

= > Sin70^o\ =\ \dfrac{h}{16\ ft}=>Sin70

o

=

16 ft

h

= > \ h\ =\ 16\times Sin70^o=> h = 16×Sin70

o

=> h = 16 x 0.9396

=> h = 15.03 ft

So, the maximum safe height that can be reached by the ladder will be 15.03 ft.

Here is the Correct asnwer.

in how many ways can 66 people be seated in a row if 1) there are no restrictions on the seating arrangement?

Answers

240 people can seat in a row without restriction in an arrangement.

A permutation of a set is, loosely speaking, an arrangement of its members into a sequence or linear order, or if the set is already ordered, a rearrangement of its elements. The word "permutation" also refers to the act or process of changing the linear order of an ordered set.

Permutations differ from combinations, which are selections of some members of a set regardless of order. For example, written as tuples, there are six permutations of the set {1, 2, 3}, namely (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), and (3, 2, 1). These are all the possible orderings of this three-element set. Anagrams of words whose letters are different are also permutations: the letters are already ordered in the original word, and the anagram is a reordering of the letters. The study of permutations of finite sets is an important topic in the fields of combinatorics and group theory.

According to the question:

Consider A and B being the people sitting next to each other, as one entity AB or BA.

There are now 5 entities (one of two persons A and B and five of one single person) that have to be placed in a row.

With AB, there are thus 5! possibilities. With BA, there are also 6! possibilities.

Considering both, there are thus 2× 5! = 240 ways to seat 6 people in a row of six seats if two people insist on sitting next to each other.

Learn more about Arrangement:

https://brainly.com/question/28406752

#SPJ4

PLEASE HURRY! WILL GIVE AHYTHING!!
Spin a spinner with three equal sections colored red, white, and blue. What is P(yellow)?

33%
0%
100%
66%

Answers

Answer:33%

Step-by-step explanation: take 1 divided by 3 which equals 0.33 multiply that by 100 to get a percentage of 33 percent

you don't need to give me anything

Answer:

33%

Step-by-step explanation:

I want your chocolate.

What is the 62 th term of the sequence 11, 14, 17, 20...?

Answers

The 62th term is 194

1 1/6 + 1/6 what it the answer to the problem i showed

Answers

Answer:

1 1/3 or 4/3

Step-by-step explanation:

1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6

simplified, it would be 1/3 then you add the one, and you get 1 1/3 or (written as a mixed number,) 4/3

Answer:

2

Step-by-step explanation:

Since the denominator is the same, we can add the numerators.

11/6  +  1/6  =  12/6

We can simplify this to 2.

So, the answer is 2.

A fence is to enclose a field and divide it into 3 equal areas. If there is 1600m of fencing available. Find the dimensions of the field that will allow for the maximum area. HELPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Answers

The dimensions of the field that will allow for the maximum area are 200 meters by 400/3 meters

How to determine the dimensions of the field that will allow for the maximum area.

From the question, we have

Fencing available, Perimeter = 1600 meters

Number of sections, n = 3

Represent the dimensions with x and y

So, we have:

Area = Number of sections* x * y = 3xy

Perimeter = (Number of sections * 2x + 2(Number of sections) * y) = 6x + 4y

Recall that

Perimeter = 1600 meters

So, we have

6x + 4y = 1600

A = 3xy

Divide 6x + 4y = 1600 by 2

3x + 2y = 800

Make y the subject

y = (800 - 3x)/2

Substitute y = (800 - 3x)/2 in A = 3xy

A = 3x(800 - 3x)/2

So, we have

A = 1200x - 4.5x²

Differentiate and set to 0

1200 - 9x = 0

So, we have

9x = 1200

Divide by 9

x = 400/3

Recall that y = (800 - 3x)/2

So, we have

y = (800 - 3 x 400/3)/2

Evaluate

y = 200

Hence, the dimensions are 200 by 400/3

Read more about areas at

https://brainly.com/question/24487155

#SPJ1

if a tree is 10 inches tall after 1 year and grows 40 inches every 5 years how tall would it be in 19 years

Answers

Answer:

The total length of the tree in the total of 19 years (including the first year) would be 210 inches.

Answer: 210in

Step-by-step explanation:

If the first equation is multiplied by 3 and then the equations are added, the result is _____. 3x + y = 3 x - 3y = -2 10 x = 7 10 x = 11 8 x = 7.

Answers

Answer:

if the first equation 3x - 3y = -2 is multiplication by 3

therefore, 3x - 3y = -2

multiplied by 3

:9x - 9y = -6

then the equations are added,

9x - 9y = -2 + 10x + 710x + 118x + 7

9x + 10x + 710x + 118x + 9y + 7

947x + 9y = 7

an iphone 13 is on sale for $519.35. it is on sale for 35 off the regular price. what is the original price of the phone?

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:  

$519.35 + $35

The original price of the iPhone 13 is $554.35

The orginal price is $799

The mean number of years Americans work before retiring is 34. Which of the following will be a Type I error? (A) We conclude that the mean is 34 years when it really is not 34 years. (B) We conclude that the mean is 34 years when it really is 34 years. (C) We conclude that the mean is not 34 years when it really is 34 years. (D) We conclude that the mean is not 34 years when it really is not 34 years.

Answers

Type I error is We conclude that the mean is not 34 years when it really is 34 years. The correct option to this question is C.

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true is a Type I mistake. It entails drawing conclusions about outcomes that are statistically significant when, in fact, they were just the consequence of chance or unrelated causes.

The significance level you select (alpha or ) determines the likelihood that you will make this mistake. You determined that figure at the start of your research to determine the statistical likelihood of getting your results (p-value).

The typical significance level is 0.05 or 5%. If the null hypothesis is accurate, your results only have a 5% chance or less of occurring.

For more information on type I error kindly visit to

https://brainly.com/question/17438496

#SPJ4

3x+4/2=9.5 what is x

Answers

Answer:

x = 2.5

Step-by-step explanation:

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\boxed{\tt x=5}}[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

[tex]\tt \cfrac{3x+4}{2}=9.5[/tex]

Multiply both sides by 2:-

[tex]\tt \cfrac{2\left(3x+4\right)}{2}=9.5\times\:2[/tex]

[tex]\tt 3x+4=19[/tex]

Subtract 4 from both sides:-

[tex]\tt 3x=15[/tex]

Divide both sides by 3:-

[tex]\tt \cfrac{3x}{3}=\cfrac{15}{3}[/tex]

[tex]\tt x=5[/tex]

__

Hope this helps you!

Have a nice day!

given a circle that is divided into n identical sectors, and we have k different colors to paint it. how many ways can we paint it under the condition that no adjacent pieces have the same color?

Answers

The number of ways we can paint is g(nk)=1/n ∑d | n ϕ(d) ((k−1)^n/d +(−1)^n/d (k−1))

Given,

Whether your circle has named sectors (i.e., is fixed) or lacks labels will determine this (i.e. is free).

In the first scenario, inclusion-exclusion can be used to create sets Ai,j of colorings with adjacent sectors I and j having the same color. Next, generally

|Ai1,j1∩⋯∩Air,jr|={(k^n − r r<n) ( k r=n)

And inclusion-exclusion yields f(n, k), the number of sectors that are colored with k colors that are not related to any of Ai, j (i.e., do not have similar adjacent colors):

f(n, k) = ∑r = 0 n−1 (−1)^r (n, r) k^n - r + (−1)^n (n, n)k

And the result of adding and subtracting (1) is:

⟹f(n, k) = ∑r = 0 n−1 (−1)^r (n, r) k^n−r + (−1)^n (n, n)k = (k−1)^n + (−1)^n (k−1)

That is your response to the fixed circle.

Burnside's Lemma, which generates the cycle index of a combinatorial necklace, must be applied if you want the solution for a free circle (assuming the symmetries involved are merely rotations):

Z(Cn) = 1n∑d∣nϕ(d)an/dd

Then, n/d cycles with dN sectors in each cycle, an/dd permutations representing rotations of sectors, and (d) is the Euler Totient Function[4] are used.

Since each cycle must contain a single color from the n available options, we must swap out an/dd with f(n/d, k), resulting in a total of g(n, k) free colorings for n>1*:

g(n, k)=1/n ∑d∣n ϕ(d) ((k−1)^n/d +(−1)^n/d (k−1))

Learn more about number of ways here;

https://brainly.com/question/14531185

#SPJ4

the coefficient of determination is the proportion of variability of the dependent variable (y) accounted for or explained by the independent variable (x). true false

Answers

The Coefficient of determination is the proportion of variability of the dependent and independent variable this statement is true.

The primary result of the regression analysis is the coefficient of determination because it indicates the percentage of variations in the dependent variable that can be accounted for by the independent variable.

The effectiveness of a statistical model in forecasting a result is indicated by the coefficient of determination [tex]R^2[/tex]. The dependent variable in the model is a representation of the result. [tex]R^2[/tex] can have a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 1.

Researchers frequently rely on coefficient, also referred to as R-squared (or [tex]R^2[/tex]), when performing trend analysis to determine how strong the linear relationship is between two variables.

To know more about coefficient of determination is here

https://brainly.com/question/16258940

#SPJ4

Suppose our student center published data that the average starting salary for college graduates is 59k. You randomly sampled 49 college graduates and calculated the sample average salary is 44k. What test can you use to check whether the true average is 59k?.

Answers

One sample mean t test is used to to check whether the true average is 59k.

Average:

In statistics, average means a mean value which is equal to the ratio of the sum of the number of a given set of values to the total number of values present in the set.

Given,

Here we need to find in what test can you use to check whether the true average is 59k.

While we looking into the given question we have identified the following details,

Number of students = 49

True average = 59k

Sample average = 44k

In this given situation, the perfectly suitable test is one sample t test,

Why we used this because of a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether an unknown population mean is different from a specific value.

Suppose our student center published data that the average starting salary for college graduates is 59k. You randomly sampled 49 college graduates and calculated the sample average salary is 44k.

To know more about Average here.

https://brainly.com/question/16956746

#SPJ4

If Josh can run 1.5 miles in 12minutes, how long will it take him to run 4 miles?​

Answers

Answer:
The answer is 0.5

Answer:

if he can run 1.5 miles in 12 min he can run 4 miles in 0.5

How is a thermometer related to rectangular coordinate system

Answers

The thermometer relates with the rectangular coordinate system in the sense that both have

the y-coordinate is similar to the vertical tube of a thermometerthe x coordinate is similar to the substance or object being measuredgraduated scale for measurement

What governs a thermometer's operation?

The idea behind how a thermometer works is that solids and liquids tend to expand as a function of temperature.

Mercury starts to rise when a thermometer lamp is submerged in a particular solution or material. On a temperature scale, this increase in mercury is investigated.

The mercury in the tube is similar to the y coordinate which gives the output while the object being measured  is similar to the x coordinate which is the input

The graduation in thermometers into units that rises and falls is a similar feature in the rectangular coordinate system

The functions from thermometer can be plotted on a graph in a rectangular coordinate system

Learn more on rectangular coordinate system at:

https://brainly.com/question/17196563

#SPJ1

(2r+4) = (r+4) solve for r

Answers

Answer:

r = 0

Step-by-step explanation:

the first thing you can do to solve this equation is to remove the parenthesis

2r + 4 = r + 4

now subtract 4 from both sides

2r = r

subtract 4 from both sides

r = 0

that is your answer

The stem-and-leaf display represents scores achieved on a 100-point biology exam by the
34 members of the class. Identify the mean, median and mode for the data represented.

Answers

The measures of central tendency from the given stem-and-leaf plot are given as follows:

Mean: 74.62Median: 74.5.Mode: 73.

What is shown by the stem-and-leaf plot?

The stem-and-leaf plot shows the measures of the data-set, in which:

The left digit is the first digit.The right digit is the second digit.

For example:

4|7 = 47.

Hence all the measures of the data-set are given as follows:

47, 51, 56, 57, 62, 63, 63, 66, 66, 68, 68, 70, 71, 73, 73, 73, 73, 76, 76, 77, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 88, 90, 91, 93, 93, 97.

The mean is given by the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores, hence it is given as follows:

Mean = 74.62.

The median is the middle value of the data-set. The data-set has 34 elements, which is an even cardinality, hence the median is given by the mean of the 17th and of the 18th element, as follows:

Median = (73 + 76)/2 = 74.5.

The mode is the value that appears the most times in the data-set, which is of 73, as it is the only score to appear four times in the data-set.

More can be learned about stem-and-leaf plots at https://brainly.com/question/8649311

#SPJ1

Diandre completed 15 drills in 2 hours.
The rate is 15/2
What is the Unit Rate of 15/2?

Answers

If Diandre completed 15 drills in 2 hours, the unit rate will be 7.5 drills per hour.

What is the rate of change?

It is defined as the change in values of a dependent variable with respect to the independent variables.

It is given that, Diandre completed 15 drills in 2 hours. The rate is 15/2

A unit rate is a cost for just one of something. This is expressed as a ratio with a denominator of 1. For instance, it is useful in large applications like finding the average speed.

Thus, if Diandre completed 15 drills in 2 hours, the unit rate will be 7.5 drills per hour.

Learn more about the rate of change here:

brainly.com/question/12786410

#SPJ1

need help on 3 and 4 please!!

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

Maura runs 6 miles in 75 minutes. Ava runs 5 miles in 45 minutes.
Who runs faster?

Answers

Answer:

Ava is running faster than Maura.

Step-by-step explanation:

We are finding the speed in miles/minute.

6/75=0.08miles/minute

5/45=0.(1)miles/minute

0.(1)is greater than 0/08

Ava is running faster than Maura.

Name the property shown by each statement.
c x 1 = c
a. Commutative Property of Multiplication
b. Additive Identity
c. Multiplicative Identity
d. Associative Property of Multiplication

Answers

Answer:

c) Multiplicative Identity

Step-by-step explanation:

Given equation,

→ c × 1 = c

Then the given equation shows,

→ Multiplicative Identity

(number × 1 = number)

Hence, the option (c) is correct.

C

uses the multiplication sign<3

Write in lope intercept form an equation of the line that pae through the given point. (5,4) & (10,8)

Answers

The equation of the line in slope intercept form is y = 4/5 x.

Define the term slope intercept form?A line's equation of the sort y = mx + b can be given in slope intercept form. The m stands for the line's slope, and the b for the y-intercept. If you need to find a point on a line or compute for y given x, you utilize the slope intercept form.

For the stated question-

The given points are-

(x1, y1) = (5,4)

(x2, y2) = (10,8)

Slope m = (y2 -y1)/ (x2 - x1)

m = (8 - 4)/(10 - 5)

m = 4/5

Equation of the line;

y - y1 = m(x - x1)

y - 4 = 4/5 (x - 5)

y = 4/5 x - 4 + 4

y = 4/5 x

Thus, the equation of the line in slope intercept form is y = 4/5 x.

To know more about the slope intercept form, here

https://brainly.com/question/1884491

#SPJ4

consider the following page reference string: 7, 2, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 1, 0, 5, 4, 6, 2, 3, 0 , 1. assuming demand paging with four frames, how many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms?

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

a national computer retailer believes that the average sales are greater for salespersons with a college degree. a random sample of 14 salespersons with a degree had an average weekly sale of $3542 last year, while 17 salespersons without a college degree averaged $3301 in weekly sales. the standard deviations were $468 and $642 respectively. is there evidence to support the retailer's belief?

Answers

There is sufficient data to back up the assertion that salespeople with college degrees generate much higher average sales than salespeople without.

Given,

This is a test of the hypothesis that the means of the two populations differ.

The assertion is that salespeople with college degrees generate much higher average sales than salespeople without.

The alternative and null hypothesis are then:

H₀ ; μ₁ - μ₂ = 0

Hₐ ;  μ₁ - μ₂ > 0

The level of significance is 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation for sample 1 (college degree), with n1=14, are 3542 and 468, respectively.

The mean and standard deviation of sample 2 (non-college degree), with n2=17, are 3301 and 642, respectively.

Now,

Md = M₁ - M₂ = 3542 - 3301 = 241

Md=241 is the difference between the sample means.

The following formula is used to calculate the estimated standard error of the difference between means:

S Md = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) = √(468²/14 + 642²/17) = √(15644.6 + 24244.94) = 199.72

Then, we can calculate the t-statistic as:

t = (Md - (μ₁ - μ₂) / S Md = 241 - 0 / 199.72 = 241/199.72  = 1.21

The degrees of freedom for this test are:

Df = n₁ + n₂ - 2 = 14 + 17 - 2 = 29

Right-tailed tests have 29 degrees of freedom and t=1.21, so the following formula is used to determine the P-value for this test:

P Value = P(t > 1.21) = 0.118025

The effect is significant since the P-value (0.118025) is less than the 0.05 standard of significance.

The null hypothesis is rejected.

Therefore,

The idea that salespeople with college degrees generate much higher average sales than those without is supported by sufficient data.

Learn more about hypothesis here;

https://brainly.com/question/16986900

#SPJ4

an instructor flips a coin and divides her class into two groups: those who got heads and those who got tails. by doing this, the instructor has created

Answers

Dividing the class by using Coin flip , The instructor has created minimal group

Researchers employ a technique called the minimal group paradigm to instigate new social groups in the lab. The objective is to classify people into groups using minimal, meaningless, or arbitrary criteria.

A minimal group is a a group lacking interdependence, group cohesion, structure, and other characteristics typically found in social groups.

An example is a group of people disembarking from a bus.

According to the question ,

The instructor is dividing the class by means of coin

Here, the flipping of coin is an arbitrary criteria . Also , the group formed will be anonymous

Hence , the formed group will be minimal group

To know more about Minimal Group here

https://brainly.com/question/29510913

#SPJ4

Which inequality is a true statement?
Select each correct answer.


−3<−1

−3≤−1

−3>−1

−3≥−1

−3=−1

(please answer correctly)

Answers

Answer:

−3 < −1

−3 ≤ −1

Step-by-step explanation:

Symbol explanation

<  means "less than".>  means "more than".≤  means "less than or equal to".≥  means "more than or equal to".=  means "equal to".

A negative number is any number that is less than zero.

On the number line the negative numbers are to the left of the zero.

-3 is less than -1 because -3 lies to the left of -1 on the number line.

Therefore, the only given inequalities that are true statements are:

-3 < -1 as -3 is less than -1.-3 ≤ −1  as -3 is less than or equal to -1.
Other Questions
A company has just finished brainstorming around fifty names for its new product line. What are the next two steps it needs to take in the name development process?. what is the supplier relationship like when the vendor is viewed as an partner? (select all the items that apply.) as the amount of lateral gene transfer in a taxon increases, it becomes more difficult to infer relationships among lineages within the taxon and more difficult to infer species boundaries. which of the following is a comprehensive and useful tool when performing exercise testing or prescribing exercise to an individual with cardiovascular disease? permanent tax cuts have a larger impact on consumption spending than temporary ones. a. true b. false a knight sits on a castle wall during a siege. to while away the time, he notes that boul- ders catapulted from below land on the top of his wall with a vertical velocity of 7.6 m/s. if he is 35 m above the catapult, what is the initial velocity of the boulders? the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . answer in units of m/s. Why did the Plains Indian leaders agree to the Laramie Treaty if it did not allow them to move across the Plains quite as freely? What major historical event was beginning at the same time that the United States came into existence? The students dont like their new class schedule , question tag 2On a job evaluation, Deshaun was rated high in productivity by supervisors. What does this MOST likely mean? the aspect of personal health that is most within your control is multiple choice lifestyle. environment. genetic inheritance. human biology. What is the best GPU for the computer I am building. FILL IN THE BLANK. _____ aggregate customers' opinions related to products or services that they have purchased and then suggest them to others with the same interest.A)Recommendation Web sitesB)Group buying platformsC)Peer-to-peer e-commerce platformsD)Participatory e-commerce Web sites Why do most people find horror genre enjoyabele? explain you're reasons What sequence of exercises should you follow when training all major muscle groups in a workout?. a non-profit organization has obtained a temporary daily on-sale license for a fundraiser. who within the organization has to be rbs certified? a. the alcohol pourers b. the alcohol servers c. a designated person d. the owner suppose that a coin is tossed three times and the side showing face up on each toss is noted. suppose also that on each toss heads and tails are equally likely. let hht indicate the outcome heads on the first two tosses and tails on the third, tht the outcome tails on the first and third tosses and heads on the second, and so forth. (a) use set-roster notation to describe the elements in the sample space whose outcomes are all the possible head-tail sequences obtained in the three tosses. (b) Write each of the following events as a set, in set-roster notation, and find its probability. (i) The event that exactly one toss results in a head. set probability (ii) The event that at least two tosses result in a head. set probability (ii) The event that no head is obtained. set probability What aspect of todays business environment is central to the need for robust transaction management processing systems?. a nurse is teaching a client about maintaining a healthy heart. the nurse should include which point in teaching? 6. In 1963 hundreds of thousands Marched on Washington in hopes to -A.Bring about the resignation of John F. Kennedy for not helping with Civil Rights LegislationFree Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. from his jail cell in Birmingham, AlabamaB.C. Allow African Americans to run for pollical officeD. Win equality for African Americans wanting better jobs and better treatment