Shirley adds $2,000 to her savings on the last day of each year. Shawn adds $2,000 to his savings on the first day of each year. They both earn an 8% rate of return. What is the difference in their savings account balances at the end of 35 years

Answers

Answer 1

Explanation:

Shirley:-

Savings account balance after 35 years of CHRISTIE = 2000×(1.08)^35

= $31570.688

Shawn:-

Savings account balance after 25 years of Shawn = 2000 + 2000×(1.08)^34

= 2000 + 27380.2672

=$29380.2672

the difference in their savings account balances at the end of 35 years = $31570.6885 - $29380.2672

= $2190.4212


Related Questions

what should i do for college?

Radiology
Nursing
Crime Scene Technician
X-ray Technician
Vet Assistant
Dental Assistant
Accounting
Elementary Teacher
Pre-School Teacher

Answers

Crime scene technician

The tables below show the spending and revenue for Littleland in 2010. Use these tables to answer the following questions.
Spending Category Value (in Millions)
Education $320M
Welfare and Social Security $890M
Healthcare $270M
Defense $120M
Payments on Debt $170M*
Other $240M
*This payment covers total interest owned only.
Revenue Category Value (in Millions)
Income Tax $800M
Sales Tax $270M
Corporate Tax $300M
Social Insurance $340M
GDP in 2010 $7.3 Billion
Total Debt as of 2009 $3.5 Billion
1) How much money (in millions) did Littleland need to borrow in 2010 to finance its government spending?
2) At the end of 2010, what was Littleland's debt to GDP ratio? Give your answer to the nearest whole percentage point.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The total Expenditure  is the summation of all the following parameters ( Spending on Education, Spending on Welfare and social security,  Spending on Healthcare, Spending on Defense, Payments on Debt, Other Spending)

The total Expenditure = $(320+890+270+120+170+240) million

The total Expenditure = $2010 million

However;

The total Revenue = Income Tax+ Sales Tax+ Corporate Tax+ Social Insurance

The total Revenue = $(800+270+300+340) million

The total Revenue = $1710 million

The debt now will be the difference between the total expenditure and the total revenue.

Debt = $(2010-1710) million

Debt = $300 million

Therefore, Littleland needs to borrow  $300 million

At the end of 2010, the total debt = Total debt of 2009 + amount borrowed in 2010

Total debt of 2009 = $ 3.5 billion

amount borrowed in 2010 = $0.3 billion

At the end of 2010, the total debt =  $(3.5+0.3) billion

At the end of 2010, the total debt =  $3.8 billion

Therefore; the Debt to GDP ratio in 2010 = 3.8/7.3 = 52.05%

The Debt to GDP ratio in 2010 = 52.05%

To the nearest whole percentage ≅ 52%

A bond has a coupon rate of 8.6 percent and 5 years until maturity. If the yield to maturity is 8.2 percent, what is the price of the bond? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

Answers

Answer:

$1,015.89

Explanation:

Annual coupon = 1000*8.6% =86

Present value of annuity = Annuity[1-(1+interest rate)^-time period]/rate

= 86*[1-(1.082)^-5]/0.082

= 86*3.971751714

Present value of discounting factor=1000/1.082^5

= 674.316359

= 1000*0.674316359

Price of bond = Annual coupon*Present value of annuity factor(8.2%,5) + $1000*Present value of discounting factor(8.2%,5)

Price of bond = 86*3.971751714 + $1000*0.674316359

Price of bond = 341.570647404 + 674.316359

Price of bond = 1015.887006404

Price of bond = $1,015.89

Legal status of a person or entity that cannot repay the debts they oweStays on credit report for 7 years

Answers

Answer:

i think its 5

Explanation:

because the overtime of this will add up

When the allowance method is used for bad debts, the entry to write off an individual account known to be uncollectible involves a

Answers

Answer:

debit to the Allowance account.

Explanation:

GAAP is an acronym for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, it comprises of the accounting standard, procedures and principles used by public institutions in the United States of America. The U.S GAAP is issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

IFRS is an acronym for International Financial Reporting Standards, it comprises of a set of accounting standards or rules issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The International Financial Reporting Standards ensures that statement of income, when reported by accountants is consistent, transparent and comparable globally.

According to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), when the allowance method is used for bad debts, the entry to write off an individual account known to be uncollectible involves a debit to the allowance account.

Recovery of Previously Written Off A/R
September 10-King pays the $200 previously
written off as uncollectible.
Prepare both journal entries.​

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The journal entries are shown below

On Sep 10

Account receivable - king $200

            To Bad debt expense $200

(Being the reinstate previously written off account receivable is recorded)

Here account receivable is debited as it increased the assets and credited the bad debt expense as it decreased the expenses

On Sep 10

Cash Dr $200

    To Account receivable - king $200

(Being cash collection is recorded)

Here the cash is debited as it increased the assets and account receivable is credited as it decreased the assets

Briefly explain why the data Brainard cites indicate that the Phillips curve is relatively flat.

Answers

Answer:

C. The flatter the Phillips​ curve, the less the inflation rate will​ rise, and the inflation rate has not risen much.

Explanation:

The following information is

There is a decline in the unemployment rate from 8.2% to 4.4%

The main inflation would be undershot 2 percent for 58 months

Based on the above information

The reason behind the Phillips curve be flat is that the lower rate of inflation would increased also the rate of inflation would not increased much as it should be increased

Therefore the option C is to be selected

Which of these elements contributes toward globalization of the economy?

Answers

The element which contributes to the globalization of the economy is the use of foreign labor. Therefore, A is the correct option.

What is globalization?

Globalization is the process of globalizing trade, goods, and services. Under this process, the trade, import, and export barriers are at a minimum. Not only the goods and services but the culture and customs of one country are also seen to be adopted by other countries under globalization. Globalization is the process of interacting with other countries by globalizing.

The process of globalization involves many ways including people-to-people contact such as visiting other countries; increasing trading by enhancing the value of imports and export; increasing the cultural contact between the countries such as Yoga which is an ancient wisdom of India is now becoming a part of the daily routine of many people around the globe.  

Thus, the employment of foreign labor is a factor in the globalization of the economy. As a result, choice A is the best one.

Learn more about globalization here:

https://brainly.com/question/15283031

#SPJ2

The given question is incomplete. The complete question is given below.

Which of these elements contributes toward globalization of the

economy?

A. Use of foreign labor

B. Import duties and tariffs

C. Anti-immigration policies

D. Opportunity costs

Exclusive distributorships are: a. covered under the Robinson-Patman Act. b. illegal per se. c. questioned when there is no interbrand competition. d. all of the above

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is c. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORSHIPS are questioned when there is no interbrand competition

Explanation:

The process in which a manufacturer of a goods or product decide and as well authorize that their would be only one distributor who will be the seller of their products or goods in a territory, a region or a Market is what is called EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORSHIPS reason been that the manufacturer of such product want to know how good their products is in the territory and to get feedback from the customer about their products in order to take important action in a situation where their is lapses about their products.

Secondly in a situation where their is no INTERBRAND COMPETITION the EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORSHIPS are been questioned reason been that INTERBRAND COMPETITION

occur when a manufacturer or producer of a products differentiate their products from other products that is sold in the same market where their products is been sold example of INTERBRAND COMPETITION is Mirinda drink versus Fanta

Therefore EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORSHIPS are questioned when there is no interbrand competition.

Guerilla Radio Broadcasting has a project available with the following cash flows : Year Cash Flow 0 −$15,700 1 6,400 2 7,700 3 4,500 4 4,100 What is the payback period?

Answers

Answer: 2.36 years

Explanation:

Payback period is the amount of time it will take to pay off the initial investment/ outlay which in this case is $15,700.

= Year before investment is paid + (Amount remaining/ Cashflow in year of Payback)

Add up the cashflows to find the year before payback;

= 6,400 + 7,700

= $14,100

Year before payback = 2

Amount remaining;

= 15,700 - 14,100

= $1,600

Payback period = 2 + (1,600/ 4,500)

= 2.36 years

Stock prices and stand-alone risk You invest $100,000 in 40 stocks, 20 bonds, and a certificate of deposit (CD). What kind of risk will you primarily be exposed to?
a. Portfolio risk
b. Stand-alone risk
Generally, investors would prefer to invest in assets that have: _________.
a. A high level of risk and low expected returns
b. A low level of risk and high expected returns

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The risk that primarily be exposed is portfolio risk as the portfolio risk is the risk in which the risk is associated with the overall portfolio. On the other hand the stand alone risk is the risk that is associated with the single one only.

Since in the given situation, there is a different type of investment this represents that this is a portfolio risk

The investor always prefer for less level of risk and the high expected return in order to maximize the investment return with lesser risk level

A company has a discount on a forward contract for an asset. How is the discount recognized over the life of the contract?

Answers

Answer: It is charged to accumulated other comprehensive income.

Explanation:

The discount is recognized over the life of the contract when it is charged to accumulate other comprehensive income.

HelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelp

Answers

Answer:

okokokokokokokokokokokookokokokokokokok

Answer:

Idkidkidkidkidkidkidk

Explanation:

In the formula FV=P(1+r)n, what is the n or period if the term is 10 years compounded yearly at 12% per annum?
10 b) 40 c) 120 d) 12

Answers

Answer:

a 10

Explanation:

The formula to compute the future value is shown below

Future value = Present value × (1 + rate of interest)^number of years

where,

The Rate of interest is 10%

And, the number of years or term is 10 years

Therefore as per the given situation, the correct option is a.

hence, the same is to be considered

Suppose the demand for a price maker’s product is estimated to be Qd = 100 – 2P and its total cost function is C(Q) = 10Q. Under first-degree price discrimination, what will be the firm’s profits?

Answers

Answer: See explanation

Explanation:

From the question,

Qd = 100 – 2P

We have to use the subject of the formula to get the expression for Price(P). This will be

2P = 100 - Qd

P= (100 - Qd) /2

P = 50 - 0.5Q

Also, C(Q) = 10Q

MC = 10

Since P = MC

50 - 0.5Q = 10

Collect like terms.

50 - 10 = 0.5Q

0.5Q = 40

Q = 40/0.5

Q = 80

Recall that,

P = 50 - 0.5Q

= 50 - 0.5(80)

= 50 - 40

= 10

The profit will be calculated as:

= TR - TC

where,

Total revenue = Price × Quantity

= 80 × 10 = 800

Total cost = 10Q = 10 × 80 = 800

Profit = 800 - 800 = 0

Suppose people with 15 years of schooling average earnings of $60,000 while people with 16 years of education average $66,000.
a. What is the annual rate of return associated with the 16th year of education?
b. It is typically thought that this type of calculation of the returns to schooling is biased, because it doesn't take into account innate ability or innate motivation. If this criticism is true, is the actual return to the 16th year of schooling more than or less than your answer in part (a)?

Answers

Answer:

a. The annual rate of return associated with the 16th year of education is:

9.1%

b. The actual return of return to the 16th year of schooling is more than 9.1%.

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

Average income for people with 15 years of schooling = $60,000

Average income for people with 16 years of schooling = $66,000

Income associated with the 16th year of education = $6,000 (66,000 - 60,000)

Annual rate of return with the 16th year of education = $6,000/$66,000 * 100 = 9.1%

A proposed new project has projected sales of $195,000, costs of $92,000, and depreciation of $25,200. The tax rate is 25 percent. Calculate operating cash flow using the four different approaches. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
Operating cash flow
EBIT +Depreciation - Taxes 58,800
Top-down
Tax-shield
Bottom-up

Answers

Answer:

EBIT + Depreciation - Tax

= (195000-92000-25200) + 25200 - 19450

= $83,550

Top down OCF = EBIT - (EBIT * Tax) + Depreciation  

Top down OCF = (195000-92000-25200) - ((195000-92000-25200) * 0.25) +25200

Top down OCF = 77800 - 19450 + 25200

Top down OCF = $83,550

Tax shield OCF = (Sales - Exp) (1-tax) + (Dep * tax)  

Tax shield OCF = (195000-92000) (1-0.25) + (25200 * 0.25)  

Tax shield OCF = 77250 + 6300

Tax shield OCF = 83550

Bottom Up OCF = Net Income + Dep

Bottom Up OCF = (77800 * (1-0.25) + 25200

Bottom Up OCF = 83550

SEE
What characters can be included in a macro name? Check all that apply.
letters
numbers
spaces
underscores
BO
symbols

Answers

Answer:

Letter

Number

Underscores

Explanation:

A Macro names should mainly comprise of alphanumeric characters which is made up of mainly letters and numbers. Underscores as well as the first key being in capital is also important.

Space isn’t necessary as it has no clearly defined function .

Answer:

1) Letters

2) Numbers

3) Underscores

Explanation:

got it right on edge

Why would you want to limit your borrowing when making economic decisions ?

Answers

Answer:

so they can end up spending less on interest payments and credit card fees.

Explanation:

Variance analysis is important to the management because:_____.
A. It helps management determine the reasons that actual costs varied from budgeted costs.
B. It helps management determine which department operated most efficiently.
C. It helps management determine the bottleneck of the production line.
D. All of the answers are correct.

Answers

Answer:

D. All of the answers are correct.

Explanation:

Given that Variance Analysis is a form of measuring and controlling methods used by a business management team to maintain and monitor the firm's planned cost and sales with the eventual outcome of cost spent and sales generated.

To achieve this, the process helps in determining the disparity between the actual costs of budgeted costs.

It also helps them to know which department is more productive and

It also helps to discover where the problems or difficulties exist in the production process

Hence, in this case, the correct answer is option D, All of the above. Because the option A to C satisfies the answer.

You own a portfolio equally invested in a risk-free asset and two stocks. If one of the stocks has a beta of 1.08 and the total portfolio is equally as risky as the market, what must the beta be for the other stock in your portfolio?

Answers

Answer: 0.92

Explanation:

Beta is a measure of riskiness and Market beta is always 1.

The total portfolio therefore has a beta of 1.

Portfolio Beta is weighted average of the betas of the composite stocks.

The stocks are equally invested in so their weights are 0.5.

Assume the beta needed is x.

(0.5 * 1.08) + (0.5 * x) = 1

0.54 + 0.5x = 1

0.5x = 1 - 0.54

x = 0.46/0.5

= 0.92

Samantha is interested in setting up her own accounting firm and wants to speciallze in the area ofaccounting that has experlenced the most
significant growth in recent years. Which area of accounting should she choose as her specialty?


Samantha should choose_______as her specialty.

Fill in the blank

Answers

Answer:

Samantha should choose Financial Accounting

Explanation:

Financial Accounting is the area of accounting that has experienced the most growth in recent years. This is because of the large size and complexity of financial markets, and the increasing importance that they have in the overall economy.

Financial Accounting specializes in the recording and analysis of financial transactions. Financial transactions are those that a firm uses to obtain funds in order to invest in new projects, pay off other obligations, or simply capitalize the firm.

A _____ chart shows individual figures at a specific time, or shows variations between components but not in relation to the whole.

Answers

Answer:

Bar chart

Explanation:

A bar chart can as well be regarded case a "bar graph", it can be explained as a chart/graph that gives the representation of categorical data as a

rectangular bars, where the height of the rectangular bars will equal to the data values they are representing. This bars could be horizontally or vertically plotted. It should be noted that bar chart shows individual figures at a specific time, or shows variations between components but not in relation to the whole.

If Xiu Li organized focus groups to discuss the idea of flavored additives with Hope Springs customers, this would be an example of

Answers

Answer: concept testing

Explanation:

Concept testing is simply used by a company or organization to determine whether customers will accept a product or not. In this case, a survey can be used to know if they'll except such product before it's introduction to the market.

Since Xiu Li organized focus groups to discuss the idea of flavored additives with Hope Springs customers, this would be an example of concept testing.

Which statement best describes what a project manager controls?
the overall choice of which work becomes a project
the overall deadline when a project is due
the overall resources allocated for a project
the delegation of responsibilities in a project

Answers

Answer:

I believe it’s the delegation of resources

Explanation:only other logical choice is delegation of responsibilities but that’s up to the boss or who assigned the project in the first place

The statement that best describes what a project manager controls is the delegation of responsibilities in a project.

Who is a project manager?

A project manager refers to the person who has the responsibility of planning and executing a project.

The delegation of responsibilities in a project is the best statement that describes what is controlled by the project manager.

Therefore, D is the correct option.

Learn more about the Project manager here:

https://brainly.com/question/15404120

#SPJ2

Varughese Incorporated is working on its cash budget for March. The budgeted beginning cash balance is $33,000. Budgeted cash receipts total $182,000 and budgeted cash disbursements total $191,000. The desired ending cash balance is $40,000. The excess (deficiency) of cash available over disbursements for March will be:

Answers

Answer:

$24,000

Explanation:

Beginning Cash Balance       33,000

Budgeted Cash Receipt        182,000

Total Available Cash                                       215000

Less: Cash Disbursements                             -191,000

Total excess (deficiency) of cash available  $24,000

A well-defined road map to achieving a career goal is a/an: ​

Answers

Answer:

A career plan

Explanation:

A career plan is kinda like a road map for achieving your career goals!

Hope this helps and peace and love

What do you recommend that Penelope do with the request to form a company-sponsored affinity group, The Splendid Seniors

Answers

Incomplete question. The full question read;

Penelope is the vice president of HR at a large utility company, Power Energy. The company prides itself for its culturally diverse workforce, including a leadership team that is demographically and culturally diverse. One of the company initiatives for recognizing the rights of different groups are the company sponsorship of affinity groups. Power Energy affinity groups (also referred to as employee network groups) include the Latino Association. The Black Tech Workers Group, The Gay Workers Alliance, and the Lesbian Rainbows. The groups receive both encouragement and a modest financial budget from the company. Penelope is the official coordinator for these groups and has helped each group form a charter and organize meetings. Last week she received an email from five workers who have decided to form another affinity group, Power Energy employees. 60 years of age and older. Skeptical of the purposes of such a group, Penelope holds a meeting with the group who is attempting to form the new affinity group, “ The Splendid Seniors. ” During the meeting, members of the Splendid Seniors explain to Penelope that the company has a large number of workers aged 60 and over who collectively have special interests. Ron, the leader of the group, explains that many senior workers like to talk about retirement, as well as their concerns that Power Energy might soon cut their retirement and medical benefits. Ron also pointed out that if the company can sponsor affinity groups for Latinos, Blacks, Gays, and Lesbians, the company should be willing to support a group organizing itself by age. Penelope explains to the group that an affinity group is usually reserved for Equal Opportunity Commission (EEO) protected groups such as race, gender, and sexual orientation. She also asks why outside of talk about future retirement, workers over 60 have any particular concerns that would warrant a company-sponsored affinity group. Ron replied, “ I and the rest of the group are disappointed. We thought that Power Energy really believed in demographic diversity. ” Penelope replied that she would give the subject of an affinity group for people 60 and over some more thought.

What do you recommend that Penelope do with the request to form a company-sponsored affinity group, The Splendid Seniors?

Answer:

She should support the request.

Explanation:

Remember, all the group employees want is to be recognized as an affinity group having the same rights as other existing affinity groups. In fact, her refusal to accept the group's requests only reinstills in them the desire to get equal treatment.

Also, The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 is against discrimination in the workplace on the basis of age (especially for employees who are 40 years of age and above), such as preventing them from having similar privileges as others.

Therefore, Penelope should reconsider her decision, and then grant the workers over 60 right to form their own affinity group.

What are the arithmetic and geometric average returns for a stock with annual returns of:__________.
a) 4%,
b) 9%,
c) -6%,
d) 18%

Answers

Answer:

Arithmetic average return = 6.25%

Geometric average return = 5.89%

Explanation:

Annual returns of 4%,  9%,  -6% and  18%

Arithmetic average return of the stock = ∑ 4%,9%,-6%,and 18% / n

= 25%/4

= 6.25%

Geometric average return formula = x1,*x2*x3 .....^1/n  - 1

Geometric average return = 1.04*1.09*(1-0.06)*1.18^1/4 -1

Geometric average return = 1.04*1.09*0.94*1.18^1/4 - 1

Geometric average return  = 1.25789^1/4-1

Geometric average return = 1.0589 - 1

Geometric average return = 0.0589

Geometric average return = 5.89%

C Co. reported a retained earnings balance of $200,000 at December 31, 2017. In September 2018, C determined that insurance premiums of $30,000 for the three-year period beginning January 1, 2017, had been paid and fully expensed in 2017. C has a 30% income tax rate. What amount should C report as adjusted beginning retained earnings in its 2018 statement of retained earnings

Answers

Answer:

$214,000

Explanation:

The computation of the amount that report as adjusted opening retained earning is shown below:

Per year insurance premium is

= $30,000 ÷ 3 years

= $10,000

Now the beginning retained earning would be understated by

= ($30,000 - $10,000) - ($200,000 × 30%)

= $20,000 - $6,000

= $14,000

Now the amount adjusted is

= $200,000 + $14,000

= $214,000

Other Questions
ASAP the bill of rights was originally was originally written in response to what?a. the british kings statements during the revolutionary period b. parliaments statements during the revolutionary period c. the parliaments laws passed during the revolutionary period d. the articles of confederation Can sum1 help plz!! Solve Each Equation5. -8(5+4x)=-2326. -84=4(4r+7) Which of the following show the correct pairing of photosynthesis reactants and products? Reactants: Oxygen, ATP Products: glucose, oxygen Reactants: Oxygen, ATP, , Products: glucose, oxygen, Reactants: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water Products: ATP, Hydrogen peroxide, water Reactants: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, , Products: ATP, Hydrogen peroxide, water, Reactants: glucose, oxygen, sunlight Products: carbon dioxide, water, ATP Reactants: glucose, oxygen, sunlight, , Products: carbon dioxide, water, ATP, Reactants: carbon dioxide, water, sunlight Products: glucose, oxygen What is the power output in watts and horsepower of a 70.0-kg sprinter who accelerates from rest to 10.0 m/s in 3.00 s I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST, SHOUTOUT, 5 STARS, AND A THANK YOU IF YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS CORRECTLY!!!! Help! I need help asap When the government aims to balance its budget, it primarily tries to ensure thatrevenue is greater than spending.borrowed funds can be repaid.taxes remain the same.spending matches revenue. Find the length of side x in simplest radical form with a rational denominator.605X30 Dennisport Corporation has an acid-test ratio of 1.7. It has current liabilities of $56,000 and noncurrent assets of $87,000. The corporation's current assets consist of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and inventory. Of Dennis Port current ratio is 2.3, its inventory and prepaid expenses must be: Find the average rate of change of the function f(x)=(3/-3x-5), on the interval x [0,3] Which of the components of the box model is transparent and does not take a background color? content padding border margin PLEASE HELP!!! WILL MARK BRAINLIESTRead the dialogue and the question. Then, choose the correct option to complete the dialogue.Pedro: Buenos das, Marta! Dars de comer a las gallinas esta tarde?Marta: S, con mi hermana pequea. ________.Pedro: Es bueno aprender ahora.Marta: S. Cuidar a los animales los tres meses.Based on the dialogue, what will Marta most likely say? (2 points)Group of answer choicesElla trabajar en una granja en el veranoElla jugar conmigo maanaElla vivir en la ciudad el prximo aoElla leer en la clase de historia What happens when a person is stressed to deliver more oxygen through the body to power muscles and tissues? 1 Blood pressure increases 2 Muscles tense up 3 Breathing rate increases 4 Heart beats faster PLEASE HURRY SHE MIGHT CATCH ME CHEATING What was one effect of the French and Indian War on Great Britain's Americancolonies?OA. Great Britain forced the colonists to expand into new lands.OB. Great Britain expected the colonists to pay higher taxes.OC. Great Britain refused to use its troops to defend the colonists.OD. Great Britain punished the colonists for supporting France. What is the solution set for 4x - (x + 1) < 5x - 7 ?A. x < -6B. x < -8C. x > 4D. x > 3 the significance of the corpse of discovery anything made of matter must I need help on this one The law of conservation of energy states that