Answer:
$762
Explanation:
Calculation of
Employer Payroll tax expenses can be seen as the additional expenses which are over and above the expense of an employee's gross pay.
Therefore the employer portion of payroll taxes includes Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, Federal
unemployment taxes (FUTA) and State unemployment taxes (SUTA).
Salary for the month of January $4,000 (48,000/12)
Social Security tax ( 6.2%×4,000) $248
Medicare taxes ( 1.45%*4,000) $58
State Unemployment taxes (5.4%* 4,000)
$216
Federal Unemployment taxes (0.6%*4,000)$240
Total employer's payroll tax expense
=$248+$58+$216+$240=$762
Therefore the employer's payroll tax expense associated with Rick's paycheck will ebe $762
g "If a product sells for $22, variable costs are $12 and fixed costs are $280,000, what would total sales have to be in order to break-even?"
Answer:
$616,061
Explanation:
The computation of the break even sales is shown below:
As we know that
Break even point = (Fixed expenses) ÷ (Profit volume Ratio)
where,
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable expense per unit
= $22 - $12
= $10
And, Profit volume ratio = (Contribution margin per unit) ÷ (selling price per unit) × 100
So, the Profit volume ratio = (10) ÷ (22) × 100 = 45.45%
And, the fixed expenses is $280,000
Now put these values to the above formula
So, the value would equal to
= ($280,000) ÷ (45.45%)
= $616,061
Define business inventories and explain how they are counted in GDP.
Answer:
Business Inventories refer to the excess of goods produced over goods sold. In a given year, final goods and services are produced for sale so they are consumed. However, not all of these goods are consumed with the rest being consumed in another period. These goods that were not sold for consumption will then fall under Business Inventories.
When accounting for them in GDP, only the increase in Inventory is added. This way the inventory is accounted for in the year that it was produced in. Specifically speaking, Inventories fall under the Investment component of GDP and is typically referred to as Inventory Investment.
One problem that communication, learning, and employee involvement have in minimizing resistance to change is that they:__________.
Answer: D. Are Time Consuming
Explanation:
Communication, Teaching employees and involving them in policies are very useful tools in reducing employee resistance to trade but they can be quite time consuming. Having to communicate explain every change to employees, why it is to be done and how it will be of benefit will take time that could have been spent producing results.
Also involving them in key decision making can have the same temporal effect because the decisions will have to go through more people than before to be approved. The process will become more bureaucratic.
The Silver Corporation uses a predetermined overhead rate to apply manufacturing overhead to jobs. The predetermined overhead rate is based on labor cost in Department A and on machine-hours in Department B. At the beginning of the year, the Corporation made the following estimates: Department A Department B Direct labor cost $ 60,000 $ 40,000 Manufacturing overhead $ 90,000 $ 45,000 Direct labor-hours 6,000 9,000 Machine-hours 2,000 15,000 What predetermined overhead rates would be used in Department A and Department B, respectively?
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Department A:
Direct labor cost= $60,000
Manufacturing overhead= $90,000
Department B:
Manufacturing overhead= $45,000
Machine-hours= 2,000
To calculate the predetermined manufacturing overhead rate we need to use the following formula:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= total estimated overhead costs for the period/ total amount of allocation base
Department A:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= 90,000/60,000
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $1.5 per direct labor dollar
Department B:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= 45,000/2,000= $22.4 per machine-hour
A company has net income of $182,000, a profit margin of 10.00 percent, and an accounts receivable balance of $106,201. Assuming 75 percent of sales are on credit, what is the company's days' sales in receivables?
Answer:373
Explanation:
i think it is beause you do youe calater
If the premium had been $9,888 for a two-year period, how should the prepaid amount at December 31, 2019, be reported on the balance sheet?
Answer:
The prepaid amount of $4,944 ($9,888/2) should be reported as Prepaid Insurance in the Current Assets side after the Accounts Receivable balance.
Explanation:
Prepaid expense is one of the items adjusted at the end of the accounting period. The purpose is to remove the prepaid element from the total amount so that only expenses relating to the current period are reported in the current period's income statement. This is in line with the accrual concept and the matching principle of generally accepted accounting principles. These require that expenses and revenue are matched to the period under which the expenses are incurred or the revenue earned, and that expenses are matched to the revenues they generated, and vice versa.
Several years ago a city established a sinking fund to retire an issue of general obligation bonds. This year the city made a 550,000 contribution to the sinking fund from general revenues and realized 515,000 in revenue from securities in the sinking fund. The bonds due this year were retired. These transactions require accounting recognition in which of the following funds? (AICPA adapted)
a. General Fund
b. Debt Service Fund
c. Debt Service Fund and General Fund
d. Capital Projects Fund, Debt Service Fund, and General Fund
e. None of the above
Answer: c. Debt Service Fund and General Fund
Explanation:
The Sinking fund is a Debt Service Fund as it was created to retire some general obligation bonds. Every transaction that had to do with the retirement of debt as well as contribution to the retirement of debt would go in this account.
The General fund is also needed because this is the main fund of a Government entity. Everything that does not go through special funds is recorded here. This Fund therefore would show that the city made a $550,000 contribution to the sinking fund.
Data from the financial statements of Crafty Crafts and Hobbies, Inc. are presented below (in millions): Crafty Crafts Hobbies, Inc. Total liabilities, 2016 $31,957 $25,461 Total liabilities, 2015 36,104 30,046 Total assets, 2016 46,186 32,872 Total assets, 2015 46,514 35,208 Net sales, 2016 161,466 81,702 Net income, 2016 1,040 1,766 To the nearest hundredth of a percent, what is the 2016 return on assets ratio for Crafty Crafts
Answer:
Crafty Crafts:
Return on Assets Ratio = Net Income/Average Assets x 100
= $1,040/46,350 x 100
= 2.2%
Explanation:
a) Data
Crafty Crafts Hobbies, Inc.
Total liabilities, 2016 $31,957 $25,461
Total liabilities, 2015 36,104 30,046
Total assets, 2016 46,186 32,872
Total assets, 2015 46,514 35,208
Net sales, 2016 161,466 81,702
Net income, 2016 1,040 1,766
b) Average Assets:
Crafty Crafts = (2016 + 2015 assets)/2 = ($46,186 + 46,514)/2 = $46,350
c) The Return on Assets Ratio: This financial performance ratio shows how much of the earnings is generated from the assets of the company in a particular period. It shows the efficiency of management to generate profit from the assets. Usually, the average assets value is used to even the variations over the period.
Twenty additional kayakers pay $3,000 ($150 each), in addition to the $4,000 that was paid in advance on July 30, on the day of the clinic. Tony conducts the first kayak clinic. Record the appropriate journal entry.
Answer:
Dr Cash (3,000)
Cr Deferred Revenue (4,000)
Cr Service Revenue (Clinic) (7,000)
Explanation:
Preparation of the appropriate journal entry
Since we were told that kayakers pay the sum of $3,000 at $150 each, by adding to the $4,000 that was already paid in advance on July 30 this means we have to record the transaction by Debiting Cash with the amount of (3,000); Crediting Deferred Revenue with the amount of (4,000) and Crediting Service Revenue (Clinic) with the amount of (7,000)
Note that the credit side of the transaction which is Deferred Revenue of 4,000 -Service Revenue (Clinic) of 7,000 will give us (3,000)
Journal entry
Dr Cash (3,000)
Cr Deferred Revenue (4,000)
Cr Service Revenue (Clinic) (7,000)
Rachel operates a recycled metals business and contracts to provide ten tons of scrap steel at $500 per ton to be delivered to Build-It-Rite Materials, Inc, in seven months. An unforeseen shortage of scrap steel suddenly develops, making it impossible for Adrian to fulfill the contract for less than $5,000 per ton. Adrian's best defense against performing the contract would be that:________
A) performance of the contract is commercially impracticable.
B) procuring the steel would force the seller into bankruptcy.
C) the law has rendered performance of the contract illegal.
D) the specific subject matter of the contract has been destroyed.
Answer: A) performance of the contract is commercially impracticable
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Adrain operates a recycled metals business and contracts to provide ten tons of scrap steel at $500 per ton to be delivered to Build-It-Rite Materials, Inc, in seven months.
We are further informed that due to an unforeseen shortage of scrap steel, it was impossible for Adrian to fulfill the contract for less than $5,000 per ton.
Therefore, Adrian's best defense against performing the contract would be that performance of the contract is commercially impracticable. Due to the shortage of scrap materials, there will have been an enormous increase in price, which will make the performance of the contract commercially impracticable.
During the month of July, Clanton Industries issued a check in the amount of $934 to a supplier on account. The check did not clear the bank during July. In preparing the July 31 bank reconciliation, the company should:
Answer: deduct the check amount from the bank balance
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that during the month of July, Clanton Industries issued a check in the amount of $934 to a supplier on account but the check did not clear the bank during July.
Since we are told that the check did not clear the bank in July, when preparing the July 31 bank reconciliation, the company should make sure that the amount on the check is deducted from the balance of the bank.
Suppose that in 2017, a typical U.S. student attending a state-supported college bought 10 textbooks at a price of $110 per book and enrolled in 30 credit hours of coursework at a price of $350 per credit hour. In 2018, the typical student continued to purchase 10 textbooks and enroll in 30 credit hours, but the price of a textbook rose to $120 per book, and the tuition price increased to $390 per credit hour. The base year for computing a "student price index" using this information is 2017.
Required:
What is the value of the student price index in 2017? In 2018? Show your work.
Answer:
2017 Price Index is 1002018 Price Index is 111Explanation:
The Price Index for any given Base year is always 100. 2017 is staed to be the base year so it's price index is 100.
2018
The Student Price Index can be calculated using the formula;
SPI = [tex]\frac{cost of basket of goods in the year of interest}{Cost of the basket of goods in the base year} * 100[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{(10 * 120) + (30* 390)}{(10 * 110) + (30 * 350)}[/tex] * 100
= [tex]\frac{12,900}{11,600} * 100[/tex]
= 111.21
= 111
Why does a small difference in economic growth result in a large difference in wealth over time?
a) Because over time, small growth rates will turn into large growth rates.
b) Because over time, small growth rates will end up turning negative, preventing further growth.
c) Because the effect of compounding allows growth to build upon previous growth.
d) Because governments are more likely to support big countries than small countries.
Answer:
The correct answer is the option C: Because the effect of compounding allows growth to build upon previous growth.
Explanation:
To begin with, the term of "Compounding" in economics refers to the situation in which an assets' earnings are reinvested to generate more additional earnings over the pass of time and therefore that in an economy when there is a small growth the investors take advantage of the effect that the compounding has over the situation and use it in order to generate more earning in the future and that is why that the the effect of compounding allows growth to build only upon previous growth.
Howard Cho has been hired by Greenwood Enterprises to work on an assembly line in its small engine division. He understands that he will be on probation for 30 days and then must join the union. Cho Enterprise has a(n)_________ shop.
Answer: Union
Explanation:
The options to the question,:
A Open
B. Managed
C. Union
D. Closed
E. Agency
From the question, we are informed that Howard Cho has been hired by Greenwood Enterprises to work on an assembly line in its small engine division and that he understands that he will be on probation for 30 days and then must join the union. This implies that Cho enterprise has a union shop.
A union shop is a form of a union security clause whereby the employer may employ workers who are into the union or those who don't but those that are not yet union members will have to join after a 30 days period.
Harvey is planning to file a case against a petrochemical giant that has a plant in his town. The petrochemical plant is dumping toxic wastes into its surrounding areas. Harvey is mobilizing the residents of the town, all of whom have suffered from various health problems due to the activities of the plant. Which of the following would be of most help to Harvey and the other residents?
A. Affirmative defense
B. Class action
C. Demurrer
D. Directed verdict
Answer:
B. Class action
Explanation:
In this scenario, Harvey is planning to file a case against a petrochemical giant that has a plant in his town because the petrochemical plant is dumping toxic wastes into its surrounding areas. Sequel to this, Harvey is mobilizing the residents of the town, all of whom have suffered from various health problems due to the activities of the plant.
Hence, a class action would be of most help to Harvey and the other residents.
In Law, a class action is a type of lawsuit in which a collective group of people (plaintiffs) having similar injuries or suffering similar damages caused by a particular company's product or action sue the defendant on behalf of a larger group. This simply means that, the group of people (plaintiffs) have a common interest as a result of sharing similar actions from an event.
Hence, the larger group that is being represented by Harvey is referred to as the "class" in business law.
Additionally, it is required by law that the class attest to the fact that they were affected by the actions of the petrochemical plant (defendant).
A 1,000 loan is to be repaid with equal payments at the end of each year for 20 years. The principal portion of the 13th payment is 1.5 times the principal portion of the 5th payment. Calculate the total amount of interest paid on the loan
Answer:
$632
Explanation:
using an excel spreadsheet I prepared an amortization schedule
The interest charged was 5.2% per year and the yearly payment will be $81.60. The principal portion of the fifth payment = $36.25 and the principal portion of the thirteenth payment = $54.38 (1.5 times the principal paid at the end of year 5).
total interests paid = $632
Prior to liquidating their partnership, Perkins and Brooks had capital accounts of $17,000 and $26,000, respectively. Prior to liquidation, the partnership had no cash assets other than what was realized from the sale of assets. These partnership assets were sold for $52,000. The partnership had $2,000 of liabilities. Perkins and Brooks share income and losses equally. Determine the amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership.
Answer:
The amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership is $65,500
Explanation:
In order to calculate the amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership we would have to make the following calculation:
amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership=Perkins share of profit+Perkins capital account balance
Perkins capital account balance=$17,000
To calculate Perkins share of profit we would have to calculate the profit on liquidation as follows:
profit on liquidation=carrying value of non-cash asset prior to liquidation+sale of asset
carrying value of non-cash asset prior to liquidation=Perkins and Brooks capital accounts+partnership labilities
carrying value of non-cash asset prior to liquidation=$17,000 + $26,000 +$2,000=$45,000
Hence, profit on liquidation=$45,000+$52,000
profit on liquidation=$97,000
As Perkins and Brooks share income and losses equally, Perkins share of profit=$97,000*50%
Perkins share of profit=$48,500
Therefore, amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership=$48,500+$17,000
amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership=$65,500
The amount received by Perkins as a final distribution from liquidation of the partnership is $65,500
The manager of a canned-food processing plant has two labeling machine options. On the basis of a rate of return analysis with a MARR of 20% per year, determine (a)
The manager of a canned-food processing plant has two labeling machine options. on the basis of a rate of return analysis with a marr of 20% per year, determine (a) which model is economically better, and (b) if the selection changes, provided both options have a 4-year life and all other estimates remain the same.
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
First, compare the present values (PV) of all the expenses of all the investments to make an investment decision.
Given the formula of PV = ((C1/(1+r)1) + ((C2/(1+r)2) + ((C3/(1+r)3) +…….+ ((Cn/(1+r)n) + present value of investment – present value of the salvage value
Where, Cn equals to the expense incurred in the nth period and r is the rate of interest per period.
Therefore, for Machine A, present value of the expenses is
= ((1600/(1+0.20)1) + ((1600/(1+0.20)2) + 15,000 – ((3000/(1+0.20)2)
= 1333.33 + 1111.11 + 15000 – 2083.33
= 15361.11
For Machine B, present value of the expenses is
= ((400/(1+0.20)1) + ((400/(1+0.20)2) + ((400/(1+0.20)3) + ((400/(1+0.20)4) + 25,000 - ((4000/(1+0.20)2)
= 333.33 + 277.77 + 25,000 – 2777.77
= 22833.33
Therefore, it is shown that, Machine A is the least cost alternative and should be selected.
Yuri Co. operates a chain of gift shops. The company maintains a defined contribution pension plan for its employees. The plan requires quarterly installments to be paid to the funding agent, Whims Funds, by the fifteenth of the month following the end of each quarter. Assume that the pension cost is $122,600 for the quarter ended December 31.
Required:
Journalize the entry to record the accrued pension liability payment to the funding agent on January 15.
Answer:
Date Account Title Debit Credit
31 Dec. Pension Expense $122,600
Unfunded pension liability $122,600
(To record the quarterly pension cost)
15 Jan. Unfunded pension liability $122,600
Cash $122,600
(To record the payment of accrued pension liability)
As a firm buys more capital and less labor, the marginal physical product of capital __________ and the marginal physical product of labor __________, assuming the law of diminishing marginal returns has set in for each factor.
Answer:
As a firm buys more capital and less labor, the marginal physical product of capital ___decreases_______ and the marginal physical product of labor ___increases______, assuming the law of diminishing marginal returns has set in for each factor.
Explanation:
In Economics, the law of diminishing returns states that when one production input is increased while the other input is held constant, the marginal production per the increasing input will decrease relatively to the marginal production of the fixed input.
Effectively, this economic law recognizes that increasing one input while allowing the other inputs to be constant will produce diminishing increase in total output. This law is also called the principle of diminishing marginal productivity. It is very helpful in decision making to enable management balance production inputs in order to achieve maximum outcomes.
Even though most corporate bonds in the United States make coupon payments semiannually, bonds issued elsewhere often have annual coupon payments. Suppose a German company issues a bond with a par value of €1,000, 23 years to maturity, and a coupon rate of 3.8 percent paid annually. If the yield to maturity is 4.7 percent, what is the current price of the bond? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer:
Bond Price = 875.0948 euro rounded off to 875.09 euro
Explanation:
To calculate the price of the bond, we need to first calculate the coupon payment per period. We assume that the interest rate provided is stated in annual terms. As the bond is an annual bond, the coupon payment, number of periods and semi annual YTM will be,
Coupon Payment (C) = 1000 * 0.038 = 38 euro
Total periods (n)= 23
r or YTM = 0.047 or 4.7%
The formula to calculate the price of the bonds today is attached.
Bond Price = 38 * [( 1 - (1+0.047)^-23) / 0.047] + 1000 / (1+0.047)^23
Bond Price = 875.0948 euro rounded off to 875.09 euro
The following units are available for sale during the year:
January 1 Beginning Inventory 10 units at $18 each
April 3 Purchase 30 units at $20 each
August 31 Purchase 28 units at $25 each
September 29 Purchase 17 units at $30 each
December 31 Ending Inventory 21 units
Determine ending inventory cost by (a) FIFO method, (b) LIFO method, and (c) average cost method.
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
January 1 Beginning Inventory 10 units at $18 each
April 3 Purchase 30 units at $20 each
August 31 Purchase 28 units at $25 each
September 29 Purchase 17 units at $30 each
Ending Inventory= 21 units
First, we need to calculate the ending inventory using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method.
The ending inventory is calculated using the cost of the last units incorporated into inventory.
Ending inventory= 17*30 + 4*25= $610
Now, we need to calculate the ending inventory using the LIFO (last-in, first-out) method.
The ending inventory is calculated using the cost of the firsts units incorporated into inventory.
Ending inventory= 10*18 + 11*20= $400
Finally, we need to calculate the ending inventory using the weighted-average inventory method.
average cost= (18 + 20 + 25 + 30)/4= $23.25
Ending inventory= 21*23.25= $488.25
According to the liquidity premium theory of the term structure of interest rates, if the one-year bond rate is expected to be 4%, 5%, and 6% over each of the next three years, what is the interest rate on a three-year bond if the liquidity premium on a three-year bond is 0.5%
Answer:
Interest rate on the a three year bond =5.5%
Explanation:
one-year bond rate expected = 4%, 5%, 6% for the next three years
liquidity premium on a three year bond = 0.5%
number of years = 3
The interest rate on the a three year bond can be calculated as
= liquidity premium + ( summation of bond rates for the next three years/number of years )
= 0.5 + ( (4+5+6)/3)
= 0.5 + ( 15/3)
= 0.5 + 5 = 5.5%
Earnhardt Driving School’s 2018 balance sheet showed net fixed assets of $3 million, and the 2019 balance sheet showed net fixed assets of $3.7 million. The company’s 2019 income statement showed a depreciation expense of $200,000. What was the company's net capital spending for 2019? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567.)
Answer:
$800,000
Explanation:
Calculation for Earnhardt Driving School’s net capital spending for 2019
Ending Fixed Assets $3,700,000
Less Beginning Fixed Assets ($3,000,000)
Balance $700,000
Add Depreciation $200,000
Net Capital Spending $800,000
Therefore Earnhardt Driving School’s net capital spending for 2019 will be $800,000
The city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, designed a computer-based restaurant recommendation system that helps visitors find a restaurant that needs their particular needs. Visitors answer questions about their preferences for price range, atmosphere, food selections, and location and then receive a list of restaurants that fit those preferences. This is a(n) _______________ system.
Answer:
Expert system
Explanation:
This is an expert system. Such a system is a computer program that follows the behavior of an expert such as helping visitors find a restaurant that needs their particular needs.
Such Expert systems can be useful in solving difficult problems, explaining result, they can be used to learn also.
The percentage analysis of increases and decreases in individual items in comparative financial statements is called
Answer:
Horizontal analysis
Explanation:
Horizontal analysis is the analysis of financial statements , comparison of financial ratios, or line items over accounting periods.
how do you manage different generations?
Explanation:
for the time in history,there are 5 Generations working side-by-side the transitional generation .
Ward Doering Auto Sales is considering offering a special service contract that will cover the total cost of any service work required on leased vehicles. From experience, the company manager estimates that yearly service costs are approximately normally distributed, with a mean of $150 and a standard deviation of $25.
a. If the company offers the service contract to customers for a yearly charge of $200, what is the probability that any one customer’s service costs will exceed the contract price of $200?
b. What is Ward’s expected profit per service contract?
Answer:
a. The probability that any one customers service costs will exceed the contract price of $200 is 0.0228
b. Warda expected profit per service contract is $50
Explanation:
a. In order to calculate the probability that any one customers service costs will exceed the contract price of $200 we would have to calculate first the z value as follows:
z=x-μ/σ
z=$200-$150/$25
z=2
Therefore, probability that any one customers service costs will exceed the contract price of $200 is p(x>$200)=p(z>2)
=1-p(z≤2)
=1-0.9772
=0.0228
The probability that any one customers service costs will exceed the contract price of $200 is 0.0228
b. To calculate Warda expected profit per service contract we would have to make the following calculation:
Warda expected profit per service contract=service charge per contract-expected cost
Warda expected profit per service contract=$200-$150
Warda expected profit per service contract=$50
Warda expected profit per service contract is $50
Short-run aggregate supply is down sloping because producers supply less at higher prices. is up sloping because producers supply less at higher prices. shows how much Americans are willing and able to consume at each price level. shows the various amounts that producers are willing and able to produce at each price level. is up sloping because consumers demand more at higher prices.
Answer:
The correct answer is the fourth option: Shows the various amounts that producers are willing and able to produce at each price level.
Explanation:
To begin with, the concept of the "aggregate supply" represents in the economy field the total amount of output, understood as goods and services, that producers are willing and able to produce and sell at a stated price level in a certain amount of time. This term also involve three different time situations in which the short run aggregate supply curve is the one that is upward sloping because there is a relationship between the amount of the output that the sellers want to sell and the price of it.
Tuliptime, Inc. sold American fashions to a Japanese company at a price of 3.3 million yen. On the sale date, the exchange rate was $0.01 per Japanese yen, but when Tuliptime received payment from its customer, the exchange rate was $0.0103 per yen. When the foreign receivable was collected, Tuliptime:_______A. Credited Sales for $1,170.
B. Credited Gain on Fluctuation of Foreign Currency for $1,170.
C. Debited Loss on Fluctuation of Foreign Currency for $1,170.
D. Debited Cash for $39,000.
Answer:
B. Credited Gain on fluctuation of foreign currency for $1,170
Explanation:
The journal entry to record the collection of foreign receivables is provided
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
Cash 40,170
(3,900,000 * 0.0103)
Foreign reserve 39,000
(3,900,000 * 0.01)
Gain of fluctuation of foreign currency 1,170
(3,900,000 * 0.0003)
Hence, the correct option is Credited Gain on fluctuation of foreign currency for $1,170