Question:
Consider an excise tax imposed on daily parking charges in the downtown of a small city. Before the imposition of the tax, equilibrium price and quantity are $15 and 100 cars parked. (P = $15, Q = 100). The city government imposes a tax of $3 per car parked per day. Market equilibrium adjusts to P = $16 and Q = 95. After imposition of the tax, what is the daily after-tax price received by the seller per car parked?
a. $1
b. $15
c. $13
d. $3
e. $1

The professor's conclusion is properly drawn if option A is assumed, which states that "None of the students who live off campus is a member of the choir."

This assumption supports the professor's conclusion that none of the students who live off campus is a music major because if all music majors are members of the choir and none of the students who live off campus are members of the choir, then it logically follows that none of the students who live off campus are music majors.

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) None of the students who live off campus is a member of the choir.

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Caroline likely suffers from Social Anxiety Disorder, a mental health disorder characterized by extreme fear of social situations and anxiety about the way others perceive her.

The symptoms Caroline has described, such as wanting to meet new people but feeling too afraid to speak, feeling like a social klutz, and keeping to herself, are indicative of Social Anxiety Disorder. The disorder can interfere with daily life and prevent individuals from engaging in activities and social events.

Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder usually involves a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). CBT focuses on changing patterns of thinking, behavior, and emotions that lead to anxiety, while SSRIs can help reduce the symptoms of anxiety. Additionally, counseling and therapy can help individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder identify and overcome the irrational fears that are preventing them from engaging with others.

It is important that Caroline seek the help of a mental health professional to receive an accurate diagnosis and the best course of treatment. With the right treatment and support, Caroline can build self-confidence, reduce her anxiety, and learn how to interact with others in a positive way.

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The proposed TPP tariff changes on imported shoes would make New Balance be both disadvantaged by the change in prices on some of the imported shoes sold by other companies that compete with New Balance's U.S.-produced shoes, and advantaged because of the price it could now charge for the shoes it imports from TPP countries.

The company has expressed concern about the impact of tariff reductions on its domestic manufacturing, particularly because of its ability to compete with foreign producers.

In addition, there is concern about the impact of tariff reductions on the domestic market for footwear, particularly if the domestic industry is unable to compete with foreign producers on price.

However, the company is expected to benefit from reduced tariffs on imported shoes from TPP countries, particularly as it looks to expand its presence in emerging markets.

Overall, it appears that the proposed TPP tariff changes will have a mixed impact on New Balance's operations, depending on a variety of factors.

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The process of simplifying our environment by creating categories on the basis of characteristics (such as hair color or athletic ability) that a particular set of people appear to have in common, is called categorization.

Categorization is the process of simplifying our environment by creating categories on the basis of characteristics that a particular set of people appear to have in common.

By forming categories, we are able to simplify our environment and save cognitive effort. We can more quickly and easily identify items and people by placing them into categories that we have already formed in our minds.

Categorization allows us to group together items that share common features and to distinguish between items that do not belong in the same category. It is an important cognitive process that helps us to make sense of the world around us.

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Multiple housing in urban economics refers to a type of housing where several families or individuals reside in one building or housing unit which are usually used in urban settings due to the limited amount of land available for residential purposes.

Multiple housing is an essential concept in urban economics. The majority of housing in cities is multi-family or multi-unit, and such structures provide a cost-effective means of delivering high-density urban housing.

The use of multiple housing in urban economics results in less per-capita land use than single-family housing, allowing for the efficient use of urban land. Multiple housing in urban economics allows for a diverse range of housing types to be constructed, catering to a variety of income levels.

Examples of multiple housing in urban economics

1. Apartments

2. Townhouses

3. Duplexes

4. Condominiums

5. Row houses

These are some examples of multiple housing in urban economics. Apartments, for example, are used all over the world to provide affordable housing for people in cities. Condominiums, on the other hand, are more expensive than apartments and are usually targeted towards middle and high-income groups.

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Gale-Shapley algorithm for the marriage market can be used to find a stable matching. This algorithm uses a sequence of iterations, with each iteration consisting of a set of proposals. In each iteration, each man proposes to his preferred woman who has not yet rejected him.

The Gale-Shapley algorithm follows a simple procedure, which is as follows:

Step 1: Initialize all men and women to be free.

Step 2: While there is a free man m who has not proposed to all women, do the following: Let w be the woman m proposes to who has not rejected him. If w is free, then they are engaged. Else, suppose w is currently engaged to another man, m'. If w prefers m to m', then she accepts m's proposal and becomes engaged to m. m' becomes free. If w prefers m' to m, then she rejects m's proposal, and remains engaged to m'.

The algorithm can be applied to the given problem by following these steps:

Step 1: Initialize all men and women to be free.

Step 2: Let's start with Man 1. He will propose to his preferred partner. Man 1 will propose to Woman 3 because his utility from Woman 3 is higher. Woman 3 is now engaged to Man 1.

Step 3: Since Woman 3 has been engaged, Man 2 will propose to his preferred partner. Man 2 will propose to Woman 1 because his utility from Woman 1 is higher. Woman 1 is now engaged to Man 2.

Step 4: Man 3 will propose to Woman 4 because his utility from Woman 4 is higher. Woman 4 is now engaged to Man 3.

Step 5: Man 4 will propose to Woman 2 because his utility from Woman 2 is higher. Woman 2 is now engaged to Man 4. The final matching is Man 1 - Woman 3, Man 2 - Woman 1, Man 3 - Woman 4, and Man 4 - Woman 2.

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During periods of authoritarian rule, Brutus was sometimes portrayed in a negative light, as a misguided and treacherous figure who had contributed to the downfall of a great leader and the rise of chaos and disorder.

As time passes, the factor which affected the interpretation of Brutus is the changing political and social context in which his story is viewed.

Brutus was originally interpreted as a noble and patriotic figure who, along with other conspirators, assassinated Julius Caesar in order to preserve the Roman Republic and prevent it from turning into a monarchy. Brutus was depicted as a man of principle who acted out of a sense of duty and devotion to his country, rather than personal ambition or desire for power.

The interpretation, however, was largely influenced by the writings of ancient historians such as Plutarch, who portrayed Brutus as a virtuous and honorable leader who stood up against tyranny and oppression.

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Under the Ricardian model of international trade, a country specializes in the goods in which it has a comparative advantage (opcion B).

The Ricardian Model of International Trade is a simple economic model used to explain trade between countries that is beneficial for both trading partners. It predicts that when countries specialize in their comparative advantages, and trade with each other, they would benefit from the trade.

The Ricardian model is built on the assumptions of constant opportunity costs, labor mobility within a country but not between countries, and no transport costs, among other things.

The model predicts that nations that specialize in goods they have a comparative advantage in will benefit from trade because they will be able to acquire more goods for the same amount of labor than they would if they produced everything themselves.

Under the Ricardian model of international trade, mutually beneficial trade will ensure both trading partners are better after trade. To achieve the gains from trade, a country specializes in the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, being the correct answer B: The goods in which it has a comparative advantage.

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The partial first derivatives of z with respect to x and y are βy²/x + γ/x + 3δy and 2βxy + 3δx, respectively.

The given expression is,

z= αx + βxy² + γ ln(x) + δ3xy

where α, β, γ, δ are constants.

To find the partial first derivatives of z with respect to x and y, we apply the following formulas:

∂z/∂x = α + βy²/x + γ/x + 3δy

∂z/∂y = 2βxy + 3δx

Therefore, the partial first derivative of z with respect to x is:

∂z/∂x = α + βy²/x + γ/x + 3δy

Here, α, β, γ, and δ are constants. Thus, their derivatives with respect to x are zero.

Therefore,

∂z/∂x = βy²/x + γ/x + 3δy

Now, the partial first derivative of z with respect to y is:

∂z/∂y = 2βxy + 3δx

Here, α, β, γ, and δ are constants. Thus, their derivatives with respect to y are zero.

Therefore,

∂z/∂y = 2βxy + 3δx

Thus, the partial first derivatives of z with respect to x and y are βy²/x + γ/x + 3δy and 2βxy + 3δx, respectively.

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The percentage decrease in quantity demanded for this good can be calculated using the mid-point formula, which is the percentage change in quantity divided by the average of the initial and final quantities. Thus, the percentage decrease in quantity is calculated as: (505 - 495) / (505 + 495) / 2 = 10 / 1000 = 0.01 = 1%.

The price elasticity of demand for this good can be calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price. In this case, the price elasticity of demand is calculated as: -1% / 1% = -1.

This indicates that the demand for the good is relatively inelastic, meaning that a 1% increase in price would cause a 1% decrease in quantity demanded. This shows that the demand for the good is relatively insensitive to price changes, and that the good would need to have a significant decrease in price to drive an increase in quantity demand.

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Three strategies to avoid becoming a unemployment statistic in 2023 are Build a strong professional network, Continuously develop your skills, Diversify your job search.

Build a strong professional network: Networking can be a great way to find job opportunities before they are even advertised. Attend industry events, participate in online communities, and reach out to people in your field to build relationships that may lead to job referrals or even job offers.

Continuously develop your skills: The job market is constantly changing, and it's important to keep up with the latest industry trends and technologies. Take online courses, attend workshops or conferences, and invest in training programs to stay up-to-date and enhance your skills.

Diversify your job search: Don't limit your job search to just one industry or job type. Look for opportunities in related fields or consider freelance or part-time work. Also, consider applying to positions that may not be an exact match to your qualifications, but where you can still learn and grow.

Thus, being proactive and adaptable can help you avoid becoming an unemployment statistic in 2023. Stay positive, stay focused, and keep pushing forward in your job search.

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In order to prevent the ongoing issue of supply chain disruptions in the future, the following measures can be taken: Investing in infrastructure: By investing in infrastructure, such as modernizing ports and roads, the efficiency of the supply chain process can be increased.

This will help reduce the amount of time it takes for goods to be transported, reducing the likelihood of congestion and delays. Increasing the use of technology: Technology can help improve the visibility of supply chain processes. This can be achieved by implementing digital tracking systems, which will provide real-time information about the location and status of goods. This will help identify bottlenecks in the supply chain and enable companies to take corrective measures in a timely manner.

Increasing inventory levels: By increasing inventory levels, companies can reduce the impact of supply chain disruptions. This will ensure that there is an adequate supply of goods even in the event of delays or other issues. Implementing risk management strategies: Companies can implement risk management strategies, such as diversifying their supplier base, to minimize the impact of supply chain disruptions. This will ensure that there are alternative sources of supply available in the event of disruptions, reducing the likelihood of delays and shortages.

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The greatest option to describe soil erosion is D.

The topsoil is naturally being worn away, but human activity has sped up the process. It typically results from the removal of vegetation or any other action that dries out the ground. Soil erosion can be brought on by farming, grazing, mining, construction, and leisure activities, among other things.

Some severe soil degradation issues that might hasten soil erosion include soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinization, and soil acidity issues. The causes and effects of water, wind, and tillage erosion on agricultural land are examined in this information sheet.

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The paper "Is the price right?

The role of economic tradeoffs in explaining reactions to price surges" written by Julio J. Elias, Nicola Lacetera, and Mario Macis is about understanding the behavior of consumers towards the price changes of goods and services in different contexts.

The paper discusses how consumers react to price surges in various scenarios and what economic tradeoffs are involved in their decision-making process.

The broader context of the paper is the field of behavioral economics, which aims to understand how psychological, social, and emotional factors influence economic decisions. The paper draws from previous research in this field to examine the impact of price changes on consumer behavior.

The authors argue that consumers' reactions to price surges are not solely based on their economic value but also on other factors like fairness, trust, and social norms. They analyze different case studies to demonstrate how these factors play a role in consumer behavior and provide suggestions for policymakers and businesses to better understand and address these issues.

The relevance of this paper for day-to-day lives is significant as it sheds light on how consumers make decisions about purchasing goods and services. It suggests that price changes may not be the only factor that influences consumer behavior, and other factors like social norms and fairness also play a role.

Therefore, businesses and policymakers should consider these factors when making decisions about pricing and marketing. Consumers can also benefit from understanding these factors and making more informed decisions about their purchases.

Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the complexities of consumer behavior and its implications for the economy and society.

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The average length of a recession in the United States since 1950 is less than a year. The correct option is B.

A recession is typically defined as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, or a significant decline in economic activity.

During a recession, businesses can experience reduced demand and decreased production, leading to fewer jobs, lower wages, and weaker consumer confidence. This can have a ripple effect on the economy, as consumers have less money to spend, leading to further economic decline.

Recessions can last anywhere from a few months to several years. During the Great Recession, which began in 2007, the US economy experienced an extended period of contraction, lasting from late 2007 until mid-2009. This was the longest recession since the Great Depression, with a total length of 18 months.

Since the 1950s, the majority of recessions have been relatively brief, with most lasting less than two years. During this period, the average recession lasted for around 10 months. While some recessions were as short as 6 months, others lasted for up to 16 months.

It is important to note that the duration of a recession can vary greatly, depending on various factors.

Some recessions can be mild, while others can be severe and prolonged. In addition, recessions can differ in terms of their cause and impact on the economy. Understanding these factors can help policy makers and businesses plan for and manage recessions.

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Answer:12/17

Explanation:Using the formula for conditional probability, we have:

P(B|A) = P(A and B) / P(A)

We can find P(A and B) by noticing that there are 12 students who passed the test and completed the assignment. Therefore:

P(A and B) = 12/21

To find P(A), we need to consider all the students who passed the test, regardless of whether they completed the assignment or not. This includes the 12 students who passed the test and completed the assignment, as well as the 5 students who failed the assignment but did not complete it. Therefore:

P(A) = (12 + 5)/21

Now we can plug these values into the formula for conditional probability:

P(B|A) = (12/21) / ((12 + 5)/21)

Simplifying this expression, we get:

P(B|A) = 12/17

Therefore, the probability that a student who passed the test completed the homework is 12/17.

Answer:

9/12 OR 3/4

Explanation:

If a boss accuses a worker of undermining the harmony of the group during an argument with coworkers about policy, the boss is likely practicing the avoidance conflict response.

Avoidance conflict response is a type of conflict management that involves avoiding or ignoring a conflict rather than addressing it head-on. In this case, the boss is accusing the worker of undermining group harmony rather than addressing the actual policy disagreement.

This suggests that the boss may be attempting to avoid the conflict altogether rather than confronting it directly. If a boss accuses a worker of undermining the harmony of the group during an argument with coworkers about policy, the boss is likely practicing the avoidance conflict response.

This involves avoiding or ignoring a conflict rather than addressing it head-on. In this case, the boss is accusing the worker of undermining group harmony rather than addressing the actual policy disagreement.

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The distinct events that are known as customer touchpoints are shopping for a new computer on the Apple website, reading customer reviews before deciding, and visiting the Apple store to make the final decision and purchase a new Apple iMac computer. Option A is correct.

Customer touchpoints are every occasion in which a customer interacts with your brand, whether online, on the phone, or in person. The touchpoints are critical stages of the customer journey and an opportunity to create a positive customer experience that can lead to repeat business and referrals.

A customer touchpoint is an experience that occurs between a customer and an organization in which an impression is created. This includes everything from the first time someone learns about your company to every touchpoint that follows.

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Dr. Jones is participating in a clinical trial sponsored by ABB, a device company. Dr. John submitted the required documents for IRB/EC approval, but the IRB/EC required significant changes to the consult documents. Dr. John should revise the documents to meet the IRB/EC requirements.

What are the IRB and EC?

The IRB and EC are institutional review boards and ethics committees, respectively. They are groups of professionals who ensure that research conducted on human subjects complies with ethical principles and regulations.

What is a clinical trial?

A clinical trial is a research study that involves human volunteers to test the safety and effectiveness of a medical product or treatment. Clinical trials are conducted in different phases, from small-scale pilot studies to large-scale trials involving thousands of participants.

Clinical trials are regulated by ethical and regulatory bodies to ensure that the rights and welfare of human subjects are protected.

In conclusion, Dr. John should revise the documents to meet the IRB/EC requirements. This is necessary to ensure that the clinical trial meets ethical standards and is conducted in compliance with regulatory requirements.

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a. Russian economic sanctions as a result of their annexation of Crimea and d. Syrian intervention are two crucial factors that have had an impact on the Russian economy in recent years.

Russia's growth prospects will be harmed for years to come as a result of lost investment, export restrictions, and restrictions on the real economy. Russia has lost access to key technologies and industrial inputs that reduce its military capability as a result of U.S. sanctions and export controls. The effect on the global economy is less than 0.7% of GDP. Russia suffers the most, with a negative impact of 15.8%, followed by Central Asian nations (2.1%) and China (0.9%).

As a result of the war's outbreak and subsequent sanctions, supply chains to Asia via Russia have been disrupted as well as direct supply chains with Russia and Ukraine. As a result, many raw materials, energy, intermediate goods, transportation services, and their prices have gone up significantly.

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Volunteering, participating in charity events, donating money, donating goods, food, clothing, or tools are just a few examples. Empathy for others promotes not only solidarity action, but also the concepts of justice and equality.

Raising awareness about community issues is an effective way to foster solidarity and promote change. You can get involved by joining a local activist group, starting a blog or a social media page dedicated to these issues, or sharing information with friends and family members who might be interested. Solidarity is the awareness of shared interests, goals, standards, and sympathies that creates a psychological sense of unity among groups or classes. It is based on group work in the classroom. It refers to the ties that bind people together in a society.

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In the GDP, government expenditure on goods and services excludes local government purchases but includes state government purchases. The correct answer is A.

GDP refers to the Gross Domestic Product. It is the sum of all the final goods and services produced within a country over a given period. It is a measure of a country's economic performance, and it shows the country's overall economic growth or decline.

However, government expenditures on goods and services are the expenses made by a government in the provision of public goods and services. The government purchases goods and services to meet the needs of the public, and these purchases are included in the GDP. But, the government expenditure on goods and services excludes local government purchases but includes state government purchases. Spending on national defense is a component of government expenditure, and it is included in the GDP.

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1) A supply and demand curve for a normal good is an economic model that shows the relationship between the quantity of goods and services supplied and the quantity of goods and services demanded in a market.

The equilibrium point is the point at which the two curves intersect and the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The curves can either move along (the amount of goods and services supplied/demanded changes but the curves stay the same) or shift (the curves move either right or left).

2) Price ceilings and price floors are government-imposed price controls. Price ceilings are set at the maximum price that a product or service can be sold at, while price floors are set at the minimum price that a product or service can be sold at.

The benefit of these price controls is that they can help to increase fairness in the marketplace, but the downside is that they can lead to shortages in the market and could reduce the incentive for producers to supply goods and services.

3) The accompanying demand schedule and demand curve are shown below. On the demand curve, elasticity is measured by the slope of the curve. When the slope is steep, the curve is inelastic, when the slope is flat, the curve is unit elastic, and when the slope is somewhere in between, the curve is elastic.

Elasticity is important for firms to know because it affects the amount of money they will make when they adjust the price of their good or service.  

4) A Pigovian tax is a type of tax that is imposed on a certain product or service that is causing a negative externality (a cost or benefit to someone other than the consumer or producer of a good or service). The purpose of a Pigovian tax is to internalize the externality and make the consumer or producer pay for the cost of the negative externality.

Traditional taxes are imposed to generate revenue for the government, whereas Pigovian taxes are imposed to reduce or prevent the negative externality. Economists generally prefer the use of taxes over regulations to curb externalities because taxes are more efficient, allow for flexibility, and can lead to higher economic growth.

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a) Conditions must hold for the reduced form parameters to be identified:

Reduced-form equation is a model of regression that is estimated using the observable endogenous variables in the structural equation.

This equation involves error terms and is given by y = γv + βu,

where y is an endogenous variable, v is an exogenous variable, and u is an error term that is not correlated with v.

The reduced-form parameters are identified under the following conditions:

b) The order and rank conditions are used to determine what must hold for the structural coefficients to be identified.

Order Condition: The order condition is satisfied when the number of equations in the structural equation system is equal to the number of endogenous variables in the system.

Rank Condition: Rank condition is satisfied when the rank of the matrix of coefficients of the structural equation is equal to the number of endogenous variables in the system.

Thus, for the structural coefficients to be identified, the order and rank conditions must be met.

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According to the findings mentioned and covered above, stereotypes can be strengthened by both stereotypical portrayals and a lack of media coverage.

Anything at all from published paper to electronic data can be included in this. The term "media" often refers to communication channels like radio, television, newspapers, and the internet. Newspapers, radio, and television are all examples of media. The term "media" refers to them since they have a huge global impact. It can take many many forms, including print, radio, television, and the internet.

To support a position. To bolster with more armed or naval forces, such as soldiers, ships, etc. to give any part of an object extra thickness, stability, or other reinforcement.

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Ships carrying goods from Canada travel on the Pacific ocean to trade with Asia, which means option A is the right answer.

Canada is an North American nation which lies in the Northern part of the Pacific Ocean and between the Pacific and North Atlantic Ocean. To travel to Asia, it might use either of the routes, however the Pacific Ocean is a shorter path to travel as travelling all the way through North Atlantic Ocean will cause the ships to have a halt near the African coast and then move farther to Asian nations.

The Pacific region has better connectivity and security in terms of trade and commerce as the American ports which have been made in different nations provide a duty free harbor to these trading ships. Also many countries present in the Pacific Ocean provide greater access to Asian markets.

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The statement a) Housing and transportation account for the largest portion of the average consumer dollar is true,

b) On average, consumers spend the largest portion of their income on food is false,

c) Total utility is the additional satisfaction received from consuming one more unit is true, and

d) Ceteris paribus, a price cut will most likely decrease total revenue if demand is inelastic is false.

The answer to whether each statement is true or false is as follows:

a) Housing and transportation account for the largest portion of the average consumer dollar. The statement is true.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, households spent the most money on housing in 2019, accounting for around one-third of household expenses. Transportation is the second-largest expense, accounting for around 15 percent of household expenses.

b) On average, consumers spend the largest portion of their income on food. The statement is false.

Although food is a necessary expense, it is not the largest expense for the average consumer. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, food is the third-largest expense for households, accounting for around 10 percent of household expenses.

c) Total utility is the additional satisfaction received from consuming one more unit. The statement is true.

Total utility is defined as the total satisfaction a consumer derives from the consumption of a given quantity of a good or service. The additional satisfaction obtained from consuming one more unit of a good or service is referred to as the marginal utility.

d) Ceteris paribus, a price cut will most likely decrease total revenue if demand is inelastic. The statement is false.

If demand is inelastic, a price reduction would increase the number of units sold but not by enough to compensate for the loss of revenue per unit, resulting in a reduction in total revenue. If demand is elastic, a price cut will result in an increase in total revenue.

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The total cost of becoming a homeowner in the first year is:$14,400 - $1,500 = $12,900. The cost of becoming a homeowner in the first year is $12,900.

The cost of becoming a homeowner the first year can be calculated by determining the amount of interest paid on the mortgage and the amount earned from the savings account.

Let us solve it using the given information.

Bank lend = $240,000

Interest rate = 6%

Annual interest = 6% of $240,000 = $14,400

In this case, the homeowner has a savings account with the same bank that pays 2.5% interest per year. Thus, the savings account will earn an interest of 2.5% on the initial savings account balance that is equal to the $300,000 house price minus the $240,000 loan amount.

We know: Savings account interest rate = 2.5%Savings account balance = $300,000 - $240,000 = $60,000Annual interest earned = 2.5% of $60,000 = $1,500

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The factor that most likely impacted Shelby enacting her American identity is C) Need for identity support. Therefore the correct answer is option C.

When individuals are away from their home country, they often feel a need to reinforce and proclaim their identity as a way to connect with others and feel a sense of belonging.

By wearing an American flag shirt, singing the national anthem, and proclaiming her love for popular American sports, Shelby is likely trying to find support and connection with other Americans at the party.

This need for identity support is a common factor that impacts how individuals express their identity in different situations. Therefore the correct answer is option C.

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The immigrants who came to the US in the late 1800s both preserved their culture from their native land and blended into American society through a process called acculturation.

Also, In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of immigrants to the United States settled in neighborhoods where the majority of residents were also immigrants and spoke the same language.

This made it possible for these communities to keep up their traditional practices.

The term "process of acculturation" describes the socialization process that leads to an individual's adoption of the norms, values, attitudes, and actions of a host culture.

Acculturation is the 'process of absorbing and adopting the values, beliefs, language, practices and mannerisms of the new nation immigrants and their family are living in, including behaviours that influence health including eating patterns, exercise levels and drug use.

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