cd4+ t cells are activated by interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
What is MHC molecule?Antigens are foreign proteins that enter the host body through an infection. Antigens are generally high molecular weight proteins or polysaccharides. Viruses and bacteria contain antigen on their surface or inside the body.Epitope is the molecular region on the surface of the antigen which interacts with the antibody binding site on the antigen. Epitopes are capable of stimulating an immune response so, these are also known as antigenic determinants. Binding between the receptor and epitopes occurs when they both fit together like a puzzle, that event is necessary to activate B-cell production of antibodies.A sizable region of vertebrate DNA called the major histocompatibility complex houses a group of closely related polymorphic genes that code for the cell surface proteins needed by the adaptive immune system. These MHC molecules are cell surface proteins.A controlled, efficient immune response to pathogens depends on CD4+T cells. After interacting with the antigen-MHC complex, naive CD4+T cells become activated and undergo specialized subtype differentiation that is largely influenced by the cytokine milieu of the microenvironment.Hence the correct answer is interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
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which of the following converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive nitrogen. (select the three correct answers.) a. bacteria in root nodules of some types of plants b. plants without root nodules c. lighting d. animals e. bacteria in water or soil
The options that convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive nitrogen are c. lighting e. bacteria in water or soil a. bacteria in root nodules of some types of plants
The nitrogen that is present inside the atmosphere is in a form that cannot be used by plants. In order for this atmospheric nitrogen to be used by plants, it needs to be converted into nitrates and nitrites.
The atmospheric nitrogen can be converted into nitrates and nitrites either by lightning. Also, bacteria that are present inside the soil and water change the atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. Bacteria that are present in the root nodules can also exhibit this function.
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What structures of the skeletal system make the skeleton so versatile in locomotive function?.
The musculoskeletal system is another name for the locomotor system. Skeletal muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, cartilage, and other connective tissue make up its structure. Your body can move thanks to the cooperation of these components.
What part do the skeleton and muscles play in movement?The skeletal system gives the body a clear shape and a structural framework. The internal organs are shielded by the skeletal system. The skeletal system's primary purpose is to assist the body in moving and moving around.
What connection exists between the skeletal system's composition and its intended use?Support: The skeleton serves as a framework for the attachment of muscles and tissues and keeps the body upright. Posture: Our skeleton gives our body the right shape. Protection The internal organs are shielded by the skeleton's bones, which also lessen the likelihood of injury from impacts.
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If the cubes you just saw were cells, which one would have the greatest ratio of cell membrane surface area relative to the volume of its cytoplasm?.
According to the given statement Cytoplasm increases faster than cell membrane.
What is cell membrane made of?Proteins and lipids make up cell membranes in living things. Only some chemicals can pass through them because they are primarily constituted of lipids. The most prevalent form of lipid in the bilayer is phospholipid. The external and inner layers of phospholipids is divided into two layers.
How does a cell membrane develop?Based on the characteristics of lipids, physiological membranes form, and all cells have the same structural features: bilayers of liposomes with accompanying proteins. A non-living membrane seems to be the cell membrane. In bacteria, the living material protoplasm/protoplast is contained inside this cell membrane and is encased in a rigid, non-living cell wall.
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within a strand of rna, nucleotides can contain one of four different nitrogenous bases. what is the impact of this variation in nitrogenous bases? (4 points)
the impact of this variation in nitrogenous bases.
Translation is done by ribosomes, not proteins.
The process of making proteins in a cell takes place at an intercellular structure called a ribosome, which is formed of both RNA and protein. The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids that develop into extended chains and fold to create proteins.Ribosome. The biological machinery that produces proteins is known as a ribosome. Each cell contains several ribosomes, which are each composed of two subunits. These two subunits form a tight seal around the messenger RNA molecule before moving down its length and reading each three-letter codon. The transfer RNA, whose base sequence matches that of the messenger RNA, docks to the ribosome. A specific amino acid can be added to the end of the expanding protein chain by pairing each three-letter messenger RNA codon with the corresponding anticodon on a particular transfer RNA. Once the protein is finished, the ribosome fragments.
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the vital capacity is equal to the group of answer choices maximum amount of air breathed out. the air that comes in during a normal breath. maximum amount of air breathed in. maximum amount of air breathed in and the maximum amount of air breathed out. the air left in the lungs after exhalation.
The maximum amount of air breathed in and the maximum amount of air breathed out during a single breath.
The amount of air in the lungs that is still present after a forceful expiration is known as the residual air. The tidal volume refers to the amount of air exchanged during typical breathing. The volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after regular inspiration is referred to as the inspiratory reserve volume. The vital capacity is equal to the total lung capacity minus the residual volume. The inspiratory capacity is the vital capacity less the expiratory reserve volume. When using a spirometer to measure rapid exhalation, obstructive disorders like emphysema or asthma can be detected and their effects can be determined.
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what substance get reabsorbed by the nephrons and why ?
Answer: Ca++, Na+, glucose, and amino acids
Explanation:
What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ans called?.
Multiple autonomic innervations
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the heart, glands, and smooth muscles (dual innervation). Additionally, they are typically reciprocally engaged, meaning that when the activity of one division rises, the activity of the other falls.
What is the proper name for the equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity?Homeostasis is the state of balance between the two systems.Activity is determined by dual innervation at each target effector. For instance, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both connect to the heart. One makes the heart beat faster, while the other makes the heart beat slower.
The definitions of sympathetic and parasympathetic activityThe nervous system controls "fight-or-flight" reactions. In other words, this sympathetic technique prepares the body for challenging exercise. The bodily functions that we would anticipate would make this possible do in fact occur. The "rest and digest" processes are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
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How is information for a spectific protein carried on the dna molecule
Answer: First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA. Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
20 points
Which of the following are a characteristic of asexual reproduction? Select all that apply.
A. Requires 1 parent organism
B. Organism makes a copy of itself and divides
C. Requires a lot of time and effort
D. Produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
E. Produces genetically different offspring
F. Can include reproduction such as binary fission, buddy and regeneration
Answer:
tu eres rara con tu novio y no me lo has puesto a hacer mi amor perdón mi vida es un gran amor que te dijo
A,D & E
Asexual Reproduction
It is a type of reproduction, which only involves single parent. The new offspring produced are genetical and physical clones of their parents. Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegetative Propagation, Sporogenesis are different types of asexual reproduction.
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If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________.
A presynaptic neuron is sending many EPSPs if a post synaptic cell is driven to threshold by temporal summation.
What results in rapid EPSP?Later, it was discovered that AH and S neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses experienced fast EPSPs. They seem to be the exclusive means of communication between enteric neurons and vagal efferents.
What effect do EPSPs have on postsynaptic neurons?This makes the EPSP more likely to result in an action potential from the postsynaptic neuron, designating this synapse as excitatory.
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You are a microbiologist studying the E. Coli Lac operon.
You have two strains of bacteria that you are working with: a wild type (non-mutant) strain - Stain A, and a mutant strain - Stain B.
Strain B has a mutation in its promoter sequence. You place each strain in a Petri dish, with the indicated amounts of glucose and lactose (see Figure).
After 60 minutes, you measure gene expression at lacZ, a gene within the Lac operon.
You obtain the following for Strain A. Which of the locations in red would correspond to your level of expression for the mutant strain?
To help you here are the expression levels for a wild type cell.
You are a microbiologist studying the E. Coli Lac operon. Your level of expression for the mutant strain would correspond to no expression in red.
The lac operon of E. coli holds genes complicated in sweet substance absorption. It's signified only when hydrogen is present and hydrogen is missing. Two managers turn lac operon "on" and "off" in answer to oxygen and sweet liquid levels: the lac repressor and catabolite electrical device protein (CAP).
Expression of the oxygen lac operon is necessary for E. coli to metabolize sweet substances (milk carbohydrate) for element and strength. A mutation is an animal that experiences a metamorphosis. The word variant is secondhand in microbiology to concern a form of a bug that mutated from another mutant strain.
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individuals from which of the following backgrounds are least likely to experience emerging adulthood? group of answer choices western cultures high ses low ses all of these are equally likely to experience emerging adulthood
Emerging adulthood is primarily found in developed countries, with most young people completing tertiary education and becoming parents at an average age of about 30.
Adulthood, the period in a person's lifespan when they reach full physical and mental maturity. Adulthood usually begins at age 20 or 21. From about 40 to middle-aged, from about 60 to the elderly.
"Emerging adulthood" is a term that describes the developmental stage from about age 18 to her 29 that most people go through in their 20s in Western culture, and perhaps in other parts of the world as well. Growing adults have five characteristics:
Selfishness, insecurity, the search for identity, and in-between, a sense of possibility. Emerging adulthood occurs in all ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups, but the experience of emerging adulthood differs from group to group.
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How did the discoveries of thomson and rutherford change dalton's atomic theory?.
Answer:
The discovery of the electron disproved the part of Dalton's atomic theory that assumed atoms were indivisible. Atom comes from the word uncuttable meaning atoms are in fact indivisible.
Explanation:
During the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy which is then used to build which kind of molecule?.
During the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy to build carbohydrates.
Plants and other living things utilize a process called photosynthesis to transform solar energy into chemical energy that can then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis. Water is oxidized, which means it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons, inside the plant cell. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose in this process.
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which of the three cranial nerves, involved in gustation, transmits special sensory impulses from the posterior tongue as well as general sensory impulses from the middle ear?
the glossopharyngeal nerve is the cranial nerves, involved in gustation, transmits special sensory impulses from the posterior tongue as well as general sensory impulses from the middle ear
the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX), which supplies fibres to the tongue's posterior third; and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which supplies fibres to the epiglottis region. Taste fibres are classified as special visceral afferents (SVA). The glossopharyngeal nerve is one of the nine cranial nerves (CN IX). It sends motor, parasympathetic, and sensory signals to your mouth and throat. Among its many functions, the nerve helps raise a portion of your throat, allowing you to swallow. Glossopharyngeal nerve lesions cause difficulty swallowing, loss of taste over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate, and loss of sensation over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate.
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An antibonding molecular orbital has a lower electron density in the internuclear region than that of the atomic orbitals.
Antibonding molecular orbitals are those that make molecules more energetic in comparison to the presence of individual atoms while weakening the link between atoms.
How is a molecular orbital for antibonding created? What distinguishes it from the combination of atomic orbitals?The molecular orbital is created when an equal number of atomic orbitals overlap one another. Antibonding molecular orbitals are the two atomic orbitals created as a result of the linear combination of atomic orbitals in the same phase or in a different phase.
What is the reality of antibonding atomic orbitals?The two atomic p orbitals from which it is created have a lower energy than the antibonding molecular orbitals. The two atomic p orbitals that it is created from have a lower energy than the bonding atomic orbitals.
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although goats and sheep appear similar and can be mated (gametes fuse), their offspring are rarely born alive. this is an example of .
When Arizona's Grand Canyon formed, squirrels and other small mammals that were once part of a single population were no longer able to contact or reproduce with each other across this new geographic barrier.
They could no longer cross. The squirrel population underwent allopatric speciation. Kaibab and Abert's Squirrels: Separate species of squirrels evolved after the Grand Canyon formed, resulting in different species of squirrels evolving on both sides of the canyon. Reproductive isolation is a set of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent members of two different species that interbreed or mate from producing offspring, or that ensure that any offspring that may be produced are not fertile. In speciation, an ancestral species splits into two or more offspring species that are genetically different from each other and can no longer interbreed. Darwinian evolutionists distinguished between two main forms of speciation, allopatric speciation, which takes place under conditions of spatial isolation of populations, and sympatric speciation, which occurs within populations sharing the same habitat.
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a solid ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a(n) .
A solid ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a morula.
Define fertilization.
One sperm and one egg must recognize each other and fuse during the highly complex sexual reproductive process known as fertilization. Haploid gametes can build a genetically different person through fertilization and return to the usual number of chromosomes.
The first stage of development follows the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell, and is known as the zygote or fertilized egg (the fertilization ). The morula is a cell clump made up of 16–32 tiny diploid cells that develops from the zygote by cleavage (cell division). The embryo's volume doesn't grow throughout this initial period of development. The first cell differentiation happens in the generated morula.
The clump of cells develops into the embryoblast, which can be further subdivided into epiblast and hypoblast, the actual final embryo. The cells on the surface develop into the trophoblast, which gives rise to the placenta and amniotic membranes.
Because the embryo has formed a cavity known as the blastocoel, the blastula stage can be distinguished from the morula stage. The ab-embryonic pole is the side opposite the embryonic pole, which is the side where the cells that will make up the embryoblast are found. The trophoblast divides into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. The embryo inserts itself into the endometrium once it has reached the uterus.
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Expression of the GAL, lac and trp structural genes all involve coordinated regulation in response to cellular metabolic needs. Answer the following T/F regarding how this coordinated regulation is achieved.
GAL regulatory genes are translated from a polycistronic mRNA. This statement is false. GAL regulatory genes are not translated by polycistronic mRNA. They are inactivated in the absence of galactose. In the presence of galactose, they are transcribed. So the statement is false.
All GAL structural genes have UAS elements in their enhancer regions. This statement is true. UAS is the upstream activating sequence. It is a cis-acting sequence. It plays a role in activating transcription. So the statement is true. Trp structural genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA. This statement is true. Tryptophan operon contains one or more structural genes which are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA. This operon responds to a repressor protein. Lac structural genes share a similar chromatin state. This statement is false. Lac structural genes do not have similar chromatin structures.
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when activated, the reduces hunger. a) lateral hypothalamus b) ventromedial hypothalamus c) central hypothalamus d) thalamus
The ventromedial hypothalamus when activated reduces hunger.
The hypothalamus is a small part of your brain that sits just above the pituitary gland. It controls various bodily functions like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormones released by the pituitary gland. The three parts of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake are called the ventromedial nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic zone, and the arcuate nucleus. The ventromedial nucleus is the center of satiety and when stimulated causes the feeling of satiety. On the other hand, the lateral hypothalamic zone is the center of nourishment and when stimulated, it causes the feeling of hunger. Finally, there is the arcuate nucleus which is like a switchboard that receives various signals from the gastrointestinal tract. This nucleus sends neural fibers to regulate the feeding center and the satiety center. The lateral hypothalamus responds to any internal or external stimulation that causes a feeling of hunger. Once you've eaten, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends signals telling you when you feel full and have had enough.
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The functional units of the kidneys are:
A) nephrons.
B) renal sinuses.
C) glomeruli.
D) renal pyramids.
The Functional unit of a Kidney is called a Nephron.
What is a kidney?
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are situated on either side of the spine, behind the belly, and behind the ribs. The size of a hefty fist, each kidney is around 4 to 5 inches long.
Your kidneys' function is to filter your blood. They maintain healthy electrolyte levels in the body, remove waste, and control fluid balance. About 40 times a day, all of your blood travels through them.
Waste is eliminated as blood reaches the kidney, and salt, water, and minerals are corrected as necessary. The body receives the filtered blood back. Urine is created as waste is transformed, and it gathers in the kidney's pelvis, a funnel-shaped structure that drains to the bladder through a tube known as the ureter.
Each kidney contains millions of tiny filters known as nephrons. You might only have 10% of your kidneys working and not notice any symptoms or problems.
If blood stops flowing into a kidney, it may die in part or whole. This can result in kidney failure.
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When all the members of a species or population have the same allele for a certain gene, we say that gene is.
When all the members of a species or population have the same allele for a certain gene, we say that gene is homozygous.
What do you understand by homozygous?The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus is called homozygous. It may have two normal alleles or two alleles that have the same variant.
Individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous for these homologous loci such that if all the members of a population are homozygous for the same allele, then that allele is said to be fixed. There are two or more alleles for a gene and each contributing a relative frequency in the gene pool.
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archaeopteryx is a primitive bird from the late jurassic period that shares many characteristics with extinct theropod dinosaurs and modern-day birds. based on this information archaeopteryx would be a(n)
Archaeopteryx is a primitive bird from the late jurassic period that shares many characteristics with extinct theropod dinosaurs and modern-day birds. based on this information archaeopteryx would be a(n) transitional form.
What is Archaeopteryx?
In what is now southern Germany, Archaeopteryx lived in the Late Jurassic approximately 150 million years ago. At that time, Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow, warm, tropical sea that was much closer to the equator than it is today. The largest species of Archaeopteryx might reach lengths of around 0.5 m, making them roughly the size of a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly growing to the size of a raven. Archaeopteryx shared more traits with other small Mesozoic dinosaurs than they did with contemporary birds, despite its small stature, broad wings, and presumed capacity to fly or glide. They particularly resembled the dromaeosaurids and troodontids in that they had long bone tails, sharp teeth in the jaws, and three clawed digits.
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If you have been drinking the decision-making process and basic hand-eye coordination are.
The basic hand-eye coordination and the decision making process is slowed.
What are the side effects of alcohol consumption?
Long term use of alcohol can affect your health in many ways including bone density. This will lead to thinner bones, thereby increasing risks of fractures when/ if you fall.
There are other risks to ones health after long term use of alcohol consumption. These include high blood pressure, stroke, liver disease, heart disease, and digestive problems.
Cancer of the breast, throat, esophagus, voice box, liver mouth, liver, colon, and rectum are also included. The immune system will weaken, thereby increasing chances of getting sick. Learning and memory problems are also high in the list, including dementia and poor school performance.
Therefore, even basic hand-eye coordination and the decision making process are slowed.
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which molecule has the greatest effect in controlling lung ventilation? a. oxygen in the blood b. hydrogen ions in the blood c. carbon dioxide in the blood d. oxygen in the cerebrospinal fluid
The correct answer is option C
C carbon dioxide in the blood
What is Lung ventilation?
In "Lung Ventilation: Natural and Mechanical," the processes of respiration and lung ventilation are discussed, with an emphasis on the problems specifically associated with mechanical ventilation. The anatomy and physiology of respiration, as well as how the lungs and the rest of the respiratory system are involved, are covered at the beginning of the chapter. The three mechanical ventilation working principles are then introduced. It then concentrates on intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), which is how the majority of contemporary critical care ventilators work, and explains how it works pneumatically. The chapter concludes with a comparison of mechanical/artificial and natural lung ventilation.
The majority of patients who need mechanical breathing have both lungs inflated and deflated simultaneously. Mechanically separating the lungs such that only one lung may be ventilated is known as one lung ventilation (OLV). OLV is a common technique for facilitating surgical exposure during thoracic procedures. It can be used to separate a pathologic lung from a healthy lung to minimize soiling or to allow for differential ventilation.
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a type of polyploid organism called a(n) arises when all of the chromosome sets in the organism are derived from the same species.
When all of the chromosome sets in the organism are derived from the same species, the organism becomes an autopolyploid.
A chromosome is a long DNA fragment accompanying part or all of the ancestral material of a structure. In most chromosomes the lengthened thin DNA fibers are painted accompanying bundle proteins; in eukaryotic containers, the ultimate main of these proteins are the histones. Chromosomes are makeups in the direction of the center (core) of containers that win long pieces of DNA. DNA is the material that holds genes. It is the component of the human corpse.
Chromosomes more hold proteins that help DNA endure in the correct form. Autopolyploids are as a rule deliberate to stand inside a sole variety by increasing structurally complementary, similar genomes (AAAA), whereas allopolyploids stand by way of interspecific combination and after increasing of nonhomologous (that is homoeologous) genomes (AABB).
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PLEASE HELP!!!! which statement best distinguishes between the function of genes and alleles? responses genes provide variation in traits, while alleles express traits.
A genes provide variation in traits, while alleles express traits.
B. alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
C. alleles provide duplicate copies in case of mutation, while genes express all mutations
D. alleles provide duplicate copies in case of mutation, while genes express all mutations
Genes are genetic units that code for traits. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that express different phenotypes of the same trait. B) alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
What are genes and alleles?
Genes are the hereditable DNA fragments that transmit the information needed to specify traits.
This information passes from parents to offspring, generation to generation.
Genes are physically placed and arranged in chromosomes. Each chromosome contains too many genes that might vary in length.
Alleles are different forms of a gene that result from a mutation in the original gene.
By the process of natural mutation, a gene might change into two or more alternative forms that are called alleles.
These alternative forms codify for the same trait expressing different phenotypes.
The correct option is B. alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
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in a reaction that involves more than one step, the step that has the energy transition state is the slowest step. this step has the greatest effect on the overall reaction rate and is called the rate- step of the reaction.
In a reaction that involves more than one step, the step that has the highest energy transition state is the slowest step. This step has the greatest effect on the overall reaction and is called the rate determining step of the reaction.
What is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism?
The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism. The rate-determining step determines the rate law for the overall reaction by limiting the overall rate.
Why is the slowest step used to determine the rate?
This is because the slowest step takes longer to complete... as there may be multiple other processes involved. For example, a reactant may need to diffuse or migrate to a specific reaction site before another reaction can occur, resulting in the instant production of a product.
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after calculating the rfp expression ratio for your mutant promoter, you determine the ratio is 0.73. what can you say about your mutant promoter?
A mutation in a gene's promoter region may interfere with the orderly recruitment of transcription factors (TFs) at the promoter, which may interfere with the normal processes of gene activation depending on the location and kind of the genetic defect. As a result, a promoter mutation can alter the amount of mRNA and consequently protein.
The ratio of RFP responses The RFP Response Ratio is a metric used to assess a company's diligence in selecting which RFPs to pursue. By dividing the total number of RFPs pursued by the total number of RFPs received, it is determined.
Promoter mutations can have extremely subtle effects. Additionally, the experiments required to examine the functional connection between the mutation and the disease are lengthy and challenging to carry out. Promoter mutation analysis is complicated.
As a result, comprehensive studies of promoter mutations are uncommon and frequently restricted to research laboratories.
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Computer frequency of production of sperm and Human males to the frequency of production of eggs in human females
The frequency of production of sperm in human males is generally higher as compared to the frequency of production of eggs in human females.
What is the production of egg and sperm cells called?The production of both egg and sperm cells initiates as identical germ cells and is produced through a process of cell division called meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes in the germ cell from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid).
Inside the fallopian tube, sperms may take about two hours to swim the distance, during which most get exhausted and die. So, more sperm definitely means better chances of fertilization. Sperms surrounding the egg will release hydrolyzing enzymes to dissolve zona radiata and zona pellucida around the egg.
Therefore, The frequency of production of sperm in human males is definitely required in the mechanism of successful fertilization.
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