During the menopausal transition period, the drop in estrogen leads to more bone resorption than formation, resulting in osteoporosis.
The major health threat of osteoporosis is osteoporotic fractures.
What is osteoporosis?
A disorder when the bones become fragile and feeble.
Bone tissue is continuously absorbed by and replaced by the body. When someone has osteoporosis, the replacement of lost bone does not occur at the same rate. Osteoporosis is caused by a lifelong deficiency in calcium. Low calcium consumption increases the risk of fractures, early bone loss, and decreased bone density. eating problems. Bone deteriorates in both men and women who severely restrict their food intake and who are underweight. Osteoporosis makes bones so fragile that they can readily be broken. The term "silent sickness" refers to a condition in which a person may not notice any symptoms until a bone fracture, typically a bone in the hip, spine, or wrist. Living tissue is used to create bones.
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the nurse is completing an admission assessment for a client scheduled for back surgery after a construction accident. the nurse notes the client is having slowed speech and focus, irritability, yawning, and that he reports severe lumbar and right leg pain. the nurse suspects a nursing diagnosis of:
The nurse suspects a nursing diagnosis of sleep pattern Disturbance related to acute pain.
What is nursing diagnosis?A nursing diagnosis may be described as part of the nursing process and also a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes.
If in the scenario the nurse is completing an admission assessment for a client scheduled for back surgery after a construction accident and the nurse notes the client is having slowed speech and focus, irritability, yawning, and that he reports severe lumbar and right leg pain.
The nurse should suspects a nursing diagnosis of sleep pattern Disturbance related to acute pain.
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Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and Federal regulations for human subject protection
The Public Health Service Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male
The study which is linked to the establishment of National Research Act in 1974 is : The Public Health Service Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.
What is syphilis and what are the measures taken for it by the government?The most common way that syphilis is transmitted is through sexual interaction. Usually on the lips, rectum, or genitalia, the disease begins as a painless sore. Skin or mucous membrane contact with these lesions can spread syphilis from one individual to another.
Penicillin, an antibiotic drug that can eradicate the syphilis-causing bacterium, is the preferred treatment at all stages. If you have a penicillin allergy, your doctor might advise switching to a different antibiotic or suggesting penicillin desensitization.
Between 1932 and 1972, the US Public Health Service (USPHS) Syphilis Study at Tuskegee tracked the course of untreated syphilis through its natural history. Even after therapy was readily available, researchers did not provide it to study participants or obtain their informed consent.
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question: a patient is on a 30% air entrainment mask running at 5 l/min. what is the total flow that the patient is receiving from this device?
An air-to-O2ratio of roughly 8:1 results from this. Add the two ratio components together (8 + 1 = 9) and multiply by the total flow rate (9 5 = 45 L/min) to get the overall flow.
How can total flow be calculated?A venturi mask's entire gas flow should be measured. A ratio is used to represent the amounts of air and oxygen mixed in a venturi to produce a particular oxygen concentration (air:oxgen or a:o). (a x L/min) + (o x L/min) is the formula to calculate the total gas flow from the device.
35% Venturi mask is how many liters?BLUE = 2-4L/min = 24% oxygen. BLACK = 4-6L/min = 28% O2. 8–10 L/min = 35% O2 for yellow. 40% O2 at 10–12 L/min in the red.
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a 44-year-old man has come to the clinic with an asthma exacerbation. he tells the nurse that his father and brother also suffer from asthma, as does his 15-year-old son. the nurse explains that this is an allergic response based on a genetic predisposition. the specific allergen initiated by this immunological mechanism is usually mediated by:
The specific allergen initiated by this immunological mechanism is usually mediated by Immunoglobulin E
What is asthma ?A long-term condition that makes breathing difficult due to the narrowing and swelling of the bronchial airways in the lungs. The signs of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing.
Only mammals have been found to produce immunoglobulin E, a type of antibody. Plasma cells manufacture IgE. IgE monomers are made up of two heavy chains and two light chains, with the heavy chain having four constant domains that are similar to those found in Ig.
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which mental mechanism would the nurse suspect when a client with alcohol use disorder who has not worked for the past 10 years states, 'i currently work in the office of a local construction company'?
When a client with an alcohol dependence who hasn't had a job in ten years claims, "I've been out of work for ten years," the nurse might assume confabulation.
What constitutes a confabulation, exactly?Another kind of confabulation is when a person with memory lapses is asked to recall and describe the specifics of a former occurrence. The person's mind makes up memories of the event to fill in the blanks rather than admitting that they do not know.
What gives rise to confabulation?Confabulation is brought on by brain injury or poor brain function, although it's unclear exactly which portions of the brain are at blame. Basal forebrain or the frontal lobe may be implicated. Numerous neurological abnormalities can cause confabulation. These are a few of the most widespread.
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which client is at highest risk for developing postsurgical complications? 18-year-old male trauma client 35-year-old c-section 55-year-old heart bypass 75-year-old pneumonia client
The occurrence of one or more problems in postsurgical complications was independently predicted by the patient's advanced age, heart disease, preoperative neurologic abnormalities, past wound infections, corticosteroid use, history of sepsis, and an American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of >2.
What are the top three postoperative issues with immobility?Pressure ulcers [1], deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [2], pneumonia [3], and urinary tract infection are just a few of the problems that are independently linked to immobility (UTI)
When do most postoperative problems happen?Although serious complications can arise at any time following surgery, the likelihood is highest in the first couple of days.
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what clinical manifestations does the nurse recognize when a patient has had a right hemispheric stroke? quilzet
The effects of a right hemisphere stroke may include: Left-sided weakness or paralysis and sensory impairment. Denial of paralysis or impairment and reduced insight into the problems created by the stroke (this is called "left neglect") Visual problems.
What is impacted by a stroke in the right hemisphere?A right hemisphere stroke may result in sensory impairment and left-sided weakness or paralysis. Denial about paralysis or impairment as well as diminished awareness of the problems caused by the stroke are referred to as "left neglect." Visual issues., such as an inability to see each eye's left visual field.
Does a stroke on the right side impact speech?
Speech and communication issues are typically seen in right-brain injured stroke survivors. Because of their weak or uncontrolled left side facial and mouth muscles, many of these people have trouble pronouncing spoken sounds correctly. Dysarthria is the term for this.
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to maintain skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular health, a child should be physically active for at least minutes each day?
Children and teens between the ages of 6 and 17 should exercise for at least 60 minutes each day at a moderate level.
What relationship exists between cardiovascular health and skeletal muscle mass?Three recent studies show that regardless of fat mass, an increase in skeletal muscle mass could result in better cardiovascular health. The biggest cause of death and disability in the world is cardiovascular disease.
Why is the health of skeletal muscle important?Skeletal muscle serves as a major nutrient store and metabolic regulator in addition to its core functions of supporting posture, respiration, and locomotion. Consume heart-healthy foods.
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the nurse is caring for a client who is taking tetracycline for rocky mountain spotted fever. the nurse notices that the client has developed painful mouth ulcers. the nurse knows that the client has developed what adverse reaction to the medication?
Stomatitis is the growth of ulcers in the mouth cavity's mucous membranes. It is an adverse impact that patients taking tetracycline experience.
What diseases does tetracycline treat?
Tetracycline is used to treat bacterial infections that affect the skin, eye, lymphatic, intestinal, vaginal, and urinary systems, as well as various other infections that are spread by ticks, lice, mites, and infected animals. Pneumonia and other respiratory disease are among these illnesses.
Why is tetracycline no more used?
When bacteria are able to adapt to the presence of antibiotics and continue to survive and multiply, this is known as antibiotic resistance. Tetracyclines are still a go-to treatment for other sorts of illnesses, but their use has declined for some due to concerns about resistance.
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you are assessing a patient who experienced sudden onset blindness in her right eye. a detailed physical exam of her eye would require the use of which instrument?
Sphygmomanometer Opthalmoscope and a Venturi mask Otoscope.
What symptoms do you have of an eye stroke?Most eye stroke sufferers wake up in the morning without any pain and discover that one of their eyes has lost vision. Some people report seeing a shadow or dark spot in either the upper or lower half of their field of vision. Light sensitivity and a loss of visual contrast are further symptoms.
Which four factors lead to blindness?Age-related eye illnesses such glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are the main causes of blindness and impaired vision in the United States.
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the nurse asks you to collect a midstream specimen. which is correct? no special measures are needed. the perineal area is cleaned before collecting the specimen. the first voiding is discarded. the person voids twice.
The initial voiding is discarded when the nurse instructs you to collect a midstream specimen.
When taking a midstream sample, have the subject begin to urinate before stopping. As soon as the person starts to urinate again, a sterile specimen container is set up to catch the pee. The nurse should advise the patient to begin urinating before passing the container into the stream to collect a midstream sample while advising them on how to do so.
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a pregnant woman has undergone prenatal screening that has revealed evidence of congenital heart defect in the fetus. the nurse interprets this finding as indicative of which type of inheritance?
The nurse interprets this finding as indicative of Multifactorial type of inheritance.
What is Multifactorial type of inheritance?
Multifactorial inheritance is when more than one factor causes a trait/ health problem, like birth defects or chronic illnesses. Genes can be a factor, but other things that are not genes can also play a part as well. These can include:
LifestyleNutritionTobacco and alcoholAn illnessCertain medicinesPollutionOften times, one sex (male or female) may be affected more than the other for some traits/ disorders.
Multifactorial conditions often tend to run in families. This is because they are partially caused by genes.
Types of multifactorial traits/ disorders:
Health problems caused by both genes and other factors are:
Cancers of breast, ovaries, bowel, prostate and skinBirth defects like cleft palate and neural tube defects DiabetesAlzheimer diseaseSchizophreniaBipolar disorderAsthma and allergiesArthritisOsteoporosisTherefore, the nurse interprets this finding as indicative of Multifactorial type of inheritance.
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a client with a history of peptic ulcer disease is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. what medication will the nurse anticipate will be prescribed to produce an anti-inflammatory effect and protect the stomach lining?
The manufacture of protective prostaglandins in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is not inhibited by the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, which have been demonstrated to decrease inflammatory processes.
What kind of job is done by nurses?Registered nurses (RNs) provide and coordinate medical care, educate the public about various health concerns, and provide emotional support and advice to patients and their families. The majority of registered nurses work in teams with doctors and other healthcare professionals in a range of circumstances.
Will a nurse be able to operate?They are in charge of a number of surgical post-operative therapy responsibilities. Many surgical nursing professionals choose to focus in a specific area, such obstetrics, children's surgery, or heart surgery.
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TRUE/FALSE a job that requires sitting at a desk for many hours a day can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
It's a false that a job that requires you to sit at a desk for hours a day significantly reduces your risk of type 2 diabetes.
What is the distinction between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?The main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 diabetes is a genetic condition that often occurs early in life, whereas type 2 diabetes is primarily lifestyle-related and develops over time. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and damages insulin-releasing cells in the pancreas.
What exactly happens in type 2 diabetes?In type 2 diabetes, cells do not respond normally to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. Your pancreas will produce more insulin to try to get the cells to respond, and eventually your pancreas will not be able to keep up, causing your blood sugar to skyrocket, leading to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Can type 2 diabetes be cured?Although there is no cure yet, our scientists are working on groundbreaking weight management research to help people go into remission from type 2 diabetes. The condition, when blood sugar (glucose) levels are in a normal range again is called remission.
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aiden's physician recommended blood tests since he has been feeling fatigued and has lost weight recently. aiden's bloodwork indicates his fasting plasma glucose level is 117 mg/dl, which indicates that aiden:
A fasting plasma glucose level of 117 mg/dL indicates that Aiden has an elevated blood sugar level. The normal fasting plasma glucose level is typically between 70-99 mg/dL. The correct option is (b) prediabetes.
This finding might point to prediabetes or early-stage diabetes. It is crucial for Aiden to schedule a follow-up appointment with his doctor to go over the test results and decide the best course of action for additional assessment and care.
On the basis of additional evaluation and diagnosis, lifestyle adjustments, such as implementing a balanced diet, increasing physical exercise, and possibly recommending medicinal procedures, may be advised.
Therefore, A result of 117 mg/dL suggests that Aiden's blood glucose is higher than the normal range. The correct option is (b) prediabetes.
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The complete question is:
Aiden's physician recommended blood tests since he has been feeling fatigued and has lost weight recently. Aiden's bloodwork indicates his fasting plasma glucose level is 117 mg/dl, which indicates that Aiden:
a. is normal.
b. has prediabetes.
c. has diabetes.
d. has hypertension.
the client is diagnosed with wernicke-korsakoff syndrome as a result of chronic alcoholism. which symptoms would the nurse assess
A customer who formerly struggled with drinking now suffers from Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome. The medications could be used to treat this condition
Why does Korsakoff syndrome occur?
The memory system in the brain is the main target of Korsakoff's syndrome. It typically stems from a thiamine (vitamin B1) shortage, which can be brought on by drinking excessively, eating poorly, experiencing extended vomiting, having an eating disorder, or the side effects of chemotherapy.
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome's initial stage?
There are two distinct stages of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. A person will first experience a brief period of acute inflammation (swelling) of their brain. The term "Wernicke's encephalopathy" describes this. The person may develop a more serious ailment if this condition isn't treated right away.
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a person in england arrives at a medical clinic with a fever and swollen lymph nodes shortly after returning from a visit to new mexico. for which bacteria should the doctor test the patient?
The doctor should test the patient for Yersinia pestis.
What is yersinia pestis?
It is a non-motile, gram negative, coccobacillus bacterium without spores. Yersinia pestis is related to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica both. It is a facultative anaerobic organism that usually infects humans via the Oriental rat flea.
Yersinia pestis causes the plague. Plague is a disease that affects some other mammals and humans.
Humans contract the plague by being bitten by a rodent flea that carries the plague bacterium or by handling an animal that is infected with the plague.
The plague is an infectious disease.
Therefore, the doctor should test the patient for Yersinia pestis.
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which nursing assessment is important in determining the causative factors in a client with a history of spontaneous abortions?
Because a lack of nursing evaluations might put patients at risk, assessments are essential to patient safety. A vital competence is doing timely and accurate holistic nursing assessments.
What is nursing's primary function?From the time of conception to the end of life, nurses are present in every community, big and small. Nurses do a variety of duties, from providing direct patient care and managing cases to setting nursing practice standards, creating quality control procedures, and managing intricate nursing care systems.
Which nurse assessment is the most crucial?Assessment of Admission from Head to Toe. When a patient first enters for treatment, one of the most fundamental, thorough nursing assessments is carried out. Essentially, it involves a detailed examination of the patient's medical history, the reasons they are seeking therapy.
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a nurse is planning care for a client who is experiencing pain and is unable to sleep. the nurse understands which statements are true regarding the relationship between sleep, rest, and pain? select all that apply.
Feeling anxiety about losing independence and pain can have psychological or affective reactions that are related to emotions and feelings of discomfort. Psychological reactions to suffering include a lack of self-control and fear of dependency.
It's time to consult a doctor if discomfort is keeping you from obtaining a decent night's rest. Medication, physical therapy, & talk therapy are just a few of the therapies accessible. Consider keeping a sleep journal to record your sleeping patterns.
There is a link between pain and sleeplessness. When the nerves are intensely stimulated, pain often results. The brain is stimulated as a result, and you are forced to stay awake. In other words, pain makes the brain stay awake, which makes it harder to fall asleep.
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a middle-aged woman has acromegaly as a result of a pituitary adenoma that was found and removed when she was a teenager. the physician is suspecting that the tumor has returned and has ordered a diagnostic work-up. a glucose load is ordered. if the tumor has returned, the nurse would expect which result?
The growth hormone level will not be suppressed following the glucose load.
What is a growth hormone?
Growth hormone, sometimes referred to as somatotropin or human growth hormone in its human form, is a peptide hormone that promotes cell division, regeneration, and growth in both humans and other animals. Thus, it is crucial to the advancement of humanity. Growth hormone supports early development and aids in the maintenance of tissues and organs throughout life. It is created by the pituitary gland, a little organ at the base of the brain. However, the pituitary gland gradually decreases the quantity of growth hormone it generates starting in middle life. Human growth hormone, commonly referred to as hGH and somatotropin, is a naturally occurring hormone that your pituitary gland produces and releases. It has a wide range of effects on the body and helps children grow.
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Damage to which part of the brain can inhibit transfer of information from the short term memory to the long term memory?.
a nurse is making a home visit to a new mother with a 5-day-old newborn. the mother tells the nurse that the baby is fussy and she does not know how to calm her. which suggestions would be most appropriate for the nurse to make? select all that apply.
"Try snuggly swaddling her." Try loudly silencing her. "Suck her up," you say. "Try snuggly swaddling her." laying on one's side or stomach on the caregiver's lap; hushed loudly; or white noise that never stops
Do babies benefit from being swaddled?Too-tightly swaddled infants may experience hip issues later in life. A hip dislocation of hip dysplasia has been linked to straightening or tightly wrapping a baby's legs, according to studies. The top of a thigh bone is not firmly retained in the hip socket, which is an aberrant hip joint formation.
A baby swaddle's function is unclear?Better sleep for you both results from swaddling your baby, who is protected from their natural startle reflex. If a baby is colicky, it might assist. Because your touch is mimicked, it helps your baby develop to self-soothe and reduces anxiety in them. In order to avoid scratching, it keeps her hands away from her face.
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a patient with seasonal allergies has told the nurse that a colleague recommended pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (sudafed) as a means of controlling signs and symptoms. the nurse should be aware that this drug provides relief for many patients but adverse effects include a risk of:
The nurse needs to be aware that although pseudoephedrine hydrochloride relieves many patients' symptoms, it also carries a risk of anxiety.
What do you mean by the term seasonal allergies?Similar to certain other kinds of allergies, seasonal allergies arise whenever the immune system's overreacts to an environmental trigger, typically in the spring. a reaction that is allergic in nature and results in sneezing, watery eyes, as well as other similar symptoms. Seasonal or year-round allergic rhinitis can occur. To make the diagnosis, a history is collected, the nasal passage are looked at, or occasionally skins testing is utilized. Sneezing, runny nose, or red, watery, or itchy eyes are symptoms. Drugs that block histamines can lessen symptoms.
How do you treat seasonal allergies and what are the most common cause of allergic rhinitis?1. Antihistamines taken orally. Antihistamines can help with sneeze, itchy, a stuffed and runny nose, & watery eyes.
2. Nasal corticosteroid sprays. These drugs lessen nasal symptoms.
3. Nasal cromolyn sodium spray.
4. Decongestants used orally
Pollen, moulds spore, house dust mites or flakes of skins or droplet of urine or saliva form specific animals are common allergens that induce allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever.
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a nurse caring for a patient with chronic diarrhea expects to find increased:a. skin turgor.b. blood pressure. c. pulse rate.
A nurse caring for a patient with chronic diarrhea can expect to find- c) increased pulse rate.
What are causes and symptoms of chronic diarrhea?Loose or watery feces that last for weeks are the primary sign of chronic diarrhea. There may or may not be a feeling of urgency with these stools. It could exist by itself or come along with other symptoms including vomiting, nausea, back pain, or weight loss.
To ascertain a patient's fluid requirements, it is important to evaluate the patient's volume status. Numerous physical exam findings and measurable information from the patient's vital signs can frequently be used to clinically identify the patient's fluid status including elevated pulse rate and respiration.
Thus, a nurse can expect to find a increase in heart rate for a patient with chronic diarrhea.
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a nurse is teaching a client about the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. the nurse should inform the client that the best source for unsaturated fats is:
The nurse can explain to the client that the best sources of unsaturated fats are food sources such as avocados, olive oil, salmon, nuts, and seeds.
What is unsaturated fat?Unsaturated fats or healthy fats are fatty acids that have one single bond and one double bond in their molecule. The double bonds in unsaturated fats create gaps so that unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
The benefits of unsaturated fats are reducing heart attacks, increasing body antibodies, and helping to lower LDL cholesterol. Even monounsaturated fats can increase HDL levels. Unsaturated fats are divided into two, namely polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats.
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compared to north american students, asian students perform (fill in the blank) on math aptitude and achievement tests and spend (fill in the blank) time studying.
Asian pupils outperform North American students on math aptitude and achievement assessments, and they spend more time studying arithmetic.
What are Asian cultural health concepts?Chinese: Health is preserved by maintaining a balance of "yin" (cool) and "yang" (hot) forces. Illness is caused by a shortage of "chi" (energy). The body is regarded as a gift that must be appreciated by providing good care. Japanese: In addition to typical Western treatment, individuals may use acupuncture, acupressure, moxibustion, and herbal medicine. Because emotions are frequently hidden, assessing pain can be challenging. Some food combinations should be avoided if possible. Vietnamese: People are unwilling to seek health care but rely on heavenly guidance, astrologers, and other healers. Diet also has a role in overall health. Asian women healers employ fo'fo (massage), acupuncture, and herbal treatment.
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a client with multiple sclerosis is experiencing muscle weakness, spasticity, and an ataxic gait. on the basis of this information, the nurse should include which client problem in the plan of care?
The nurse should include the client problem as Interruption in physical mobility.
A restriction in the body's or one or more extremities' independent and deliberate physical movement is referred to as restricted physical mobility.
In addition to many others, diseases like muscular dystrophy, COPD, cerebral palsy, and cystic fibrosis can cause major mobility problems. Of course, not all illnesses have visible symptoms, and a person's incapacity to move may also be influenced by medical therapy.
The dominant hypotheses to date combine peripheral neuropathy, triceps surae muscular weakness, and abnormal postural motions. Similar symptoms can also be caused by diabetes, spinal root or spinal cord lesions, and trauma to or damage to the motor cortex of the brain.
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an infant has just been born with a myelomeningocele. the infant has been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. the nursing technician is preparing an open crib for this infant. the nurse should
The infant born with myelomeningocele needed to be Apply a sterile dressing moistened in a heat sterile for the nursing techniques.
Care need to be taken to guard the uncovered meninges withinside the spinal lesion till surgical closure may be performed. The toddler need to be nursed susceptible and now no longer dressed to save you harm to the lesion. Use an incubator or radiant warmer.
Immediately after transport the lesion need to be protected with a sterile dressinLeave dressing in vicinity over sac till the neurosurgeon examines the toddler. Thereafter, hold a saline soaked dressing overlaying the sac the usage of moist, sterile moist telfa (no betadine).
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the physician comments that a patient has abdominal borborygmi. the nurse knows that this term refers to:
A patient is diagnosed as having abdominal borborygmi, the doctor observes. The nurse is aware that this phrase describes a loud, persistent hum.
When using percussion on a patient who has ascites, where would the nurse anticipate assessing tympany?Gas-filled bowel loops float to the top of the ascitic abdomen, while ascitic fluid sinks to the dependent area. As a result, percussion sounds sound dull over the fluid around the gut loops and tympanitic above them. Map out these dullness and tympany while the patient is on his back.
When percussion is applied to the intestines, what sound should the nurse anticipate hearing?Tympany or dullness are the most common noises in the abdomen. Tympany is frequently audible above airy buildings like both the small and the big intestines.
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the magnetic resonance image (mri) of a client who sustained brain trauma reveals injury to the occipital lobe. which disability would the nurse anticipate in the client?
The nurse would predict that the client will have a visual impairment.
After a lumbar puncture, what nursing procedure would be carried out?The following nursing procedures should be noted by the nurse after a lumbar puncture: Apply little pressure for a few seconds to the wound. A small occlusive dressing or bandage is placed over the area, and pressure will be given to stop any bleeding. Position the patient flat on the bed.
Which brain region's anatomical structure controls a client's linguistic expression?The cerebrum, the largest portion of the brain, is where speech is predominantly controlled. The corpus callosum is a band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres, which make up the cerebrum.
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