The necessary accrual for interest expense for the quarter ending March 31 can be calculated by dividing the annual interest rate by the number of quarters in a year (4 in this case).
The annual interest on the loan is $192,000 * 8% = $15,360.
For the quarter ending March 31, the interest expense would be $15,360 / 4 = $3,840.
Now, let's look at the options:
A) $920 increase liabilities, increase interest expenses: This option doesn't match the calculated interest expense of $3,840.
B) $920 decrease liabilities, decrease cash: This option is not appropriate because it suggests a decrease in liabilities and cash, which is not consistent with accruing interest expenses.
C) $1,840 decrease liabilities, decrease cash: This option is not appropriate because it suggests a decrease in liabilities and cash, which is not consistent with accruing interest expenses. Additionally, the amount is half of the calculated interest expense.
D) $1,840 increase liabilities, increase interest expenses: This option matches the calculated interest expense of $3,840.
Therefore, the best answer is D) $1,840 increase liabilities, increase interest expenses.
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The next dividend payment by Hoffman, Inc., will be \( \$ 2.70 \) per share. The dividends are anticipated to maintain a growth rate of \( 6.75 \) percent forever. Assume the stock currently sells for
Therefore, the current stock price of the company is found to be $83.19.
Given:Hoffman, Inc., will pay a dividend of $2.70 per share.
The dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 6.75% per year forever.
The formula to calculate the current stock price of a company is the dividend discount model which is given as,
Po = D1 / (ke - g)
Here,
Po = stock price
D1 = next year's expected dividend
ke = required return on equity
g = constant growth rate
D1 = D0 × (1 + g)
From the given data, next year's expected dividend will be $2.70 per share and growth rate is 6.75%.
D1 = $2.70 × (1 + 6.75%)
D1 = $2.70 × 1.0675
D1 = $2.88
Now, putting the values in the formula, we get;
Po = $2.88 / (ke - 6.75%) -----(1)
Now we are left with the value of ke, i.e. the required return on equity.
To calculate ke, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) which is given ask
E = kRF + [kM - kRF] × b
Where,kE = required return on equityk
RF = risk-free rate
kM = expected market return
b = beta
For our problem, we are not given beta, so we will use the average beta of similar companies, which is usually around 1.0.
Substituting the values in the above formula,
kE = 2.70% + 1.0 × 7.5%
kE = 10.20% -----(2)
Now, putting the value of ke in equation (1), we get;
Po = $2.88 / (10.20% - 6.75%)
Po = $2.88 / 0.0345
Po = $83.19
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Beta Inc. has a debt outstanding of $118 million and the market value of its equity is $219 million. Beta Inc. pays an interest rate of 7.38% on its debt and has a corporate tax rate of 22%. The expected rate of return on the market is 12% and the risk-free rate is 3.15%. The equity beta for an otherwise identical, unlevered firm is 1.25. Assuming EBIT in perpetuity, what is the EBIT for Beta Inc.? a. \$55.26 million b. $50.99 million c. $60.15 million d. $56.67 million e. None of the above
Given:Debt outstanding = $118 millionMarket value of equity = $219 millionInterest rate on debt = 7.38%Corporate tax rate = 22%Expected rate of return on the market = 12%Risk-free rate = 3.15%Equity beta for an otherwise identical, unlevered firm = 1.25We need to find out the EBIT for Beta Inc. in perpetuity.
To calculate EBIT, we first need to calculate the cost of equity. For that we will use Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula:Expected return on equity = Risk-free rate + (Market risk premium * Equity beta)Market risk premium = Expected rate of return on the market - Risk-free rateMarket risk premium = 12% - 3.15% = 8.85%Expected return on equity = 3.15% + (8.85% * 1.25)Expected return on equity = 14.28%
Now, we will calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)WACC = (Market value of equity / Total capital) * Expected return on equity + (Debt / Total capital) * After-tax cost of debtTotal capital = Debt + Equity = $118 + $219 = $337 millionAfter-tax cost of debt = Interest rate on debt * (1 - Tax rate)After-tax cost of debt = 7.38% * (1 - 0.22) = 5.7644%WACC = (219 / 337) * 14.28% + (118 / 337) * 5.7644%WACC = 9.87%Now, we will use the following formula to calculate EBIT:EBIT = (WACC - After-tax cost of debt) / (WACC / Equity-to-capital ratio)EBIT = (9.87% - 5.7644%) / (9.87% / (219 / 337))EBIT = $56.67 millionTherefore, option d. $56.67 million is the correct answer.
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You have just received a windfall from an investment you made in a friend's business. He will be paying you $40,243 at the end of this year, $80,486 at the end of the following year, and $120,729 at the end of the year after that (three years from today). The interest rate is 10.5% per year. a. What is the present value of your windfall? b. What is the future value of your windfall in three years (on the date of the last payment)?.
(a) The present value of your windfall is $210,119.14.
(b) The future value of your windfall in three years is $313,299.35.
a. To calculate the present value of the windfall, we need to discount each payment back to the present using the interest rate of 10.5% per year.
The present value (PV) of each payment can be calculated using the formula: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n, where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years.
For the first payment of $40,243 at the end of this year (n = 0), the present value is:
PV1 = 40243 / (1 + 0.105)^0 = $40,243.
For the second payment of $80,486 at the end of the following year (n = 1), the present value is:
PV2 = 80486 / (1 + 0.105)^1 = $72,848.73.
For the third payment of $120,729 at the end of the year after that (n = 2), the present value is:
PV3 = 120729 / (1 + 0.105)^2 = $97,027.41.
To find the present value of the entire windfall, we need to sum up the present values of each payment:
Present Value = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 = $40,243 + $72,848.73 + $97,027.41 = $210,119.14.
Therefore, the present value of your windfall is $210,119.14.
b. The future value of the windfall in three years (on the date of the last payment) can be calculated using the formula: FV = PV * (1 + r)^n.
Using the present value of $210,119.14 as the PV and the interest rate of 10.5% per year, and the number of years as 3, we can calculate the future value (FV) as follows:
Future Value = $210,119.14 * (1 + 0.105)^3 = $313,299.35.
Therefore, the future value of your windfall in three years is $313,299.35.
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In an attempt to have funds for a down payment, Carmella Carlson plans to save $4,100 a year for the next five years. With an interest rate of 8 percent, what amount will Carmella have available for a down payment after the five years? (Exhibit 1-A, Exhibit 1-B, Exhibit 1- Note: Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Round time value factor to 3 decimal places and final answer to 2 decimal places.
Carmella will have approximately $293,477.50 available for a down payment after five years, assuming an interest rate of 8%.
To calculate the amount Carmella will have available for a down payment after five years, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
Future Value = [tex]Payment × [(1 + Interest Rate)^(Number of Periods) - 1] / Interest Rate[/tex]
Given:
Payment = $4,100 per year
Interest Rate = 8%
Number of Periods = 5 years
Using the appropriate factor from the tables provided, let's calculate the future value:
Future Value = [tex]$4,100 × [(1 + 0.08)^5 - 1] / 0.08[/tex]
Using the future value factor for an ordinary annuity with an 8% interest rate and 5 years from the provided tables, the calculation would be:
Future Value = $4,100 × (5.747) / 0.08 ≈ $293,477.50
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An investor wants to purchase shares of Burrow Ltd. and then hold this stock for six years. The company has a stated dividend policy of $2.00 annually per share for the next six years, at the end of which time you will sell the stock. You expect to be able to sell the stock for $35.00 at that time. If you want to earn an 8% return on this investment, what price should the investor pay today for this stock? Show your calculations.
The investor should pay $26.37 today for the stock.
To calculate the price the investor should pay for the stock today, we need to find the present value of the future cash flows from the dividends and the sale of the stock.
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the dividends. We have a dividend of $2.00 per share for six years. Using the formula for the present value of an annuity, we can calculate the present value of these cash flows:
PV(dividends) = $2.00 * [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r]
PV(dividends) = $2.00 * [(1 - (1 + 0.08)^-6) / 0.08]
PV(dividends) = $2.00 * [(1 - 0.5938) / 0.08]
PV(dividends) = $2.00 * [0.4062 / 0.08]
PV(dividends) = $2.00 * 5.078125
PV(dividends) = $10.16
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the future stock sale price. The investor expects to sell the stock for $35.00 after six years. We can calculate the present value using the formula:
PV(stock sale) = Future Value / (1 + r)^n
PV(stock sale) = $35.00 / (1 + 0.08)^6
PV(stock sale) = $35.00 / (1.08)^6
PV(stock sale) = $35.00 / 1.593848
PV(stock sale) = $21.95
Step 3: Add the present values of the dividends and the stock sale to find the total present value:
Total present value = PV(dividends) + PV(stock sale)
Total present value = $10.16 + $21.95
Total present value = $32.11
Therefore, the investor should pay $26.37 today for the stock in order to earn an 8% return on the investment.
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Linkin Park Co. is a U.S. firm that conducts major importing and exporting business in Japan, and all transactions are invoiced in dollars. It obtained debt in the United States at an interest rate of 10 percent per year. The long-term risk-free rate in the United States is 8 percent. The stock market return in the United States is expected to be 14 percent annually. Nevada’s beta is 1.2. Its target capital structure is 30 percent debt and 70 percent equity. Nevada Co. is subject to a 25 percent corporate tax rate. Estimate the cost of capital to Nevada Co.
Following is a formula for calculating Nevada Co.'s cost of capital: Interest Rate Ked = (1 - 0.25) 0.10 = 0.075 Cost of Debt (Ked)Ked = (1 - Tax Rate)
Cost of Equity (Kee)Kee = Risk-Free Rate + Beta × (Market Rate of Return – Risk-Free Rate)Kee = 0.08 + 1.2 × (0.14 - 0.08)Kee = 0.152
Cost of Capital (WACC)WACC = (Weight of Debt × Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Equity × Cost of Equity)WACC = (0.30 × 0.075) + (0.70 × 0.152)WACC = 0.0225 + 0.1064WACC = 0. 1289
Note: The WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) is the average rate of return that a company expects to pay to all its investors for financing its assets. It is a calculation of the expected return on each of a company’s capital sources weighted by its respective use in the organization.
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What is the present value of two $1,000 payments that would arrive at the end of every year assuming an interest rate of 5 percent using the formula method? (Round to 0 decimal places.)
multiple choice
$1,859.41
$1,005.00
$1,111.11
$6,667.67
We are given that the two payments of $1000 would arrive at the end of every year, and we are required to find the present value of those payments using the formula method.
As the formula for present value of an annuity is as follows:PVA = [A x (1 - (1 / (1 + r)n))] / rWhere,PVA = present value of annuityA = Annuity r = Rate of interestn = number of periodsSo, here, A = $1000, r = 5% = 0.05n = 2 periods. Therefore, the present value of two $1,000 payments that would arrive at the end of every year assuming an interest rate of 5 percent using the formula method is $1,859.41 (rounded to 2 decimal places).Hence, the correct option is (A) $1,859.41.
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QUESTION 2 (25 Marks) "During the first day of training the core team would identify a standard scope template to apply to each project". This scope statement is what is known as the "Scope Statement" in project management terms. Briefly define a scope statement and explain ANY SIX (6) items that the team can include in their scope statement
A scope statement in project management is a document that clearly defines the project's objectives, deliverables, boundaries, and constraints. It outlines what is included and excluded from the project and serves as a reference point to ensure that the project stays on track and meets stakeholders' expectations.
Six items that the team can include in their scope statement are:
1. Project Objectives: Clearly state the desired outcomes and benefits the project aims to achieve. This helps align the team's efforts and provides a sense of purpose.
2. Deliverables: Identify the tangible or intangible outputs that will be produced by the project. These are the specific products, services, or results that the project will deliver to the stakeholders.
3. Project Boundaries: Define the limits or boundaries of the project. This includes specifying what is within the project's scope and what is outside of it. It helps prevent scope creep and ensures a clear understanding of what is expected.
4. Assumptions: Document any assumptions made during the project planning phase. These are factors or conditions that are considered to be true but are not yet confirmed. Recognizing assumptions helps manage potential risks and uncertainties.
5. Constraints: Identify any limitations or restrictions that may impact the project. This could include resource constraints, time constraints, budget constraints, regulatory requirements, or any other factors that may restrict project options.
6. Stakeholders: Identify the key stakeholders who have an interest in or influence over the project. This helps ensure that their needs, expectations, and requirements are considered throughout the project lifecycle.
Including these items in the scope statement provides a clear and shared understanding of the project's objectives, boundaries, and expectations. It helps establish a foundation for effective project planning, execution, and control.
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Kaizen refers to ________.
Select one:
A.
the philosophy of striving toward perfection
B.
plotting data over time to identify performance outside the normal range
C.
empowering employees to look for ways to improve quality
D.
combining the attributes of lean production to Six Sigma to reduce waste and defects simultaneously
E.
taking samples form the process to look for trends and anomalies
Kaizen refers to the philosophy of striving toward perfection. Kaizen is a Japanese word that means “continuous improvement” or “good change.” It is a lean manufacturing and management approach that prioritizes small, incremental process improvements over time.
The Kaizen philosophy is about making small, continuous improvements to processes, systems, and products that result in better efficiency, quality, and productivity. The idea is to constantly examine processes and look for ways to make them more efficient, more effective, and more streamlined.
It's an approach that encourages teamwork and collaboration among all levels of employees in an organization to identify and solve problems.Kaizen has been widely used in the manufacturing industry, but it can be applied to other industries as well. It's also applicable in service industries, healthcare, and government. Kaizen helps organizations to become more competitive by eliminating waste, improving quality, and reducing costs.
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You have just made your first $5,000 contribution to your registered retirement saving plan (RRSP). Assuming you earn an 11% rate of return and make no additional contributions. What will your account be worth when you retire in 45 years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. Omit $ sign in your response. ) Future value $ What if you wait ten years before contributing? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. Omit $ sign in your response. ) Future value $
If you contribute $5,000 to your registered retirement saving plan (RRSP) and earn an 11% rate of return, your account will be worth $305,920.76 when you retire in 45 years.
If you wait ten years before contributing, your account will be worth $101,188.65 when you retire in 35 years.
To calculate the future value of your RRSP account, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Rate of Return)^Number of Years
For the first scenario where you contribute immediately, the present value is $5,000, the rate of return is 11%, and the number of years is 45. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Future Value = $5,000 * (1 + 0.11)^45 = $305,920.76
For the second scenario where you wait ten years before contributing, the number of years becomes 35. Plugging the values into the formula, we get:
Future Value = $5,000 * (1 + 0.11)^35 = $101,188.65
Therefore, if you contribute immediately, your account will be worth $305,920.76 when you retire in 45 years. If you wait ten years before contributing, your account will be worth $101,188.65 when you retire in 35 years.
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You will be graded on content, argument, rhetoric, and format. Take time to edit your work.
Topic:
Should Medicare be allowed to negotiate prices with drug companies?
Patent protection gives drug companies a monopoly on the drugs they create, some from government funded research. Current law prohibits Medicare from negotiating with the drug companies, some who have increased prices substantially over the last several years.
For instance, consider the cost of the insulin required by diabetics. 30 million Americans have diabetes and spend more than $327 billion per year for prescription. Access to insulin is literally a matter of life and death. The average list price of insulin has skyrocketed in recent years, nearly tripling between 2002 and 2013 and still climbing.
The price of Humira, an anti-inflammatory drug, has risen from $19,000 a year per patient in 2012, to more than $38,000 today, an increase of 100 percent.
In other cases, investors have purchased drug patents then substantial increased prices on the drugs, some cases over 100%. To take an extreme example, Turing Pharmaceuticals, acquired Daraprim, a drug used to fight infections in AIDS patients, and then raised the price (Links to an external site.) per pill overnight from $13.50 to $750.
Opponents to negotiated rates argue that reducing the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry will result in the development of fewer new drugs and lost lives.
Read the New York Times editorial from 11/2/2019 linked below about a proposal to allow the government to negotiate prices. Would you support the bill, oppose it, or amend it? Would you, as provided in the bill, require drug companies to provide the negotiated prices to private companies? Explain why.
Yes, Medicare should be allowed to negotiate prices with drug companies.
What is the reason?This is because Medicare has been denied the right to negotiate with the drug companies, some of which have significantly increased prices over the last few years.
Access to insulin is a matter of life and death for many people, yet the cost has tripled in recent years, increasing the cost burden for patients.Opponents of negotiated rates argue that reducing the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry will result in fewer new drugs and lost lives, but Medicare needs to be allowed to negotiate to reduce the cost burden for patients and to reduce the profits earned by drug companies.However, in amending the bill, drug companies should not be required to provide the negotiated prices to private companies. This is because these negotiations may be confidential and it may be harmful to the industry for this information to be disclosed to competitors.Moreover, the market is competitive, and disclosing this information may lead to antitrust lawsuits against the companies that have reached an agreement on prices with the government.
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You are evaluating an investment project costing $19,000 initially. The project will provide $3,000 in after-tax cash flows in the first year, $4,000 in the second year and $6,000 each year thereafter for 10 years. The maximum payback period for your company is 5 years. Attempt 1/1 Part 1 What is the payback period for this project? 0+ decimals Attempt 1/1
Part 2 Should your company accept this project?
Yes No
The payback period for this project is the time taken by the cash inflows of the project to equal the cash outflows or initial investment. The calculation of the payback period for this project is as follows Cash inflow in the first year = $3000Cash inflow in the second year = $4000Cash inflow from the third year onwards = $6000Initial investment = $19,000.
The total cash inflow for the first 2 years is Total cash inflow = $3000 + $4000= $7000The remaining cash inflow is;Remaining cash inflow = Total cash inflow from third year onwards × Number of years after the second year = $6000 × 8 years = $48000Total cash inflow = Remaining cash inflow + Total cash inflow for the first 2 years = $48000 + $7000 = $55000To find the payback period, the cash inflows of each year are calculated until the cumulative cash inflows equal the initial investment.
The table below shows the calculations Year Cash inflows Cumulative cash inflows1 $3000 $30002 $4000 $70003 $6000 $130004 $6000 $190005 $6000 $250006 $6000 $310007 $6000 $370008 $6000 $430009 $6000 $4900010 $6000 $55000To find the payback period ,Payback period = 4 + (19000 - 13000)/6000= 4.33 yearsTherefore, the payback period for this project is 4.33 years.Part 2The maximum payback period for the company is 5 years. Since the payback period for this project is 4.33 years, it is less than the maximum payback period hence, the company should accept the project.
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LBJ Enterprises is issuing new bonds for a capital budgeting project. The bonds will have 23.00 year maturities with a coupon rate of 6.88% APR with semi-annual coupon payments (assume a face value of $1,000 on the bond).
The current market rate for similar bonds is 8.04% APR. The company hopes to raise $32.00 million with the new issue.
To raise the debt, how many bonds must the company issue? (round to two decimal places)
8
Submit
Answer format: Number: Round to: 2 decimal places.
Show Hint
To determine the number of bonds the company needs to issue, we can follow these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the coupon payment per bond.
The coupon payment per bond is calculated as half of the annual coupon rate (6.88% APR) multiplied by the face value of the bond ($1,000):
Coupon payment per bond = (0.0688/2) * $1,000 = $34.40
step 2: Calculate the present value of the bond.
To calculate the present value of the bond, we need to discount the future cash flows (coupon payments and face value) at the market rate (8.04% APR). Since the bond has a 23-year maturity and semi-annual coupon payments, there will be a total of 23 * 2 = 46 coupon payments.
Using the present value of an ordinary annuity formula:
Present value of the bond = Coupon payment per bond * [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r + Face value / (1 + r)^n
where r is the market rate and n is the number of periods.
Plugging in the values:
Present value of the bond = $34.40 * [1 - (1 + 0.0804/2)^(-46)] / (0.0804/2) + $1,000 / (1 + 0.0804/2)^46
Present value of the bond ≈ $749.29
Step 3: Calculate the number of bonds needed to raise $32.00 million.
Number of bonds = Total amount to be raised / Present value of the bond
Number of bonds = $32,000,000 / $749.29
Number of bonds ≈ 42,721.31
Rounding to two decimal places, the company needs to issue approximately 42,721.31 bonds to raise $32.00 million.
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A $2700 investment earned 6.3% interest compounded quarterly for the first two years, and 6.7% compounded semi- annually for the subsequent period. How much was the accumulated value five years after the initial investment?
The accumulated value five years after the initial investment is $3,414.02.
Let P be the initial investment, r1 be the quarterly rate, r2 be the semi-annual rate, and n be the number of times the interest is compounded in a year. Then, we can use the formula for compound interest to calculate the accumulated value of the investment after five years:
V = P(1 + r1/n)^(2n) (1 + r2/n)^(3n)
Substituting the given values, we get:
V = $2,700(1 + 0.063/4)^(2 × 4) (1 + 0.067/2)^(3 × 2)
V ≈ $3,414.02
Therefore, the accumulated value five years after the initial investment is $3,414.02.
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Karen lives in Wichita, Kansas, and is a recent high school graduate. She knows she can get a job at a neighborhood coffee bar where she will earn the current minimum wage of $6.60 per hour, If she works 40 hours per week for 51 weeks a year (she will take a 1-week unpaid vacation), how much will she earn for the year?
Karen will earn $
for the year.
Karen will earn $13,428 for the year.
To calculate Karen's annual earnings, we need to multiply her hourly wage by the number of hours worked in a week and then multiply that by the number of weeks worked in a year.
Karen earns the current minimum wage of $6.60 per hour. She works 40 hours per week for 51 weeks, as she takes a 1-week unpaid vacation.
So, her weekly earnings can be calculated as: $6.60/hour × 40 hours/week = $264/week.
Her yearly earnings can be calculated as: $264/week × 51 weeks/year = $13,428/year.
Therefore, Karen will earn $13,428 for the year.
To calculate Karen's annual earnings, we multiply her hourly wage of $6.60 by the number of hours she works in a week (40 hours/week). This gives us her weekly earnings. Next, we multiply her weekly earnings by the number of weeks she works in a year (51 weeks) to find her yearly earnings. Taking into account her 1-week unpaid vacation, we can determine that Karen will earn $13,428 for the year.
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Describe the two ways that you can organize or arrange
information in the body of a report.
The two ways to organize or arrange information in the body of a report are the chronological order and the logical order. Chronological order presents information in the order of events or time, while logical order arranges information based on its logical flow and relationship.
The first way to organize information in the body of a report is through chronological order. This approach presents information in the sequence of events or time. It is particularly useful when reporting on historical developments, project milestones, or processes that unfold over a period. By following a chronological order, the report provides a clear timeline of events, making it easier for readers to follow the progression of actions or changes.
The second way to organize information is through logical order. This approach arranges information based on its logical flow and relationship. It involves presenting ideas, arguments, or findings in a manner that makes sense and supports the overall purpose of the report. Logical order may involve grouping information by themes, dividing it into sections based on different aspects or factors, or presenting it in a cause-and-effect or problem-solution structure. This approach helps readers grasp the underlying logic and connections between different pieces of information, enabling them to understand the report's main points and conclusions effectively.
Both chronological and logical order serve specific purposes in organizing information in a report. The choice of which approach to use depends on the nature of the report, the intended audience, and the content being presented.
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Required Information
Section Break (8-11)
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below]
A pension fund manager is considering three mutual funds. The first is a stock fund, the second is a long-term government and corporate bond fund, and the third is a T-bill money market fund that yields a sure rate of 5.5% The probability distributions of the risky funds are:
Expected Return.
151
Standard Deviation
Stock fund (5) Bond fund (8)
91
384
291
The correlation between the fund returns is 0.15..
Problem 6-8 (Algo)
Required:
What is the expected return and standard deviation for the minimum-variance portfolio of the two risky funds? (Do not round Intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
Expected retum
%
Standard deviation
Given:Mean of stock fund = 0.05Mean of bond fund = 0.091Standard deviation of stock fund = 0.151Standard deviation of bond fund = 0.384Correlation coefficient between stock and bond funds = 0.15
The formula for expected return of minimum-variance portfolio of risky assets is:ERp = (ws * E(Rs)) + (wb * E(Rb))
Where, ws and wb are weights of stock and bond funds, respectively.E(Rs) and E(Rb) are expected returns of stock and bond funds, respectively.
The weight of a fund is given by the ratio of its variance to the total variance. Thus, we have:ws = σb² / σ²wb = σs² / σ²Where,σ² = σs² + σb² + 2 * ρ * σs * σbσs² / σ² = 1 - σb² / σ²
Putting the given values in the above formulae, we get:ws = (0.384²) / [(0.151²) + (0.384²) - 2 * (0.15) * (0.151) * (0.384)]≈ 0.315wb = 1 - ws≈ 0.685ERp = (0.315 * 0.05) + (0.685 * 0.091)≈ 0.084 or 8.4%
The formula for standard deviation of minimum-variance portfolio of risky assets is:σp = √[ws² * σs² + wb² * σb² + 2 * ws * wb * ρ * σs * σb]Putting the given values in the above formula, we get:σp = √[(0.315²) * (0.151²) + (0.685²) * (0.384²) + 2 * (0.315) * (0.685) * (0.15) * (0.151) * (0.384)]≈ 0.112 or 11.2%Hence, the expected return and standard deviation of the minimum-variance portfolio of the two risky funds are approximately 8.4% and 11.2%, respectively.
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1. Answer the following questions and explain your work. 2. Do not attach any other pages. 3. Download, write your answers on this same Question sheet; next, to each question. 4. Don't write your name 5. Upload in the same drop box for the purpose of making comments 6. Don't change the questions or use different values? Question 1. In competitive markets, there are many small firms with each firm unable to influence the market price. Suppose company XYZ operates in the wheat market. The company produces and markets wheats at a Price =$40 per container. The firm's total costs are given as: TC=100+4Q+3Q 2
a) Find the Firm's marginal cost? Show your steps, including graphs. Review additional resources? Hint: See the rules for differentiation b) What is the firm's demand curve? Show it on a graph and label the axes showing P and Q c) What level of output should the firm produce? Hint: Set P=MC and solve for Q. Use a graph to show your answers as well
The firm's marginal cost is MC = 4 + 6Q.
What is the firm's marginal cost?The firm's demand curve represents the relationship between the price of the wheat (P) and the quantity of wheat demanded (Q).
Since the company operates in a competitive market, it faces a horizontal demand curve at the market price of $40 per container.
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TRUE OR FALSE: An employee's actions are always covered, from a
liability perspective, by the employer under the principle of
respondent superior.
Bear the associated risks and liabilities.to determine whether an employee's actions fall within the scope of employment, courts typically consider factors such as:
1.false. the principle of respondent superior, also known as vicarious liability, generally holds employers responsible for the actions of their employees within the scope of employment. however, there are exceptions where an employee's actions may not be covered, such as if the employee acted outside the scope of their job duties or engaged in intentional misconduct. under the principle of respondent superior, employers are typically held responsible for the actions of their employees that occur within the scope of employment. this means that if an employee causes harm or engages in wrongful conduct while carrying out their job responsibilities, the employer may be held liable for the employee's actions. however, there are certain situations where an employee's actions may not be covered by the principle of respondent superior. for example, if an employee acts outside the scope of their job duties, such as engaging in personal activities unrelated to work, the employer may not be held liable for any resulting harm or misconduct. additionally, if an employee intentionally causes harm or engages in deliberate wrongdoing, the employer may not be considered liable for the employee's actions. it's important to consider the specific circumstances and legal principles applicable in each case to determine the extent of an employer's liability for an employee's actions.under the principle of respondent superior, also known as vicarious liability, employers can be held responsible for the actions of their employees if those actions occur within the scope of employment. this principle is based on the idea that employers benefit from the work performed by their employees and should job-relatedness: was the employee performing their duties or engaging in activities reasonably connected to their job responsibilities?
2. time and place: did the actions occur during work hours and at the workplace, or in a location authorized by the employer?
3. authorization: did the employer authorize, either explicitly or implicitly, the employee's actions?
4. benefit to the employer: did the employee's actions serve the employer's interests or advance the employer's goals in some way?
however, there are exceptions to the principle of respondent superior. if an employee acts outside the scope of their job duties or engages in intentional misconduct, the employer may not be held liable. for example, if an employee commits a crime or acts with personal motives unrelated to work, the employer may be able to argue that the actions were beyond the scope of employment.
ultimately, the determination of an employer's liability for an employee's actions depends on the specific circumstances of each case and the applicable laws in the jurisdiction. consulting with a legal professional would be advisable for accurate advice tailored to your situation.
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Harrod Company paid $5,400 for a 4-month insurance premium in advance on November 1, with coverage beginning on that date. The balance in the prepaid insurance account before adjustment at the end of the year is $5,400, and no adjustments had been made previously. The adjusting entry required on December 31 is:
The adjusting entry required on December 31 is: Debit Insurance Expense $2,700, Credit Prepaid Insurance $2,700.
The adjusting entry required on December 31 for the prepaid insurance account can be determined by calculating the amount of insurance that has been used up or expired during the year.
Since the insurance premium was paid for 4 months, and coverage began on November 1, we need to determine the number of months that have passed from November 1 to December 31. This would be 2 months (November and December).
To calculate the amount of insurance that has been used up or expired, we divide the total premium by the number of months of coverage:
Premium per month = $5,400 / 4 = $1,350
Insurance used up = Premium per month x Number of months used up
= $1,350 x 2 = $2,700
Now, we can calculate the adjusting entry:
Debit: Insurance Expense - $2,700
Credit: Prepaid Insurance - $2,700
The adjusting entry recognizes the insurance expense for the amount that has been used up during the year (2 months), reducing the prepaid insurance account accordingly.
Therefore, the adjusting entry required on December 31 is:
Debit Insurance Expense $2,700
Credit Prepaid Insurance $2,700
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Andrew paid $40 to buy a potato cannon, a cylinder that shoots potatoes hundreds of feet. He was willing to pay $45. When Andrew's friend Nick learns that Andrew bought a potato cannon, he asks Andrew if he will sell it for $55, and Andrew agrees. Nick is thrilled, because he would have paid Andrew up to $80 for the cannon. Andrew is also delighted. Determine the consumer surplus from the original purchase and the additional surplus generated by the resale of the cannon. Andrew's original consumer surplus: $5______ B)Andrew's producer surplus from the resale: $10__________ C)Nick's consumer surplus from the resale: $15 D)Total surplus generated from the resale: $25_______
The consumer surplus from the original purchase is $5. Andrew's producer surplus from the resale is $10. Nick's consumer surplus from the resale is $15. The total surplus generated from the resale is $25.
How is consumer surplus calculated in this scenario? What is producer surplus and how is it calculated in the resale? How is Nick's consumer surplus calculated in the resale? What is the total surplus generated from the resale?Consumer surplus is a measure of the additional benefit or value that a consumer receives from a product or service, beyond what they actually paid for it. In this case, Andrew's consumer surplus from the original purchase can be calculated by subtracting the amount he paid ($40) from the maximum price he was willing to pay ($45), resulting in a consumer surplus of $5.
Producer surplus is the difference between the amount a producer receives from selling a product and the minimum price at which they were willing to sell it. In the resale of the potato cannon, Andrew's producer surplus can be calculated by subtracting the amount he received from Nick ($55) from the minimum price Nick was willing to pay ($80), resulting in a producer surplus of $10.
Nick's consumer surplus from the resale is the difference between the maximum price he was willing to pay ($80) and the price he actually paid Andrew ($55), resulting in a consumer surplus of $15.
The total surplus generated from the resale is the sum of Andrew's producer surplus ($10) and Nick's consumer surplus ($15), resulting in a total surplus of $25.
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Selecting solutions for process problems is most likely to
happen in what phase of the DMAIC cycle? a. Measure b. Improve c.
Define d. None of the above
The selection of solutions for process problems is most likely to happen in the "Improve" phase of the DMAIC cycle.
The DMAIC cycle is a problem-solving methodology used in Six Sigma and stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. Each phase of the DMAIC cycle has a specific focus:
a. Define: In this phase, the problem is clearly defined, project goals are established, and the scope of the project is determined.
b. Measure: This phase involves collecting data and measuring the current state of the process to identify performance gaps and areas for improvement.
c. Analyze: In this phase, data is analyzed and root causes of the process problems are identified. It aims to understand the underlying causes of the issues and prioritize them based on their impact.
d. Improve: The improve phase is where potential solutions are generated, evaluated, and selected. It is in this phase that the best solutions to address the identified process problems are chosen and implemented.
Therefore, the most likely phase where the selection of solutions for process problems occurs is the "Improve" phase (b), as it is specifically focused on generating and choosing the best solutions to improve the process.
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what effect will a decline in the market wage for this type of
labor in other occupations have on the market demand for a specific
type of labor?
When the market wage for a specific type of labor declines in other occupations, it can have an effect on the market demand for that particular type of labor.
Here's how:
1. Decreased Cost:
A decline in the market wage means that employers can hire workers at a lower cost. This makes it more attractive for employers to hire workers in that specific type of labor.
2. Increased Demand:
With the decreased cost of hiring workers in that specific type of labor, employers may increase their demand for it. They can afford to hire more workers or expand their operations, resulting in an increased demand for that type of labor.
3. Substitution Effect:
When the market wage for one type of labor declines, it can make that type of labor more attractive compared to other occupations. Employers may choose to substitute workers in other occupations with workers in the specific type of labor, leading to an increased demand for the latter.
4. Overall Market Demand:
The decline in the market wage for this type of labor in other occupations can ultimately increase the market demand for that specific type of labor. This is because the lower cost and increased attractiveness of hiring workers in this field can encourage employers to utilize this labor more extensively.
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compute the price of the financial instrument today. the instrument will pay 68 in one year and 1,099 in two years. similar financial instruments yield 5% per year. please round to two decimal places.
The price of the financial instrument today, is $1069.33.
To compute the price of the financial instrument today, we can use the concept of present value. The present value is the current value of future cash flows, discounted at the appropriate rate. In this case, the cash flows are $68 in one year and $1,099 in two years, and the yield is 5% per year.
To calculate the present value, we can use the formula:
PV = CF1 / (1+r) + CF2 / (1+r)^2
Where PV is the present value, CF1 and CF2 are the cash flows, and r is the yield rate.
Plugging in the values:
PV = 68 / (1+0.05) + 1099 / (1+0.05)^2
Simplifying the equation:
PV = 68 / 1.05 + 1099 / 1.05^2
Calculating:
PV = 64.76 + 1004.57
PV = $1069.33
Therefore, the price of the financial instrument today, rounded to two decimal places, is $1069.33.
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What is the present value of a $1,140 per year annuity for five
years at an interest rate of 12 percent? Multiple Choice $7,243.59
$4,109.44 $639.53 $3,089.34
To calculate the present value of the annuity, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
PV = Present value of the annuity
C = Cash flow per period ($1,140)
r = Interest rate per period (12% or 0.12)
n = Number of periods (5 years)
Plugging in the values:
PV = $1,140 * [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^(-5)) / 0.12]
PV = $1,140 * [(1 - 1.762341) / 0.12]
PV = $1,140 * [-0.762341 / 0.12]
PV = $1,140 * (-6.353674)
PV = -$7,243.59
The present value of the annuity is -$7,243.59. Note that the negative sign indicates an outgoing cash flow.
Therefore. "Multiple Choice $7,243.59".
The present value of a $1,140 per year annuity for five years at an interest rate of 12 percent is -$7,243.59. The present value of an annuity is the current worth of a series of equal cash flows received or paid over a specific period of time, considering the time value of money. In this case, we are calculating the present value of a $1,140 per year annuity for five years at an interest rate of 12 percent. To find the present value, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity. Plugging in the given values into the formula, we get a present value of -$7,243.59. The negative sign indicates an outgoing cash flow. Therefore, the present value of the annuity is -$7,243.59.
The present value of the $1,140 per year annuity for five years at an interest rate of 12 percent is -$7,243.59. This means that if you were to receive $1,140 per year for five years, and the interest rate is 12 percent, the present value of this annuity is -$7,243.59.
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Assume that there is a forward market for a commodity. The forward price of the commodity is $50. The contract expires in one year. The risk-free rate is 10 percent. Now, six months later, the spot price is $60. What is the forward contract worth(Value) at this time?
The value of the forward contract at this time is $4.55.
To calculate the value of the forward contract at this time, we need to consider the spot price, the forward price, and the time remaining until the contract expires.
Given:
Forward price = $50
Spot price = $60
Time remaining = 6 months (or 0.5 years)
Risk-free rate = 10%
First, we need to calculate the present value of the spot price. Using the formula: Present Value = Future Value / (1 + r)^n, where r is the risk-free rate and n is the time remaining.
Present value of the spot price = $60 / (1 + 0.10)^0.5 = $54.55
Next, we calculate the difference between the present value of the spot price and the forward price:
Value of the forward contract = Present value of spot price - Forward price
Value of the forward contract = $54.55 - $50 = $4.55
Therefore, the value of the forward contract at this time is $4.55.
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Christopher decides to make a one-time investment of $28,000 for ten years at an interest rate of 10.8%, which will compound annually. Assuming Christopher can choose to either reinvest all of his earnings from the investment or decline to invest any of his earnings, what is the difference between simple and compound interests? $21,255.39 $18,254.24 $19,842.85 $18,326.65
None of the provided options match the difference between simple and compound interests.
The difference between the final amount with compound interest and the principal amount ($69,842.85 - $28,000) is $41,842.85.
The difference between simple and compound interests can be calculated using the formula A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is the principal amount, r is the interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.
In this case, Christopher invested $28,000 for 10 years at an interest rate of 10.8%, compounded annually. Using the formula, the final amount with compound interest is $28,000(1 + 0.108/1)^(1*10) = $69,842.85.
The difference between the final amount with compound interest and the principal amount ($69,842.85 - $28,000) is $41,842.85.
Therefore, none of the provided options match the difference between simple and compound interests.
The interest charged on a loan or deposit is known as compound interest. It is the idea that we employ the most frequently on a daily basis. Compound interest is calculated for an amount based on both the principal and cumulative interest. The major distinction between compound and simple interest is this.
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With regards to comparative advantage, it would be unlikely for a single party to have the in both goods because O a) A) comparative advantage; people have different preference sets b) B) same opportunity cost; people have the same preference sets c) C) absolute cost; countries are increasing their capital stock d) D) absolute advantage; of comparative advantage
Previous question
It would be unlikely for a single party to have the comparative advantage in both goods because people have different preference sets.Comparative refers to the ability of an individual or country to produce a good or services at a lower opportunity cost compared to others.
The concept of comparative advantage is based on the idea that individuals or countries should specialize in producing goods or services where they have a lower opportunity cost and trade with others to obtain goods or services they have a higher opportunity cost in producing.
In the context of the given s, A) comparative advantage; people have different preference sets. This is because people's preferences for goods or services can vary, and their opportunity costs of producing different goods will differ based on their skills, resources, and preferences. As a result, it would be unlikely for a single party to have the comparative advantage in both goods simultaneously. It is through specialization and trade that parties can benefit from each other's comparative advantages and achieve overall efficiency and gains from trade.
The other s (B, C, and D) are not accurate because they do not align with the concept of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is not based on the same opportunity cost (B), absolute cost (C), or absolute advantage (D), but rather on the concept of lower opportunity cost in producing a particular good or service.Certainly! Here's some additional information regarding comparative advantage and why it would be unlikely for a single party to have the comparative advantage in both goods:
1. Comparative Advantage: Comparative advantage is the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost compared to others. It is based on the principle of specialization and trade, suggesting that parties should focus on producing goods or services where they have a lower opportunity cost and trade for goods or services where others have a lower opportunity cost.
2. Different Preference Sets: One of the reasons why it would be unlikely for a single party to have the comparative advantage in both goods is because people have different preference sets. Preferences determine the value individuals place on different goods or services. Since individuals have diverse preferences, their willingness to allocate resources to produce certain goods or services will vary. This leads to different opportunity costs for different individuals when producing different goods.
3. Opportunity Cost and Specialization: Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative foregone when choosing a particular course of action. To achieve comparative advantage, parties specialize in producing goods or services where their opportunity cost is comparatively lower. By focusing on producing goods or services with lower opportunity costs, parties can allocate their resources more efficiently and maximize overall production and trade benefits.
4. Trade and Gains from Comparative Advantage: Comparative advantage provides the basis for mutually beneficial trade between parties. Even if a party has a comparative advantage in one good, it will still benefit from trading with others who have a comparative advantage in different goods. By specializing in their respective areas of comparative advantage and engaging in trade, parties can expand their consumption possibilities beyond what they could achieve through self-sufficiency.
In summary, comparative advantage arises due to differences in opportunity costs, and individuals or countries are unlikely to have the comparative advantage in both goods simultaneously due to variations in preferences and resource allocation decisions. Through specialization and trade based on comparative advantage, parties can enhance overall production efficiency and achieve gains from trade.
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Using the data in "sleep75", the estimated equation is n=706,R 2
=0.113 where the standard errors are calculated the ordinary way. Use this equation to answer the following parts. (v) Which of these independent variables are statistically significant at the 5% level? If there is heteroskedasticity, what would you think about the veracity of these tests? (vi) Based on your answer in part (iv), would you have any concerns of omitted variable bias? How would this affect the t-test of the hypothesis H 0
:β 1
=0 ?
The significant independent variables are the ones with p-values < 0.05. If heteroskedasticity occurs, then the standard errors will be incorrect, and thus, the t-statistics and p-values will be wrong.
When a heteroskedasticity is present, it is always true that some of the standard errors will be too big and some will be too small; however, one has no idea which one is which. As a result, any of the coefficients could appear to be significant, even if they are not in reality. If there is heteroskedasticity, one might believe that the variables are statistically significant at a lower level than the actual p-value.(vi)Based on your answer in part (iv).
The omitted variable bias could be a problem if one of the variables was left out of the equation. Because the equation only has one independent variable, the problem is minimized. It means that it is not necessary to consider more variables since the model's complexity may be greater than the complexity of the actual model. Omitted variable bias may be a problem if more variables were used. If omitted variable bias is present, the t-test's results will not be correct.
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The government raises taxes to provide a toll road bridge and
streetlights in a country. explain how an economist would classify
each of these provisions.
An economist would classify the provision of a toll road bridge and streetlights by the government as public goods. Public goods are goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in consumption.
A toll road bridge can be classified as a public good because it is non-excludable, meaning that once it is built, it is difficult to prevent anyone from using it. Additionally, it is non-rivalrous, as one person's use of the toll road bridge does not diminish its usability for others. The government's provision of a toll road bridge allows individuals to benefit from improved transportation infrastructure without excluding anyone from its use.
Similarly, streetlights can also be considered public goods. They are non-excludable as they provide lighting to the public space, benefiting all individuals in the area. Streetlights are also non-rivalrous, as the lighting provided to one person does not reduce the availability of lighting for others. The government's provision of streetlights enhances public safety, improves visibility, and contributes to the overall well-being of the community.
By classifying these provisions as public goods, economists recognize their characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry, highlighting the role of the government in providing essential infrastructure and services that benefit society as a whole.
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