in this case, genes type of biodiversity is important.
The research of genes, genetic mutation, and hereditary factors in organisms is known as genetics. It is an important branch of biology because heredity is essential to the evolution of organisms. Gregor Mendel, a Moorish Roman catholic friar operating in Brno in the mid-1800s, was the first person to perform science studies on genetics. Genetics has its roots in the development of evolutionary theories. Following Charles Darwin and Wallace's research, the origin of species and how species variability was developed in 1858.Biodiversity is the variety of daily existence which can be discovered in a particular region, such as living creatures, plants, microorganisms, and even microorganisms such as bacteria. Almost all of these species and microbes work collaboratively in ecologies to keep the balance and sustain life, similar to an intricate web.
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Which of the following events occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
NADP+ is produced.
ATP is consumed to yield ADP.
Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
Carbon dioxide is fixed in organic molecules.
option B Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Light energy is converted into chemical energy by light-dependent reactions. The goal of photosynthesis's light-dependent reactions is to collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH. These two energy-storing molecules are then put to use in light-independent reactions.
Light reactions, also referred to as photolysis reactions, convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. These reactions must occur in the presence of light and in plant chloroplasts.
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Suppose that for a certain gene, nearly 100 percent of the normal level of expression is required to produce the normal phenotype.Based on this requirement, one could predict that a _______ mutation would be _______.
A) gain of function; recessive
B) loss of function; dominant
C) loss of function; recessive
D) nonsense; recessive
E) loss of function; a conditional mutation
Suppose that for a certain gene, nearly 100 percent of the normal level of expression is required to produce the normal phenotype. Based on this requirement, one could predict that a loss of function mutation would be dominant. Correct answer: letter B.
A loss-of-function mutation is predicted to be dominant because, in this case, even a small amount of the mutant gene would be enough to disrupt the normal gene expression, resulting in the phenotype being affected. If the mutation were recessive, this would not be the case, and it would require two copies of the mutant gene in order to cause a phenotype.
The Importance of Dominant Mutations in Gene FunctionA dominant mutation refers to a mutation in which a single allele can cause a phenotypic change. This means that a single copy of the mutated gene may be sufficient to produce a different expression of the gene. This differs from a recessive mutation, in which two copies of the mutated gene are needed to produce the phenotype. This means that a dominant mutation is more likely to affect the gene function of an organism.
The most obvious example of a dominant mutation is Huntington's syndrome. This disease is caused by a mutation in a single allele that causes a change in a specific gene. This mutation leads to the symptoms of Huntington's syndrome, which include problems with:
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how do prions differ from viruses? select all that apply. how do prions differ from viruses?select all that apply. unlike a virus, a prion is a single molecule. unlike viruses, prions are infectious proteins. unlike viruses, prions do not include any nucleic acids.
Prions differ from viruses as prions do not include any nucleic acids. Generally, prions are smaller than viruses and can only be seen through electron microscope when they have aggregated and formed a cluster.
How does prions differ from viruses?Viruses and bacteria are microorganisms that contain genetic material and they do not generate spontaneously. Prion disease is caused by a change in shape of a cellular protein and the resulting pathogenic prion proteins begin to recruit and change normal proteins into abnormal shape.
Infectious agents, prions were originally believed to be anomalous viruses, hence their inclusion here. They consist of only protein with no enclosed nucleic acid.
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Cells j2:m6 have been copied. Paste the copied cells into the selected worksheet location (cell n2) so the formulas, formatting, and source cell widths are pasted.
False
Applications for spreadsheets offer a setting for effective data analysis. It contains a huge selection of instruments and formulas. The places where data is entered are called cells.
Data can be obtained from a database, pasted from another cell, or input directly into cells.
Select the data you want to copy and paste from another worksheet, then copy it and paste it into the desired worksheet. Only the worksheet has been duplicated with all the data and calculations; if necessary, the columns can be changed.
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these two protozoans are significant infectious agents in aids patients. group of answer choices toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium parvum balantidium coli and acanthamoeba acanthamoeba and naegleria toxoplasma gondii and acanthamoeba toxoplasma gondii and balantidium coli
Toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium parvum are two protozoans which are significant infectious agents in aids patients.
The two most prevalent intestinal protozoan parasites in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium parvum. The case definition for AIDS still only includes these two intestinal protozoan parasites. The three main opportunistic causes of systemic involvements reported in HIV-infected patients are leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis, and toxoplasmosis. The most significant parasite infection linked to the central nervous system among these is toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is the only parasite disease that may cause both focal and disseminated forms due to its complicated nature, and it has been designated as an AIDS-defining infection.
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which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? responses energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers. energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers. energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web.
b.energy harnessed by producers and available energy decreases with each tropic level transferred
Energy flows through the food chain and food web. Plants absorb sunlight with the help of chloroplasts during the process of energy flow in the ecosystem, and a portion of it produce chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. Matter, unlike energy, is recycled in ecosystems. Plants absorb nutrients through their roots. When primary consumers consume plants, nutrients are transferred to them.
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charles darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. what are adaptations? give two examples of adaptations.
Adaptations are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include the mottled coloration of a fawn and the sharp talons.
An organism, such as a plant or animal, can acquire any heritable characteristic that aids in its ability to survive and procreate in its environment. Three related definitions of Adaptation exist. First, the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection improves the evolutionary fitness of organisms by adaptation them to their environments. Second, it's a state that the populace reaches during that process.
Any organic, living system that performs as a separate, autonomous unit is considered an organism. Cells make up every living thing. Taxonomy divides living things into categories like multicellular animals, plants, and fungus, or unicellular microbes like protists, bacteria, and archaea.
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a Struggle where organisms fight for necessities of life where those suited to their environment will survive and reproduce definition
Natural selection is referred to as a struggle where organisms fight for necessities of life where those suited to their environment will survive and reproduce.
What is Environment?This is referred to as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence life in an ecosystem.
Natural selection occurs when several types of changes occur in some members of a species of organism thereby resulting in them having an advantage over the others in terms of their daily activities. They are able to hunt or eat more food and are better adapted for mating which increases the reproductive rate.
They fight for necessities of life and those who are more suited to their environment will survive and reproduce while those who aren't will die out thereby making it the correct choice.
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what is the difference between a cooperative and a noncooperative game? part 2 the difference between a cooperative and a noncooperative game is that
In order to produce and capture value in unstructured interactions, agents compete and work together as coalitions in cooperative games. Non-cooperative games use a precise description of the actions and information that each agent can access to model the behaviors of agents and maximize their utility in a given procedure.
A formal cartel agreement, like OPEC, or a joint venture are examples of cooperative games. The race to secure a patent in research and development is an illustration of a non-cooperative game.
While non-cooperative game theory concentrates on the actions players should make logically, cooperative game theory concentrates on how much players can appropriate given the value each coalition of players can provide.
Cooperative games (co-op games) are a type of leisure or sport in which participants cooperate to accomplish a shared goal. A co-op game aims to place more of a focus on the social components of play or sport while lessening the emphasis on competitiveness. In contrast to cooperative games, non-cooperative games feature individual player competition, and alliances can only function there if they are self-enforcing (e.g. through credible threats).
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DNA molecules undergo changes by radiation from X rays leading to
A. stronger life forms.
B. sleeping sickness.
C. leg wounds.
D. mutations.
Answer:
Explanation:
D
once the hummingbird dna is cloned, we have the problem of finding the piece of dna that holds our gene of interest. explain how nucleic
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
ok
Which item represents the highest level of biological organization?
O A. Blood cell
OB. Nervous system
OC. Muscle tissue
о O D. Heart
The highest level of biological organization is Nervous system. The nervous system represents a higher level of organization than the other options because it consists of various components working together to coordinate and regulate bodily functions. The correct option is B.
What is the highest level of biological organization?The highest level of biological organization is the organism level, which includes all of the systems and tissues working together to maintain the life of the individual. Therefore, the nervous system, muscle tissue, and heart are all components of the organism level.
The blood cell, while important, is a component of the tissue level, which is a lower level of biological organization. Therefore, the highest level of biological organization represented by the options given is the nervous system.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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if you were comparing the structures of fossils of extinct organisms, and had only fossil evidence available, which species concept could you use to distinguish different species from one another?
The biological notion of species is used to distinguish between species.
What is biological species concept?The biological species concept (BSC) was created to help people understand biological diversity, particularly the common observation that sexually reproducing organisms are not found in a continuum of forms but rather in more or less distinct phenotypic and genetic clusters.
The prezygotic and postzygotic barriers maintain species separation. These barriers, which take effect both before and after the development of a zygote, prevent creatures of different species from mating to generate fruitful offspring. These obstacles keep species' reproductive isolation in place.
Therefore, it is impossible to apply the biological species idea to long-extinct species for whom there are no longer any available reproductive data. Applying the biological species concept to groups for which little is known can also be challenging.
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What Kingdom and class would this fossil belong to? Explain your choice.
Answer:
Kingdom: Animalia Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Explanation:
It is an animal (thus Animalia) and it belongs to class of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) since it has clearly visible 'rays,' or spines, in their fins
most trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year. such plants are known as a) perennials. b) annuals. c) biennials.
Plants such as trees and shrubs that continue to grow year after year are known as A. perennials.
Plant growth is a process of cell division and elongation that causes an increase in plant size. root elongation, increase in branch height, increase in tree branch size, increase in leaves, increase and enlargement of branches. Plant growth occurs in meristematic areas. This tissue is located at the tip of the stem, root tip, and cambium. Plants such as trees and shrubs that continue to grow year after year are known as perennials.
Perennial plants are annual plants. Perennial plants will continue to grow and continue to flower each year. These plants can survive for many years even though they have reproduced or completed their life cycle.
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the part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the
The AQPs aid in the majority of water reabsorption that takes place in the nephron. The proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle then reabsorb the majority of the fluid that was filtered at the glomerulus.
The multisegmented tubule, which is made up of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule, reabsorbs the "good" (water and nutrients) and secretes the "bad" (metabolic waste products) from the nephron. The glomerulus filters the blood.
Although reabsorption happens in every renal tubule, the proximal convoluted tubules host the majority of it. Either passive or active transport methods are used to selectively reabsorb materials. The proximal convoluted tubule is where the majority of sodium reabsorption takes place.
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the best practice for controlling agricultural pests is: group of answer choices eradication sterile insect control integrated pest management biological control
Sterile insect control is the finest method for eradicating pests in agricultural areas. integrated pest control Eradication. biological restraint.
What is the most effective way to control illness and pests?Pests can be kept out of your garden with the help of common and efficient physical measures like barriers and traps. For instance, sticky traps or insecticidal soap can be used to control common pests like aphids and beetles. Physical restrictions can also aid in halting the spread of infections.
What is the name of the pest control method?Biological control refers to the employment of living creatures to reduce the damage that pest populations might otherwise cause.
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take a few minutes to examine this display showing the evolutionary development of the dinosaurs over time. what are the differences between dinosaurs from the triassic, jurassic and cretaceous periods?
The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, all of which were part of the Mesozoic era for dinosaurs. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The Cretaceous is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era.
Geologists have designated the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods to distinguish between different types of strata (chalk, limestone, etc.) deposited tens of millions of years ago. The dinosaurs survived the extinction of many huge terrestrial creatures, which allowed them to evolve into a wide range of shapes and multiply. Paleontologists link dinosaurs to the geologic era in which they lived since dinosaur remains are typically found embedded in rock, such as "the sauropods of the late Jurassic." In a nutshell, throughout this very long period of time, known as "mya" or "millions of years ago," dinosaurs, marine reptiles, fish, mammals, flying creatures like pterosaurs and birds, and a wide variety of plant life all evolved.
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When four hydrogen atoms bind with oxygen and four electrons, what molecule is created?
Answer:tyrone
Explanation:
what are the benefits of recombinant dna technology that are not possible by traditional breeding programs?
The advantages of recombinant DNA technology that traditional breeding programs cannot provide are cross-species barriers that extend beyond domains.
Recombinant DNA technology has also been used to create vaccines and protein therapies such as human insulin, interferon, and human growth hormone. It is also used to make clotting factors for the treatment of haemophilia and in the research of gene therapy.
There are numerous applications for gene cloning. It has been particularly useful in mapping out the human genome, creating transgenic animals, and developing insect-resistant crops. It is also essential in genetic tests used in forensic science and archaeology, as well as tests used to determine hereditary disease and paternity. The technology also serves as the foundation for hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic tests.
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explain why mitosis is normal in cells containing both horse and donkey chromosomes, but the mixed set of chromosomes interferes with meiosis.
Answer: Horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes. Therefore, the offspring (mule) is unable to make sperm or eggs. This is because a horse and a donkey have different numbers of chromosomes. Horses have 64 and donkeys have 62. The baby gets half from the horse (32) and half from the donkey (31). When they combine they have a total of 63. During meiosis, when the chromosomes split, there is 31 pairs with 1 left over that cannot pair with another chromosome. This prevents all of the chromosomes from pairing so the sperm or eggs cannot be made.
Explanation:
how would mutations that completely ablate [remove/destroy] the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with xy chromosomes?
Patients would appear phenotypically female in the mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor and impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes.
A member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, Dose-Sensitive Sex Reversal Locus on Chromosome X, Gene 1 (DAX1), also known as Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1 (NR0B1), predominantly acts as a transcriptional repressor.
Due to uncertain external genital differentiation ranges, male-to-female sex reversal is linked to duplication of the DAX1/NROB1 gene.
Males and females are distinguished by having one X and one Y chromosome in each diploid cell of their bodies, however, XX males who are SRY-positive have two X chromosomes, one of which contains genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male but genetically female.
The DAX1 protein may play a direct or indirect role in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary function by gonadal hormones.
The complete question is:
How would mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes?
(A). Patients would appear phenotypically female.
(B). Patients would appear phenotypically male with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics.
(C). Patients would appear phenotypically male, but cannot produce sperm.
(D). Patients would express both male and female secondary sex characteristics.
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________ splicing allows different combinations of exons from the same gene to synthesize different proteins.
A) Alternative
B) Cooperative
C) Successive
D) Passive
The correct option is A) Alternative splicing. Alternative splicing modifies the proteins that mRNAs encode, which has significant functional implications.
Alternative splicing's overarching goal is to broaden the variety of mRNAs that are expressed in the genome. An experimental examination of these protein isoforms revealed that alternative splicing controls the binding of proteins to one another, nucleic acids, and membranes. Alternative splicing controls how proteins are localized, how they function enzymatically, and how they interact with ligands. Individual splicing isoforms often result in minor modifications. However,' splicing programs' are frequently coordinated by cells, and this can have a significant impact on the nervous system's properties as well as cell survival and proliferation. Alternative splicing appears as a crucial component in gene control that disrupts practically every biological function studied because of its extensive utilization and molecular adaptability.
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chromosome breakage and abnormal re-attachment is one mechanism that causes a reciprocal translocation. another mechanism to cause the same structural change involves a crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes.
Yes, Chromosome breakage and abnormal re-attachment is one mechanism that causes a reciprocal translocation. Another mechanism involves a crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes.
Crossover between nonhomologous chromosomes, chromosomal breakage, and DNA repair all results in reciprocal translocations. Chromosomes that do not come from the same pair are referred to as non-homologous chromosomes. In non-homologous chromosomes, the form of the chromosome—that is, the length of the arms and the location of the controller—is generally different. Therefore, meiosis does not result in the pairing of non-homologous chromosomes.
Homologous genes are described as two or more genes that have a common ancestor. In a genetic context, however, they have a more precise meaning: ancestry is knowledge about your ancestors' genetic tie to you. Your ancestors are the people from whom you are biologically related.
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Your profeor ha given you an aignment to write a reearch paper on a biological topic of your choice. What i/are the very firt thing/ you hould do? (elect all that apply)
An academic article known as a research paper offers a through examination, assessment, or interpretation of a specific subject supported by empirical data.
What is research paper?
Successfully completing a research paper entails completing the precise responsibilities assigned to you.
Read it carefully, looking for any unclear language you might require your lecturer to explain.Determine the assignment's purpose, due date, length requirements, format, and submission method.Make a list of the main points in bullet points, and as you write, go back and check off the items as you go.The following subject topics connected to the act of producing a research paper are covered in the pages in this section:
Genre-The outline in this part will help you comprehend the distinctions between an analytical and an argumentative research paper.
Selecting a Topic: This part will help the student select a topic, whether it is one that has been provided to them or one that they choose themselves.
Identifying an Audience - By providing some fundamental rules for the procedure, this part will assist the learner in understanding the issue of audience, which is frequently perplexing.
Where Do I Begin- This portion of the handout's conclusion offers a number of links to Purdue University resources and offers a summary of the process of producing a research paper.
Hence, An academic article known as a research paper offers a through examination, assessment, or interpretation of a specific subject supported by empirical data.
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lyme disease is caused by infections of the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi which is transferred to humans via blood-sucking bites from the tick, ixodes scapularis. newly hatched ticks do not harbor b. burgdorferi. rather, they pick it up from certain hosts that are reservoirs of the bacterium. when a larval tick crawls onto a host, it may get groomed off and killed by the host, or it may feed successfully, in which case it may or may not then become infected with b. burgdorferi.
Hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), which carry the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), are the primary vectors of the Lyme disease infection.
Hard-bodied ticks commonly transmit the spirochetal bacteria that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) (Acari: Ixodidae). Every time this tick-borne zoonosis is brought up in medical offices and ERs, a tempest of debate ensues. Healthcare professionals frequently fall into denial and deny the existence of this deadly spirochetosis in their region. We carried out a 4-year tick-host study (2013–2016) and collected ticks from avian and mammalian hosts from Atlantic Canada to the West Coast to determine the distribution of Bbsl across Canada. 1265 ticks total, representing 27 tick species from four genera, were gathered. Six of the 18 tick species that were tested for Bbsl were among the 15 species that tested positive (83%) and bitten people. 13 out of 18 overall ticks
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prisha knows her blood type is a, but sebastian does not know his blood type. however, sebastian knows that his mother and father both had blood type b. prisha and sebastian's first child is a boy with type o blood. based on this information, sebastian's blood type could be
Sebastian’s blood type can either be O or B from the given information
What is ABO blood grouping?
a method for classifying distinct types of human blood based on the presence or lack of certain markers on the surface of red blood cells. A, B, O, and AB are the four most common blood types.
Based on the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of red blood cells, the classification is based on the inherited characteristics of red blood cells (erythrocytes).Prisha’s genotype is AO, and Sebastian's genotype is BO; thus, their kid expresses the phenotype of O.
Therefore Sebastian’s blood type can either be O or B from the given information
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Schleiden believed that free cell formation is where cells come from which was proven incorrect. Where do cells actually come from?.
Schleiden thought that cells were created spontaneously or through a process known as free cell creation. According to this theory, cells could develop from inanimate objects. However, Schwann thought that cells originated from pre-existing cells.
Who made the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?One of the first authors to express the hypothesis of spontaneous generation—the idea that life can emerge from inert matter—was the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC). According to Aristotle, if nonliving material contained pneuma (also known as "vital heat"), life may have developed from it.
What in biology is a pneuma?Pneuma, as used in classical Greek medicine, is the type of circulating air required for the systemic operation of essential organs. It is the substance that keeps awareness alive in a body
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Schleiden thought that cells were created spontaneously or through a process known as free cell creation. According to this theory, cells could develop from inanimate objects. .
Who made the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?One of the first authors to express the hypothesis of spontaneous generation—the idea that life can emerge from inert matter—was the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC). According to Aristotle, if nonliving material contained pneuma (also known as "vital heat"), life may have developed from it.
What in biology is a pneuma?Pneuma, as used in classical Greek medicine, is the type of circulating air required for the systemic operation of essential organs. It is the substance that keeps awareness alive in a body
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please help
What are mutations, and how do they lead to evolution?
What is genetic drift, and how does it lead to evolution?
What is natural selection, how does it lead to evolution?
What is gene flow, and how does it lead to evolution?
What is nonrandom mating, and how does it lead to evolution?
What are mutation, and how do they lead to evolution?
A mutation is an alteration to DNA, the building block of life.
A population will evolve if a mutation produces a characteristic that makes it more likely that the individual carrying the mutation will live, mate, and give birth to offspring who also carry the mutation. The allele frequency for that attribute will alter when more and more individuals of the population carrying the mutation reproduce and pass the mutation on to more and more population members, signaling that the population has evolved.
What is genetic drift, and how does it lead to evolution?
Genetic drift is the shift in population frequency of a gene variant brought on by random chance. Rare alleles may be lost due to genetic drift, which can also reduce the size of the gene pool. The idea that genetic drift contributes to the evolution of new species is based on the fact that it can also make a new population genetically distinct from its ancestral population.
What is natural selection, how does it lead to evolution?
Natural selection is the Evolution Mechanism. Charles Darwin put forth the idea. There are finite amounts of natural resources like water, land, air, and wood. According to nature, the person who adapts rapidly is the most likely to live, while the person who does not adapt is not likely to. This causes the creatures to alter, and nature adapts as a result. We can easily notice the difference between offspring and their ancestors.
What is nonrandom mating, and how does it lead to evolution?
Non-random mating won't make allele frequencies in the population change by itself, though it can alter genotype frequencies. This keeps the population from being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but it's debatable whether it counts as evolution, since the allele frequencies are staying the same.
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there are currently many similar but distinct species (they can not mate with one another) on either side of the isthmus of panama, a geographic barrier that separates these species. this speciation probably resulted from:
That populations on opposite sides of the Isthmus are reproductively incompatible gives strong evidence that this is speciation by vicariance.
Vicariance refers to the geographical separation of two closely related species caused by a physical barrier, such as a mountain range or river. The separation of marine life on either side of Central America when the Isthmus of Panama closed 3 million years ago is an example of vicariance.
Speciation is the process through which an existing species in a population evolves into a new species or undergoes genetic change.
Because the DNA of each current species is identical to the species on the other side of the current Isthmus, seven species of snapping shrimp that are found on either side of the Panamanian isthmus give strong evidence that this is speciation by vicariance.
The complete question is:
There are currently many similar but distinct species (they can not mate with one another) on either side of the isthmus of Panama, a geographic barrier that separates these species. This speciation probably resulted from:
a. That populations on opposite sides of the Isthmus are reproductively incompatible.
b., The DNA of each current species is most similar to that of a species found on the opposite side of the current Isthmus.
c., The rate of evolution can be calculated because the populations have been separated for about 3 million years.
d., It takes about 3 million years for the accumulation of enough mutations to result in new species of snapping shrimp.
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