If the bond angle between two adjacent hybrid orbitals is 109. 5°,then hybridization is sp3 or tetrahedral geometry.
Tetrahedral molecules contain uniform bond angles and no nonbonding electron pairs. Because of this, they can only be asymmetric if one atom is different from the rest.
A symmetrical nonpolar molecule can become asymmetric by adding a new atom to the vicinity; however, if the new atom's electronegativity sufficiently differs from the original atom's, the nonpolar molecule turns polar.
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Undecane is an alkane that contains an 11-carbon chain. How many hydrogen atoms are in undecane?.
Straight-chain alkane undecane has 24 hydrogen atoms in it.
How many atoms of hydrogen and carbon are there in decane?10 carbon atoms and 22 hydrogen atoms are covalently linked together to form the hydrocarbon decane. Decane is a member of the enormous organic family known as alkanes. The only atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules of the alkane family are carbon and hydrogen.
An alkyne with 16 carbon atoms has how many hydrogen atoms?Consequently, the alkyne with 16 hydrogen atoms has the formula C9H16 C 9 H 16. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond connecting the carbon atoms. Their usual formula is CnH2n, or C n H 2 n. 2n = 44, where n is the number of hydrogen atoms.
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draw the organic products of the reaction shown. draw charges and the counterion. draw hydrogens on oxygen and nitrogen where appropriate and draw charges where needed.
The organic products of the reaction shown in the prsence of hcl and H2O.hydrogen on oxygen and nitrogen where appropriate and charges where needed.
Methane, widely known as natural gas, has a healthy substitute in hydrogen. According to estimates, it makes about 75% of the universe's mass and is the most prevalent chemical element. Huge quantities of hydrogen atoms are present on earth in water, plants, animals, and, of course, people. The energy-producing chemical process known as respiration, which powers the metabolisms of most living organisms, depends heavily on oxygen. Many other organisms, including humans, depend on the oxygen in the air we breathe to maintain life. Plants and several microorganisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
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What mode of transportation is limited to specialized products such as liquids and gases?.
Pipeline transportation is only available for specialist goods like liquids and gases.
What makes liquid?Delicate, invisible particles that are constant motion and layer on top of one another make up liquids. The particles are held together by cohesive forces, yet they are not firmly adhered to one another as in a solid. Despite touching one another, the particles can still pass freely one another.
What is liquid in physics?An liquid is still a sample of stuff that adopts the shape of the container it is stored in and develops a defined surface when gravity is present. The state, or situation, of substance having this attribute is also referred to as liquid.
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Why is alcoholism considered a chronic disease? a. Alcoholism requires lifelong treatment. B. It is marked by the sudden onset of severe symptoms. C. Alcoholism must be cured repeatedly throughout life. D. It can be overcome with proper treatment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided. A b c d.
A is the best choice. Since alcoholism requires lifetime treatment, it is regarded as a chronic condition. Due to its extreme difficulty in treatment, alcoholism is regarded as a chronic condition.
And tends to come back over the course of the affected person's lifespan. An alcoholic is never fully freed from their addiction, even though it can be treated. They must take action and keep in mind that their illness may flare up at any time. Navigate to content To search, click. A chronic condition is a sickness that develops over time or a human health condition that is persistent or has other long-lasting impacts. Alcoholism is generally defined as any drinking of alcohol that causes serious issues with one's mental or physical health.
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A 15.0 mL sample of 0.10 M lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO).(aq), reacts with a 10.0 mL sample of 0.20 M potassium sulfide, KS(aq), according to the equation below. Pb(NO)(aq) + KS(aq) --2 KNO(aq) + PbS() Which of the following correctly lists the ions remaining in solution in order of increasing concentration once the reaction has stopped? A) [S] <[NO,') < [K] B) [S] [NO, -1 - [K] C) [NO, 1 <[K] D) (Pb"] <[NO, 1 = [K")
(D) [tex]Pb^{2+}[/tex]<[tex]NO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]=[tex]K^{+}[/tex] is the right answer for the ions remaining in solution in order of increasing concentration once the reaction has stopped.
What is concentration ?
The no of mol of solute present per litre of solution is known as molarity , for normality we consider no of equivallent of solute per litre of solution.
1 mol of [tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] gives 2 mol of [tex]KNO_{3}[/tex] here 1.5 mol of [tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] gives 3 mol of KNO3.
[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2} +K_{2}S- > PbS+ 2KNO_{3}[/tex]
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the diagrams above represent two allotropes of solid phosphorus. which of the following correctly identifies the allotrope with the higher melting point and explains why?
Allotrope 1 has the higher melting point because it lacks the covalent bonds between phosphorus atoms that are present in allotrope 2.
The Melting Point Differences Between Allotropes of Solid PhosphorusAllotropes of solid phosphorus are different forms of the element which differ in their molecular arrangement and structure. Allotrope 1 is a more stable form and has a higher melting point than that of allotrope 2 due to the absence of covalent bonds between the phosphorus atoms in allotrope 1.
The structure of allotrope 1 is an ordered arrangement in which the phosphorus atoms form a three-dimensional lattice. This lattice structure is held together by strong Van der Waals forces, which are electrostatic attractions between the atoms. This structure is more stable than that of allotrope 2 and has a higher melting point due to the increased strength of the interatomic forces.
In contrast, the structure of allotrope 2 is much less ordered, and the phosphorus atoms are held together by covalent bonds. This structure is not as stable as that of allotrope 1 and has a lower melting point. The covalent bonds between the phosphorus atoms are much weaker than the forces in allotrope 1, and consequently the melting point of allotrope 2 is lower.
This question is incomplete, so I am attaching the image that contains the information needed to answer it.
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calculate the solubility (in g/l) of caso4(s) in 0.300 m na2so4(aq) at 25°c . the Ksp of caso4 is 4.93×10−5 .
The solubility (in g/l) of caso4(s) in 0.300 m na2so4(aq) at 25°c is 0.016762 g/mol.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance in an effort to dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a special temperature. Solubility is a characteristic asset of a particular solute-solvent combination, and special substances have significantly differing solubilities.
Solubility of CaSO₄; K_sp = 4.93 × 10⁻⁵
Concentration of Na₂SO₄ = 0.4 M
The ionic equation of CaSO₄ is given as;
CaSO₄ ⇒ Ca²⁺ + SO₄²⁻
Now, the formula for solubility ,
K sp = [A⁺]ᵃ × [B⁻]ᵇ
Thus, plugging in relevant values into the solubility equation -
4.93 × 10⁻⁵ = Ca²⁺ × 0.4
Ca²⁺ = ( 4.93 × 10⁻⁵)/0.4
Concentration of Ca²⁺ = 12.325 × 10⁻⁵ M
The molar mass of CaSO₄ = 136 g
Hence, solubility of CaSO₄ in 0.4M of Na₂SO₄ is 12.325 × 10⁻⁵ M × 136 g/mol = 0.016762 g/mol
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When the temperature of a 3. 0-l sample of a gas is dropped from 200°c to 100°c, what will be the final volume of the gas sample?.
P1V1T1=P2V2T2 Add 273 to convert degrees Celsius to Kelvin:
∴200×25/298=250×V2/273, ∴V2=200×25×273/298×250, ∴V2=18.32L
Where is the volume equation?The basic formula for volume is length, breadth, and height, as opposed to length, width, and height for the area of a rectangular shape. The calculation is unaffected by how you refer to the various dimensions; for instance, you can use "depth" instead of "height."
What is chemistry using volume units?Volume, which is measured in cubic units, is the 3-dimensional space occupied by matter or encircled by a surface. The cubic meter (m3), a derived unit, is the SI unit of volume.
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
As more co2 is absorbed into the oceans the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
There is more CO2 evaporating into the ocean as a result of human-driven increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The average pH of the ocean is currently 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but when more CO2 is absorbed, the pH drops and the ocean turns more acidic.
What is pH?
pH is a measurement of how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is in relation to other liquids. The phrase, which is frequently used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, converts hydrogen ion concentrations, which typically vary between 1 and 1014 gram-equivalents per litre, into numbers between 0 and 14.
Therefore, As more co2 is absorbed into the oceans the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
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what quantity of heat (in kj) will be released if 0.4501 mol of nh₃ are mixed with 0.200 mol of o₂ in the following chemical reaction? 4 nh₃ (g) o₂ (g) → 2 n₂h₄ (g) 2 h₂o (g) ∆h°
32.18 KJ/mol of heat will be released if 0.4501 mol of NH₃ are mixed with 0.200 mol of O₂.
Limiting reagent- The reactant that is totally consumed during a reaction, or the limiting reagent, decides when the process comes to an end. The precise quantity of reactant required to react with another element can be estimated from the reaction stoichiometry.
1 mole of O₂ and 4 moles of NH₃ reacts-
therefore,
A reaction between 0.4501 mole of NH₃ should occur with 0.4501 x 1 / 4 = 0.1013 moles of O₂
O₂ is an excess reagent, and NH₃ is a limiting reagent.
286 KJ/mol of energy are released by 4 moles of NH₃.
0.4501 mole The amount of energy released by NH₃ =286KJ/mol x 0.4501 / 4mol
= 32.1822 KJ/mol of energy
Thus, heat released is -32.18 KJ/mol.
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recall that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. both ethanol and water had the same amount of thermal energy added to them, but their temperatures are different. why does the same amount of added energy (in water) not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol?
The same amount of added energy in water not increase its temperature as much as in ethanol because of temperature difference.
What is temperature?
The physical concept of temperature expresses in numerical form how hot or cold something is. A thermometer is used to determine temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, which historically defined various reference points as well as thermometric substances. The most popular scales are the Celsius scale, also known as centigrade, with the unit symbol °C, the Fahrenheit scale (°F), as well as the Kelvin scale (K), with the latter being primarily used for scientific purposes. One of the seven units inside the International System of Units is the kelvin (SI).
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules that make up a substance is how we define temperature in chemistry. A substance's constituent particles do not all possess the same kinetic energy. The distribution of the particles' kinetic energy at any particular moment can be used to describe it.
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h shift of slkyls next to carbonyla dn electronegative atoms the hydrogens on the carbons next to the carbonyl gorup are shifted to ____ ppm
The hydrogens just on carbons close to the carbonyl group have a shift towards carbonyla triple - negative electronegative atoms of about 200 ppm.
What is the name of the carbonyl group?
A carbon atom is double-bonded to the an oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group, that is a chemically active functional group. Aldehydes and ketones, which are typically joined to another carbon compound, are the simplest carbonyl groups. Many aromatic chemicals have these structures, which contribute to flavor and fragrance.
Which structural subunits make up carbonyls?
Carbonyl-containing functional groups include aldehydes and ketones. The primary distinction is that for carbon to be a member of these functional groups, it must be doubly bonded to other groups in addition to oxygen. A ketone must have a connection between the carbonyl carbon and
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what atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the bond between n and o in nitrosyl chloride, nocl? fill in the blank 1 orbital on n fill in the blank 2 orbital on o how many σ bonds does n have in nocl? how many bonds does n have?
The orbitals that are used are 2p and 3p orbitals and there two sigma and a pi bond present in nitrosyl chloride.
What are atomic orbitals?We know that atomic orbitals are the regions in space that we can be able to obtain or find the electron in an atom. In this case we can see that we are talking about the compound that we call nitrosyl chloride.
In this compound, we have to know that the atomic orbitals that are involved in the bond are the 2p and 3p atomic orbitals of nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine respectively. Since we have one double and one singe bond, we have two sigma bonds and one pi bond.
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beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. which beaker weighs more?
Beaker a is filled to the brim with water. beaker b is the same size and contains a small block of wood which floats when the beaker is filled with water to the brim. both beakers weighs same more.
In its gaseous, liquid, and solid states, water is a substance made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. It is among the most common and necessary compounds. At room temperature, it is an odorless, tasteless liquid with the significant property of dissolving many other substances. Glass container with a flat bottom and a tiny pouring spout is known as a beaker. It is employed in the chemistry lab to stir, heat, and mix liquids. Beakers are cylindrical containers that come in a range of sizes.
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how many minutes would it take to deposit 1.36g of copper from an aqaueos solution of copper(ii) sulfate by passing a current of 2.00 amperes through the solution
The time that is required to deposit the certain grams of copper is 34 min.
The charge that is carried by 2 moles of electrons is 96500 C. The amount of copper deposited is 1.36 g.
Thus, the charge required to deposit 1.36 g copper is calculated as follows:
=1.36 g*63.55 g/mol*96500 C
=4130 C
The current passing in an aqueous solution is 2.00 A.
Thus, the time required to deposit the amount of copper is calculated as follows:
t=q/C
t=4130 C/2.00 A
t=34 min
Thus, the time needed is 34 min.
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explain how the hydrogen bright line spectrum provides experimental evidence of atomic energy levels and what the relative spacing between the lines means
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
What is Hydrogen Bright Line Spectrum?
The Rydberg formula has been used to determine the wavelengths of several spectral series that have derived from the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. These spectral lines that have been seen are the result of electron transitions between two energy levels within an atom. The development of quantum mechanics was greatly aided by the Rydberg formula's classification of the series. In astronomical spectroscopy, the spectral series are crucial for determining red shifts and detecting the existence of hydrogen.
Experimental evidence of Atomic energy by Hydrogen bright line spectrum
The hydrogen bright line spectrum provides evidence by showing different colours which are having different wavelengths.
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pH RANGE QUESTIONS!!!!!!
PLEASE HELP
The solution pH range is based on the given indicators:
Alizarin yellow- Yellow: 10 to 12
Bromocresol Green - blue: 3.8 to 5.4
Bromothymol Blue - green: 6.0 to 7.6
Methyl orange - yellow: 3.1 to 4.4
What is a pH indicator?A pH indicator can be described as a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH of the solution can be determined by changes in absorption or emission properties.
pH indicators are employed in titrations in analytical chemistry and biology to calculate the extent of a reaction. Because of the determination of color, pH indicators are susceptible to giving imprecise readings.
Alizarin yellow has a pH range of 10 to 12 where 10 for yellow and 12 for red. Bromocresol Green have a pH range of 3.8 to 5.4
Bromothymol Blue has a pH range of 6.0 to 7.6 where 6.0 for Yellow and 7.6 for Blue color. Methyl orange has a pH range of 3.1 to 4.4 where 3.1 is for red and 4.4 is for yellow color.
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A monatomic ideal gas expands slowly to twice its original volume, doing 300 j of work in the process. Find the heat added to the gas and the change in internal energy of the gas if the process is (a) isothermal; (b) adiabatic; (c) isobaric.
For isothermal process dq=-dw=-300J dU=0 , for adiabatic process dq=0 so dU=dw=300J.
What is isothermal process?
In this process the change in temperature is zero through out. So dT=0
What is adiabatic process?
The change in heat is zero through out. So dq=0
From first law of thermodynamics internal energy dU=dq+dw,
for isothermal process dT=0 and dU=n[tex]C_{v}[/tex]dT so dU=0 thus dq= - dw,= -300J.
for adiabatic process dq=0, so dU=dw=300J
What is internal energy ?
Any system for the virtue of its existence have energy known as internal energy.
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If 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the following reaction, what is the mass in grams of NO that will be formed?
4 NH₃ (g) + 5 O₂ (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H₂O (g)
According to law of conservation of mass and stoichiometry, if 25.0 g of NH₃ and 51.5 g of O₂ react in the given reaction 816 g of NO will be formed.
What is law of conservation of mass?According to law of conservation of mass, it is evident that mass is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .
Law of conservation of mass and energy are related as mass and energy are directly proportional which is indicated by the equation E=mc².
Law needs to be modified in accordance with laws of quantum mechanics under the principle of mass and energy equivalence.This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier in the year 1789.
As per the law, mass of reactant= mass of products, (4×25)+(5×51.5)-(6×18)=816 g.
Thus, 816 g of NO is formed in the given reaction.
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lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6li and 7 li, with masses of6.015 amu and 7.016 amu, respectively. what is the relative abundance of each isotope?
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Formula used to calculate average atomic mass follows:
Avg atomic mass = ∑(atomic mass of an isotope) x (fractional abundance) ....(1)
Let the fractional abundance of Li-6 isotope be 'x'. So, fractional abundance of Li-7 isotope will be '1 - x'
For Li-6 isotope:
Mass of Li-6 isotope = 6.015 amu
For Li-7 isotope:
Mass of Li-7 isotope = 7.016 amu
Average atomic mass of lithium = 6.941 amu
6.941 amu = x *(6.015) + (1-x) * (7.016)
x= 0.0749
The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
Therefore, the relative abundance of the isotope is 92.51%
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for silicon atoms, which ionization energy will show an exceptionally large increase over the preceding ionization energy?
The fifth electron, or IE5, would have a very high ionization energy. Which ionization energy for silicon atoms will significantly rise from the previous ionization energy?
Ionization energy: how is it calculated?
The smallest energy of light quanta (photons) or electrons accelerated to a specified energy that will liberate the least bound atomic electrons is used to calculate the ionization energy of atoms, abbreviated as Ei. On individual atoms, the measurement is carried out in the gas phase.
Why does the ionization energy increase?
On the periodic table, the first ionization energy typically climbs across a period from left to right. The higher nuclear charge results in a closer bond between the outermost electron and the nucleus.
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enter the chemical formula for cesium sulfite
Cesium Sulfite Chemical Formula:
Cs2SO3
enter the chemical formula for cesium sulfite
Which compounds will most likely dissociate when dissolved in water? select all that apply. Barium hydroxide (ba(oh)2) ethanol (c2h6o) glucose (c6h12o6) silver nitrate (agno3) dichloromethane (ch2cl2) potassium chloride (kcl).
The compounds which are most likely dissociated when it is dissolved in the water are Ba(OH)₂, AgNO₃, and KCl respectively.
The compounds which are completely dissociated when it is dissolved in the water are known as strong electrolytes. This compounds form ions when they dissolved in the water. In the given compounds ethanol(C₂H₆O), glucose(C₆H₁₂O₆) is completely soluble but not dissociable. Dichloromethane(CH₂Cl₂) is neither soluble, nor dissociable in the water.
The dissociation of Ba(OH)₂, AgNO₃, and KCl in the water is given as
Ba(OH)₂(aq)→Ba²⁺(aq)+2OH⁻(aq)
For AgNO₃
AgNO₃(aq)→Ag⁺(aq)+(NO₃)⁻(aq)
For KCl
KCl(aq)→K⁺(aq)+Cl⁻(aq)
Therefore, the compounds which are most likely dissociated when it is dissolved in the water are Ba(OH)₂, AgNO₃, and KCl respectively.
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Rupert had three substances. A brown substance was a liquid at room temperature. He hit each of the other two with a hammer. A blue crystal cracked but did not break. A silver substance flattened but did not crack. Which two statements could be true?.
The correct ones are:
The silver substance is ionic.The brown substance is molecular.The silver substance is silver (Ag) and the brown substance is bromine (Br).
Silver is a monovalent inorganic cation, a silver cation, a monoatomic monocation, and an elemental silver. Cations and anions are held together by electrostatic forces to form ionic solids. Ionic solids are hard, brittle, and have high melting points due to the strength of these interactions.
A bromine compound is a molecule formed by the combination of two bromine atoms. Br2 is a reddish-brown liquid that is never found in its elemental form, but rather in inorganic compounds known as bromides and natural organo-bromine compounds.
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elemental silicon is oxidized by $\ce{o2}$ to give a compound which dissolves in molten $\ce{na2co3}$. when this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, a precipitate forms. what is the precipitate?
SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Elemental silicon is oxidized by O₂ to give a compound which dissolves in molten Na₂CO₃ . When this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
Mechanism 1
1. Si + O₂ → SiO₂
2. SiO₂ + Na₂CO₃ → CO₂ + Na₂SiO₃
3. Na₂SiO₃ + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl + H₂O (l) + SiO₂
In chemistry, a stable shaped via a change in a solution, frequently due to a chemical reaction or change in temperature that decreases solubility of a stable. In meteorology a precipitate is liquid or strong water.
Hence, SiO₂ formed as a precipitate.
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when this enzyme catalyze the reaction, the activation energy barrier changes by 27.6 kj/mol for the forward rate constant. how will the activation energy barrier change for the reverse rate constant in this catalyzed reaction?
The change in the activation energy barrier is the same: 27.6 kJ/mole.
By reducing the activation energy, a catalyst can speed up a process. In the case of this question, the activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kg per mole, which unquestionably speeds up the reaction.
However, a catalyst does not disrupt the equilibrium because it clearly affects both the forward and backward reaction rates as shown in the picture attached below.
As a result, the forward reaction's activation energy is reduced by 27.6 kJ/mole. Then perhaps the activation energy barrier, 27.6 KJ/mole for the reverse reaction, does not change. Consequently, the addition of a catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium.
Therefore, the activation energy barrier remains constant at 27.6 kJ/mole.
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how many molecules are there in 360cm3 of nitrogen as r.t.p
Answer:
9.68x10^21 molecules of nitrogen
Explanation:
I will assume that r.t.p. is supposed to be STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure. rtp might refer to room temperature and pressue, but no value is given for room temperature, so let's assume standard temperature (0 degrees Celsius). Here is a marvelous, and useful, property of gasses at STP: One mole of gas at STP occupies 22.4 liters. Let's make that a conversion factor: (1 mole/22.4 liters).
We have the volume of gas at STP: 360 cm^3. Convert that into liters:
(360cm^3)*(1 ml/cm^3)*(1 liter/1000 ml) = 0.360 liters(L)
Now use the conversion factor from above to convert the volume of gas into moles of gas:
(0.360L)*(1 mole/22.4 liters) = 0.0161 moles of gas
By definition, 1 mole is 6.02x10^23 particles, or molecules of the gas.
Convert moles of the gas to molecules:
(0.0161 moles)*((6.02x10^23 molecules)/mole) = 9.68x10^21 molecules of nitrogen.
imagine there is a radioactive isotope that has a half-life of 500 years. a sample contains 50% parent and 50% progeny atoms. how old is this sample?
We know that radioactive reactions are first order reaction
For a first order reaction in CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate Constant = 0.693/(Half Life)
we know that,
Half Life = 500 years
K = 0.693/500
K = 0.001386
For first order,
ln[A] = -Kt + ln[A*]
[A] = concentration of A after time, t
[A*] = initial concentration of A at time, t=0
Kt = 2.303 log {[A*]/[A]}
At half life [A] = [A*]/2
Kt = 2.303 log (2)
(0.001386)t = 2.303 × 0.3010
t = (2.303)(0.3010)/(0.001386)
t = 500.146 years
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what is the geometry around the central atom in the following molecular model of no3-? question 32 options: a) linear b) bent c) trigonal planar d) trigonal pyramidal
the geometry around the central atom in the following molecular model of nitrate d) trigonal pyramidal
The bond angle is slightly less than 109.5 degrees, or roughly 107 degrees, for trigonal pyramidal geometry. When the electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral for bent molecular geometry, the bond angle is roughly 105 degrees.
Due to the additional repulsion from the lone pair, trigonal pyramidal geometries have a bond angle that is less than 109.5°. The single lone pair is located at the location of the fourth bond in the tetrahedral structure, on top of the molecule. The bent geometry is the last geometry for the fourth electron group.
Groundwater frequently contains nitrate, which, if consumed in high concentrations, can have detrimental effects on health. Nitrate has no flavor, odor, or color. Nitrate that occurs naturally in small amounts can be normal, but large amounts can contaminate groundwater.
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