A tertiary cyclohaloalkane is 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane. This indicates that it hinders carbon-1 sterically. As a result, committing to SN1 is more likely than SN2.
Describe carbon.The number of protons six and letter C are attributed to the chemical element carbon. Four of its four available electrons can be used to create covalent chemical connections because it is a nonmetallic, tetravalent atom. The periodic table's group 14 includes it. Just 0.025 percent of the carbon on Earth is found in its crust.
What uses does carbon serve?Coal, toxic gases, and crude oil are all utilized as fuel in it. It is employed to create a wide range of products, including polymers and steel alloys. Even black ink for printing or painting is produced with it.
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if 3.33 mol3.33 mol of an ideal gas has a pressure of 2.11 atm2.11 atm and a volume of 60.51 l,60.51 l, what is the temperature of the sample in degrees celsius?
The temperature of the sample in degrees celsius is 238.89ºC.
The ideal gas equation can be rewritten to demonstrate that the pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas present if volume and temperature are held constant:
deal Gas Law
PV = nRT
P = pressure = 2.10 atm
V = volume = 77.27 L
n = moles = 3.86
R = gas constant = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol
T = temperature in Kelvin = ?
Solving for T:
T = PV/nR = (2.10)(77.27)/(3.86)(0.0821)
T = 512.04 K
To convert to ºC, subtract 273.15K
T = 512.04 - 273.15 = 238.89ºC
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cobalt has a mass number of 59 and an atomic number of 27. a student wants to create a model of a cobalt atom. which statement about the model is correct?(1 point)
The statement correct about Cobalt atomic model is that the model should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons. (Option A)
Atomic model is the structure of an atom that consist of a nucleus located at the centre which comprises of the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present and the negatively charged particles called electrons that revolve around the centre of the nucleus. Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. The atomic number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The mass number, also known as atomic mass number or nucleon number, refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. As the mass number of Cobalt is 59 and atomic number is 27, the number of neutrons is 59 – 27 = 32. Hence, an atomic model of Cobalt should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons.
Note: The question is incomplete as it is missing options which are A) The model should show 27 protons and 32 neutrons. B) The model should show 59 protons and 27 neutrons. C) The model should show 32 protons and 59 neutrons. D) The model should show 27 protons and 27 neutrons.
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Write covalent bonding in nitrogen and nitrogen
Answer:
Explanation:
When two atoms share one electron pair, they are said to be joined by a single covalent bond.
In a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atom has five valence electrons.
Two nitrogen atoms are connected via a triple covalent bond.
If 60 g of a radioactive substance naturally decays to 15 g after 16 hours, what is the half-life of the radioisotope?.
If 60 g of a radioactive source voluntarily declines to 15 g within 16 hours, the radioisotope's half-life is 8 hours.
What are radioisotopes and how are they measured for radioactivity?The quantity of protons with in atomic nuclei of component atoms of the same chemical is the same, but the neutron count varies. The radioactive materials of an element are called radioisotopes. They can alternatively be described as atoms with excess electricity in their nucleus or unstable neutron-proton combinations. Actual radiation levels are reported using the Contributes to the ongoing (Bq), the global unit, or the Cobalt (Ci), official machine in the U. S.. Alternative photodiode varieties may be used instead of gamma counters, which are widely used to measure environmental parameters.
Briefing:Half life = total life/2
Half life = 16/2
Half life = 8 hours
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Ni(s)→Ni2+(aq)+2e−
Ag+(aq)+e−→Ag(s)
Which of the following is the balanced net ionic equation for an oxidation-reduction reaction between Ag+(aq) and Ni(s)based on the half-reactions represented above?
Ni (s), Ni+2 (aq), and two e- As the Ni releases two electrons to form Ni+2, the Silver ion must accept two electrons to balance the net reaction, therefore two silver ions will absorb two electrons to form silver. 2 e- 2 Ag + 2 Ag+ (aq) (s).
What is Redox reaction?
A chemical process in which electrons are moved between two reactants is referred to as a redox reaction. The alteration in the oxidation states of the reacting species can be used to pinpoint this electron transfer.
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical processes in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Redox is a shortened version of reduction-oxidation. Two distinct processes—a reduction process and an oxidation process—can be used to describe all redox reactions.
Redox or Oxidation-Reduction processes always involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions. In a chemical reaction, the material that is being reduced is referred to as the reducing agent, while the substance that is being oxidised is the oxidizing agent.
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A student prepares a standardized solution of sodium hydroxide by the following procedure. The student first prepares a saturated solution of sodium hydroxide using freshly distilled or deionized water. She measures about 5 mL with a graduated cylinder and dilutes to 1 L in a plastic bottle with freshly distilled or deionized water to make a solution that is about 0.1 M. To determine the exact concentration she puts the NaOH solution in a buret and titrates a carefully-weighed pre-dried solid acid of known molar mass. She records the volume of NaOH needed to neutralize it and repeats the process several times to determine the concentration of the NaOH solution. She calculates the concentration and uncertainty in the concentration of the NaOH from the titration data. Why can\'t the student just weigh the sodium hydroxide directly to make a standard? Select all that apply. NaOH pellets react with water. NaOH pellets react with oxygen. NaOH pellets react with hydrogen. NaOH pellets react with carbon dioxide. NaOH pellets react with nitrogen. Why did the student first prepare a saturated solution? A. Saturated solutions are higher in purity than unsaturated solutions. B. Unsaturated NaOH solutions are light-sensitive. C. She can calculate the concentration of the saturated NaOH solution from the Ksp of NaOH. D. Any sodium hydrogen carbonate formed by the reaction of NaOH with atmospheric carbon dioxide will precipitate in the saturated solution. The student prepares the NaOH solution of high purity but unknown concentration by taking about 5 mL of the supernatant at the top of the saturated solution adding it to a plastic bottle with about 1 L of freshly distilled or deionized water. The bottom of the solution contains some white solids which are likely to be (select all correct answers): sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen sulfate sodium silicate CO2(s) H2O(s) phthalic acid sodium hydrogen carbonate Why is a plastic bottle is generally preferred to glass bottle during the above step? A. The reaction between sodium hydroxide and plastic produces plastic hydroxide. B. Sodium hydroxide renders plastic inert by a process called passivation. C. Sodium hydroxide reacts slowly with glass, forming sodium silicate. D. Sodium hydroxide reacts with polyethylene. The concentration of saturated NaOH is 50.0% w/w and the density is 1.52 g/mL. If exactly 4.00 mL were diluted to 1.000 L, what would be the concentration? Why is potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4, MM = 204.227 g/mol) so widely used as a standard in acid-base titrations? Select all that apply. It is stable to air It is expensive It is easy to dry It has a slowly changing pH at the equivalence point It has a relatively high molar mass It is available in high purity A student dries the pure potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4) in the oven overnight to A. remove water B. purify the matrix C. remove carbon dioxide adn sulfer dioxide D. anneal the crystal structure She weighs 0.1553 g of dry potassium acid phthalate into a flask and adds some water from a graduated cylinder to dissolve it. Why doesn\'t she measure the volume of water with a more accurate device? A. The accuracy of the graduated cylinder is sufficient to measure to two decimal places which is all the precision needed for a titration. B. It would be better to measure the mass because it can be read to four decimal places with an analytical balance. C. The quantity of water actually is important and should be measured accurately because it affects the starting concentration thus the starting pH of the solution. D. The volume of water added is not important because the titration equivalence point depends only on the number of millimoles of potassium acid phthalate and not its concentration. The titration of 0.1553 g of dry potassium acid phthalate (MM = 204.227 g/mol) requires 49.84 mL of NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH solution? Why is freshly distilled or deionized water used in this standardization? A. Freashly distilled water contains no hydrogen peroxide B. Distilles water contains calcium, which stabilizes the sodium hydroxide C. Freashly deionized water has a pH of 4.72 D. There is little CO2 in freshly deionized or distilled water
NaOH has the characteristic of being deliquescent; hence, it cannot be weighed directly; rather, a saturated solution is diluted to get the appropriate concentration.
The process of deliquescent is explained using sodium hydroxide.
When a material absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air to the point that it becomes dissolved and forms a solution, this process is known as deliquescence.
Who or what uses hydroxide?To make soap, rayon, paper, explosive materials, colors, and petroleum products, manufacturers can employ sodium hydroxide. Processing cotton fabric, cleaning and processing metal, applying an oxide layer, electroplating, and electrolytic extraction are further uses for sodium hydroxide.
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Please Help ASAP 100 points
What is the effect of increasing the pressure on the system in an equilibrium state given by the equation 2H2O2(l)
2H2O(g) + O2(g)?
1. The system attempts to increase the number of gas particles by decomposing hydrogen peroxide.
2. The system attempts to increase the number of gas particles by synthesizing hydrogen peroxide.
3. The system attempts to reduce the number of gas particles by decomposing hydrogen peroxide.
4. The system attempts to reduce the number of gas particles by synthesizing hydrogen peroxide.
If the pressure of the system is increased, the system will attempt to reduce the number of gas particles by synthesizing hydrogen peroxide. Option 4.
Le Chatelier's principleAccording to Le Chatelier's principle, a system in equilibrium that is acted upon by one of the constraints that affect the rate of reactions will always try to adjust in order to nullify the effects of the external constraints.
The constraints being referred to by Le Chatelier include temperature, pressure, and concentration of the species in the system.
When the pressure of a system in equilibrium is increased or decreased, the system will adjust to annul the effect by moving towards the reactants or the products as needed.
In this reaction: [tex]2H_2O_2(l) < -- > 2H_2O(g) + O_2(g)[/tex]
There are 2 moles on the reactant's side while 3 moles are on the product's side (2 moles of water plus one mole of oxygen). Thus, it appears the product's side is more populated.
Consequently, an increase in the pressure of the system will shift to synthesize more hydrogen peroxide by reducing the number of gas particles.
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The half-life of potassium-42 is approximately 12 hours. How long will it take for the radiation level of potassium-42 to drop to 1/16 of its original level?.
As a result, it will take 48 hours for potassium-42 radiation levels to drop to 1/16 of their initial levels.
What is radiation level?The average annual radiation exposure per person in the United States is 6.2 millisieverts (620 millirem), according to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). These average dose's sources are depicted in the pie chart below. The average annual radiation exposure per person in the United States is 6.2 millisieverts (620 millirem), according to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). These average dose's sources are depicted in the pie chart below. The primary source of exposure for the majority of people is naturally occurring background radiation. Although they can exceed 50 mSv/yr, they normally fall between 1.5 and 3.5 millisievert per year.
What radiation level is safe for humans?As low as reasonably possible, but not more than 5,000 millirems. It is advised that the total lifetime exposure not exceed the age times 1,000 millirems. The annual occupational limit for minors under 18 who are exposed to radiation is 500.
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list all possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state. remember the selection rules!
All possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.
The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along the reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger.
The transition state is a high-energy state, and some amount of energy the activation energy must be added in order for the molecule reach it. Because the transition state is unstable, reactant molecules don't stay there long, but quickly proceed to the next step of the chemical reaction.
In an atom, electrons can transition up or down depending on whether they absorb energy or emit energy. Electrons naturally want to be in the lowest possible energy state. Downward transitions would be possible to any lower energy level than the one the electron starts in so all possible downward transitions for an electron in the 3d state are 1s 2s 2p 3s and 3p.
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a) Draw the structure of the tetrahedral intermediate INITIALLY-FORMED in the reaction shown.
-You do not have to consider stereochemistry.
-Do not include counter-ions, e.g., Na+, I-, in your answer.
-In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one.
b) Draw the structures of the organic products of the acyl transfer reaction.
-You do not have to consider stereochemistry.
-Draw the neutral form of the products; no charges.
-Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner.
-Separate multiple products using the + sign from the drop-down menu.
Triphenyl stereochemistry. methanol is the product of the Grignard reaction between methyl benzoate and excess phenylmagnesium bromide.
We will have a reduction reaction in this case. We progress from an ester group to an alcohol group. The first step is to transfer a hydride from the LiAlH4 group to the carbonyl group. The ethyl group then separates to form ethanol and an aldehyde, which continues to react with more LiAlH4. In this case, another hydride is transferred to the carbonyl group, resulting in the formation of alcohol. (See Fig.)
Triphenyl methanol is the stereochemistry product of the Grignard reaction between methyl benzoate and excess phenylmagnesium bromide.
As the carbonyl moiety is attacked, the reaction proceeds via nucleophillic reaction. There is the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The attack of the first molecule of PhMgBr is accompanied by the loss of the -OMe group.
Trimethyl phenoxide is produced by the attack of a second PhMgBr molecule. Protonation
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Write a balanced equation for the double-replacement neutralization reaction described, using the smallest possible integer coefficients.
A reaction occurs when aqueous solutions of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid are combined.
The balanced equation for the double-replacement neutralization reaction between aqueous solutions of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid is as follows: Ba(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2H₂O
What is a double-displacement reaction?A double displacement reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds.
The general formula for a double-displacement reaction is written as: AB + CD = AD + BC.
According to this question, aqueous solutions of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid reacts together in a double displacement reaction as follows:
Ba(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2H₂O
Sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are displaced in the reactants to form two new compounds namely: barium sulfate and water.
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you are given a liquid sample that contains methanol (ch3oh), ethanol (ch3ch2oh), or a mixture of both. you combust a 0.336 g sample and obtain 0.462 g of co2 and 0.378 g of h2o. what did you learn about your sample?
It is methanol when combust to obtain 0.462 g of co2 and 0.378 g of h2o.
Methanol (CH3OH), commonly known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, or wood spirit, is the simplest of a vast series of chemical compounds known as alcohols. It is made up of a methyl group (CH3) joined to a hydroxy group (OH). In the past, methanol was produced by destructively distilling wood. The direct fusing of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas in the presence of a catalyst is the key to modern methanol manufacturing. Methanol is being made more and more often using syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen created from biomass.
Pure methanol is a necessary ingredient in chemical synthesis. Myriad key synthetic dyestuffs, resins, pharmaceuticals, and scents are among the numerous compounds produced using its derivatives.
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A student needs to dilute a 0.49 M Pb(NO3)2 solution to make 87.0 mL of 0.21 M Pb(NO3)2 . Set up the calculation by placing the values with the correct units into the equation. Then, calculate the volume, in milliliters, of the 0.49 M Pb(NO3)2 solution that is needed.
The initial volume of the solution of Pb(NO3)2 is 37.29 milliliters required to dilute for mentioned condition.
The volume will be calculated by the formula -
[tex] M_{1}[/tex][tex] V_{1}[/tex] = [tex] M_{2}[/tex][tex] V_{2}[/tex], where we have initial concentration and volume on Left Hand Side and final concentration and volume on Right Hand Side. Now, keeping the values in formula to find the final volume in milliliters.
0.49 × [tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 0.21 × 87
Performing multiplication on Right Hand Side of the equation
0.49 × [tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 18.27
Shifting the numerical value from Left Hand Side to Right Hand Side of the equation
[tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 18.27 ÷ 0.49
Performing division on Right Hand Side of the equation
[tex] V_{1}[/tex] = 37.29 millilitres
Hence, the volume is 37.29 milliliters.
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How many grams of fluorine,
F2, are needed to generate
7.65 moles of carbon
tetrafluoride, CF4?
C+2F2 → CF4
[?]g F2
581.247 g of fluorine, F₂, are needed to generate 7.65 moles of carbon tetrafluoride, CF₄.
What is a mole?A mole is a very crucial unit of measurement used by chemists. A mole of a thing means you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 eggs. Just 12 eggs means she has 12 eggs. Chemists need to measure very small things such as atoms, molecules and other particles in moles. The number of moles, Avogadro's number, relates to the relative sizes of atomic mass units and gram mass units. A hydrogen atom has a mass of about 1 u, while a mole of H atoms has a mass of about 1 gram.
C + 2F₂ → CF₄
Mole ratio of F₂ and CF₄ is 2:1 i.e, the moles of fluorine are twice as much as the moles of carbon tetrafluoride.
Moles of carbon tetrafluoride = 7.65 moles
Moles of fluorine = 2 × 7.65
= 15.3 moles.
For mass of fluorine:
m = n × Mm
Where, m = mass of fluorine
n = moles of fluorine (15.3 moles)
Mm = molar mass of fluorine (37.99 g/mol)
m = 15.3 × 37.99
m = 581.247 g
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a popular recipe for chocolate chip cookies requires 4.6 g of baking soda, nahco3. how many moles of baking soda are required for this recipe?
The answer states that this recipe needs 0.055 moles of sodium bicarbonate.
What is the purpose of baking soda?Cakes, cupcakes, and cookies are baked foods that contain baking soda as a leavening agent. It is a white, powder that is innately basic or alkaline and is formally known at sodium bicarbonate. When mixed with an acidic component and a liquid, sodium bicarbonate is activated.
Briefing:We know,
Molecular weight of Baking Soda is 84gm (moles)
Now requirement = 4.6gm
So, moles required = 4.6/Mw
= 4.6/84 = 0.0548 moles ≅ 0.055 moles
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which of the following is a polyatomic ion? select one: a. iron (ii) ion b. hydroxide ion c. chloride ion d. magnesium ion
The polyatomic ion out of the given options is hydroxide ion that consists of two atoms.
Polyatomic ions are the one that are composed of two or more than two atoms/elements.
The formula for Iron (II) ion is Fe2+.
The formula for Chloride ion is Cl-.
The formula for magnesium ion is Mg2+.
The formula for hydroxide ion is OH-.
In hydroxide ion, there are two atoms i.e., one hydrogen and one oxygen atom. Therefore, it is considered as a polyatomic ion.
Thus, option b is the correct choice.
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Determine the quantity (g) of pure MgSO4 in 2. 4 g of MgSO4•7H2O. Show your work
The amount (g) for pure MgSO4 in the following statement is actually 2. 4 g pure MgSO4•7H2O was 1.2 g MgSO4.
How do you use quantity?A Quick Look at Quantity. When referring to just a single word that CANNOT be measured, use the word amount. - When referring to a solitary or plural term that CAN be counted, use number. – When referring to an inanimate, singular or plurality word that is counted or measured, quantity should be used.
Briefing:%MgSO4 in MgSO4.7H2O is determined as x 100 = ?
Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O is 246.4746 g/mol
Molar mass of MgSO4 is 120.366 g/mol.
In MgSO4.7H2O, %MgSO4 = 120.366 / 246.4746 = 0.488 x 100 = 48.8
2.4g × (%MgSO4/100) = 2.4 x (48.8/100) =
2.4 x 0.48
= 1.2g MgSO4
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for a process approaching equilibrium, the change in entropy of the universe is . what at equilibrium, the change in entropy of the universe is .
The entropy change of the universe is zero, and the system is at equilibrium.
In a futuristic global, a regime has eliminated struggle by way of suppressing feelings: books, art, and track are strictly forbidden and feeling is a crime punishable by using demise. Click John Preston is a pinnacle-rating government agent responsible for destroying folks who resist those rules.
Equilibrium, in physics, is the situation of a device when neither its state of movement nor its inner power country tends to trade with time. a state of relaxation or balance because of the equal movement of opposing forces. same balance between any powers, influences, and so forth.; equality of effect.
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how much heat is needed to convert 906 of ice at to steam at ? be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
Amount of heat energy that is required to heat 906 g of ice to steam is 530952 Joules.
Explanation:
Given:
Amount of transferred energy = Q =?
Mass of ice (water) = m = 906 g
Initial temperature of ice = T(i) = -22° C
Final temperature of steam = T(f) = 118°C
Formula for Heat capacity is given by
Q = m×c×Δt ........................................(1)
where:
Q = Heat capacity of the substance (in J)
m=mass of the substance being heated in grams(g)
c = the specific heat of the substance in J/(g.°C)
Δt = Change in temperature (in °C)
Δt = (Final temperature - Initial temperature) = T(f) - T(i)
= 118 - (-22) = 140°C
Specific heat of water is c = 4.186 J /g. °C
Substituting these in equation (1), we get
Q = m×c×Δt
= 906 × 4.186 × 140
= 530952.24 J
The heat energy required is equal to 530952.24 Joules ≅ 530952 Joules.
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a sample of an ideal gas has a volume of 3.50 l3.50 l at 12.00 ∘c12.00 ∘c and 1.40 atm.1.40 atm. what is the volume of the gas at 20.80 ∘c20.80 ∘c and 0.986 atm?
The volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature So 5.12 L.
A really perfect gasoline is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly transferring factor debris that is not difficult to interparticle interactions. the proper gas idea is beneficial as it obeys an appropriate fuel regulation, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis beneath statistical mechanics.
Calculation:-
Volume of ideal gas = 3.50 L
Temperature = 12⁰C = 285 K
Pressure = 1.40 atm
Temperature 2 = 20.80 ⁰C = 293.80 K
Pressure = 0.986 atm
New Volume V 2 = PVT/TP
= 1.40 × 3.50 × 293.80 / 285 × 0.986
= 5.12 L
New volume is 5.12 L.
A really perfect fuel is described as a fuel that obeys gas laws at all conditions of strain and temperature. best gases have speed and mass. They do now not have volume ideal fuel, additionally referred to as ideal fuel, a fuel that conforms, in physical behavior, to a specific idealized relation between strain, extent, and temperature called the appropriate, or trendy, gas regulation.
The gas particles have negligible volume. The fuel particles are similarly sized and do not have intermolecular forces of attraction or repulsion with different gasoline particles. The gasoline debris moves randomly in settlement with Newton's legal guidelines of motion. The gas debris has perfect elastic collisions without an electricity loss.
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a balloon is filled to a volume of 2.00 l with 3.50 moles of gas at 25 °c. with pressure and temperature held constant, what will be the volume of the balloon if 0.70 moles of gas are added?
2.4 L is volume of the balloon if 0.70 moles of gas are added
What is volume of a gas?
The area occupied by gaseous particles under normal temperature and pressure circumstances is referred to as the volume of the gas.
The symbol for it is "V."
Litres, abbreviated "L," are the SI unit of volume.
A mole of gas at normal temperature has a volume of 24 m3, or 24000 cm3.
The term "molar volume of a gas" refers to this quantity.
assuming ideal gas:
PV = RTn
∴ R = 0.082 atm.L/K.mol
∴ V1 = 2 L
∴ n1 = 3.50 mol
∴ T1 = 25°C ≅ 298 K
⇒ P1 = (RT1n1)/(V1) = ((0.082 atm.L/K.mol)(298 K)(3.50 mol))/(2 L)
⇒ P1 = 42.763 atm
with pressure and temperature held constant:
∴ T2 = T1 = 298 K
∴ P2 = P1 = 42.763 atm
∴ n2 = 0.70 mol + 3.50 mol = 4.20 mol
⇒ V2 = (RT2n2)/P2
⇒ V2 = ((0.082 atm.L/K.mol)(298 K)(4.20 mol))/(42.763 atm)
⇒ V2 = 2.4 L
Hence, 2.4 L is volume of the balloon if 0.70 moles of gas are added
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An SN2 reaction is a bimolecular substitution reaction. Bimolecular means that two different compounds are important for determine the rate (kinetics), they are the [select 1] There are two major factors that affect the substrate's reactivity, they are the strength of the [select 2] and the steric hindrance or [select 3]
Choise are below [Select 1] - solvent and substrate - substrate and nucleophile - solvent and nucleophile - leaving group and nucleophile - substrate and leaving group - solvent and leaving group [Select 2] - leaving group - nucleophile - solvent -substrate [Select 2] - polarity of solvent - charge of nucleophile - crowding around leaving group
The compounds are important for determine the rate (kinetics), they are the substrate or electrophile and nucleophile. substrate's reactivity, affected the strength leaving group and the steric hinderance or crowding around.
The SN² reaction is a bimolecular substitution reaction. Bimolecular means that two different compounds are important for determine the rate (kinetics), they are the substrate and the electrophile.
There are two major factors that affect the substrate's reactivity, they are the strength of the leaving group and the steric hindrance or crowding around leaving group.
Thus, An SN² reaction is the bimolecular and substrate and the nucleophile are important for the rate determination.
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consider the following chemical reaction: li (s) hcl (aq) ---> what are the products of the reaction? which element is oxidized? which element is reduced? which element is the oxidizing agent? which element is the reducing agent?
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. Simple way to remember redox reaction is that oxidation is loss and reduction is gain.
How to determine oxidized and reduced elements in a chemical reaction?
Balanced chemical reaction is.
2Li + 2HCl --> 2LiCl + H2
Now, products are, LiCl and H2
Element oxidized is Li because it loses electron to form Li+
Element reduced is H of HCl to form H2 because H in HCl in +1 oxidation state gains one electron to form H2 in zero oxidation state.
Element which is oxidizing agent is one which gets reduced i.e., H of HCl
Element which is reducing agent is one which gets oxidized i.e., Li.
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Which gas law can be used to calculate the pressure of hydrogen gas collected over water.
High pressure from hydrogen gas gathered over water can be calculated using Dalton's Principle of Partial Pressures.
Describe hydrogen.The chemical element hydrogen is represented by the letter H and atomic radius 1. The lightest element is hydrogen. Under normal circumstances, hydrogen is a gas made up of diatomic molecules with the formula H 2. It is non-toxic, tasteless, colorless, odorless, and extremely flammable.
Why is hydrogen essential?Hydrogen may be utilized to heat both homes and places of business in addition to powering vehicles and producing electricity. To reach net zero, it will be crucial to reduce our carbon emissions significantly. The handling and usage of hydrogen is safer than that of the current fuels due to a number of its characteristics. For instance, hydrogen is not poisonous.
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4. The melting of candle wax is classified as a physical change because it:
a. produces no new substances
b. transfers energy
c. absorbs heat
d. changes the chemical properties of wax
For the following reaction, 0.267 moles of carbon dioxide are mixed with 0.263 moles ofpotassium hydroxide.What is the formula for the limiting reagent?What is the maximum amount of potassium carbonate that can be produced?moles
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is the limiting reagent in the reaction where 0.263 mol of this compound is mixed with 0.267 mol of carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) to produce 0.1315 mol of potassium carbonate ([tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex])
Calculation of the limit reagentThe limiting reactant is the element that is completely consumed in the reaction.
To determine the limiting reactant, stoichiometric relationships and the balanced equation of the reaction are used.
What is the balanced equation of the reaction?[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] + 2KOH → [tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex]
Stoichiometric relationships
If 1 mole of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] combines with 2 moles of KOH, then 0.267 mole of CO2 combines with_
X moles of KOH = 0.267 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] x 2 mol of KOH / 1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] x 2 mol of KOH / 1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
X moles of KOH = 0.534 moles
Therefore, the limiting reagent is KOH because it runs out first.
Calculation of the maximum amount of potassium carbonate producedWith the quantity of the limit reagent, the quantity of product is calculated stoichiometrically.
If for every 2 moles of KOH, 1 mole of [tex]K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] is produced, then 0.263 moles of KOH produce:
X moles [tex]k_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] = 0.263 mol KOH x 1 mol [tex]K_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] / 2 mol KOH
X moles [tex]K_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] = 0.1315 moles
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If 87 J of heat are added to a balloon, causing it to expand from 1.0 L to 1.4 L under 0.97 atm of pressure, what is the change in energy of the balloon (in joules)?
The change in energy of the balloon is 4.8 X10¹ J.
What is pressure?The pascal (Pa), which is equal to one newton per square meter (N/m2) of surface area, is the SI unit for pressure. Force per unit of surface area is how pressure is defined. In addition to being proportional to the force it exerts, an object's pressure is also inversely correlated with the area on which the force is applied.
Given, Heat is added to the balloon so q will be positive.
q = +87 J
Initial volume (Vi) = 1.0L
Final volume (Vf) = 1.4L
Change in volume (ΔV) = Vf - Vi
Change in volume (ΔV) = 1-4L-1.0L
Change in volume (ΔV) = 0.4L
Pressure (P)
given,
W = - PΔV
W = 0.97 atm × 0.4L
W = - 0.388 Latm
W = - 0.388 Latm × 101.325 J/1 Latm
W = 39.3141 J
Change in energy (ΔE) = q +W
Change in energy (ΔE) = +875 + (-39-3141J)
Change in energy (ΔE) = 47.6859 J
Change in energy (ΔE) = 4.76859 X10¹ J
Change in energy (ΔE) = 4.8 X10¹ J.
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if 7.5l of ethane (c2h6) forms in a reaction between an unknown amount of acetylene gas (c2h2) and 15l of hydrogen gas at a constant pressure and temperature, what is the minimum amount of acetylene gas that must have reacted?
The balanced reaction equation is:
C2H2(g)+2H2(g)→C2H6(g)
The given volume of ethane product is:
vC2H6) = 7.5 L
We assume that this ethane was formed at constant temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, we can relate volume values through the given stoichiometry. Assuming complete reaction, the ethane volume was formed from the given volume of hydrogen reactant:
v(H2) = 15 L
Acetylene and hydrogen react in a 1:2 ratio, so the required volume of acetylene is:
v(C2H2) = 7.5 L
Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction:
The volume of a gaseous species is highly sensitive to its temperature and pressure conditions. If these conditions are held constant, then the gas volume will vary proportionally to its molar quantity. If a given reaction system occurs in the gas phase at constant temperature and pressure conditions, then the behavior described here will apply to every gaseous species present. Therefore, the volume of each reactant will decrease over time, while the volume of each product will increase over time. The set of volume values will be related through the balanced stoichiometry.
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A 2. 50-L volume of hydrogen meaured at –196 °C i warmed to 100 °C. Calculate the volume of the ga at the higher temperature, auming no change in preure
Considering no change of pressure, the size of the gas at the high temp is 12.09L.
What occurs when the pressure varies?The equilibrium will move to the side where there are less moles of gas as pressure rises. The equilibrium will move toward the reactants side where there are more gas molecules when the pressure is reduced.
Briefing :
To solve this we assume that the hydrogen gas is an ideal gas. Then, we can use the ideal gas equation which is expressed as PV = nRT. At a constant pressure and number of moles of the gas the ratio T/V is equal to some constant. At another set of condition of temperature, the constant is still the same. Calculations are as follows:
T1 / V1 = T2 / V2
V2 = T2 x V1 / T1
V2 = (100 + 273.15) K x 2.50 L / (-196 + 273.15) K
V2 = 12.09 L
Therefore, the volume would increase to 12.09 L as the temperature is increased to 100 degrees Celsius.
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a sample of h2 gas (2.0 l) at 3.5 atm was combined with 1.5 l of n2 gas at 2.6 atm pressure at a constant temperature of 25°c into a 7.0 l flask. the total pressure in the flask is _____ atm.
The total pressure in the flask is 1.6 atm.
given that :
pressure H₂ = 3.5 atm
volume H₂ = 2 L
pressure N₂ = 2.6 atm
volume N₂ = 1.5 L
Total volume = 7 L
total pressure = ?
the formula i give as :
PH₂ V H₂ + PN₂ VN₂ = P total V total
Pressure total = (PH₂ V H₂ + PN₂ VN₂) V total
= ( 3.5 × 2 + 2.6 × 1.5 ) / 7
= 1.6 atm
Thus, a sample of H₂ gas (2.0 l) at 3.5 atm was combined with 1.5 l of N₂ gas at 2.6 atm pressure at a constant temperature of 25°c into a 7.0 l flask. the total pressure in the flask is 1.6 atm.
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