Eliminating income tax for small businesses can be problematic in several ways as explained below: Reduced revenue for the government One of the most significant problems with eliminating income tax for small businesses is the reduction of government revenue. Income tax is one of the primary sources of government revenue.
Eliminating it for small businesses will lead to a massive drop in the amount of revenue the government receives. The tax helps the government finance various projects such as infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and other social services.
The tax code may become more complex Eliminating income tax for small businesses may lead to the creation of other tax policies, including the creation of new types of taxes. This could lead to an even more complex tax code that small business owners will have to navigate in order to avoid being penalized for violating tax laws.
The possibility of tax evasion Eliminating income tax for small businesses would also lead to an increase in tax evasion. The absence of income tax would mean that small businesses would have more income, leading to more tax avoidance and evasion.
This could lead to a significant reduction in the amount of revenue that the government receives. The effects of income tax elimination for small businesses would depend on various tax law and policies.
Thus, the government needs to consider the impact of eliminating income tax for small businesses on different tax policies.
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Answer the following questions in your initial post: What personality traits are necessary to be an entrepreneur? Is there a difference between an entrepreneur and a small business owner? Explain. Why
To be a successful entrepreneur, there are several necessary personality traits that one must possess. These traits include passion, creativity, persistence, self-confidence, risk-taking ability, and resilience.Entrepreneurs are known for their ability to take risks, embrace challenges, and overcome obstacles.
They are passionate about their work, always seeking new and innovative ways to improve their products and services. Additionally, they are persistent in their efforts, never giving up despite setbacks or failures.Entrepreneurship and small business ownership are often used interchangeably.
However, there is a difference between the two. A small business owner typically focuses on generating a steady income from their business. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, are always looking for ways to innovate and disrupt the status quo. They seek to create new products and services that address unmet needs in the market.
Small business ownership is about generating a steady income from an existing business. While there is overlap between the two, entrepreneurs tend to have a more innovative mindset and are focused on growth.
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You purchased a $1,000 bond with a coupon rate of 6 % on January 1, 2021 for $910. On the same date you also purchased a share of ABC Inc for $85. During 2021 you received a dividend of $2.35 on the ABC share. It is now January 1, 2022 and the bond is selling for $980 and the ABC share is worth $90. Required, round all answers to two decimal points. Show all calculations in the space provided below or submit your calculations to the Drop Box in the Assignments area: What was your total dollar return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks) What was your total nominal return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks) If the inflation rate last year was 4 %, what was your total real rate of return on the bond? (2 marks) Compute the total percentage return on the ABC share. (2 marks) What was the dividend yield on the ABC share. (2 marks) What was the capital gain yield on the ABC share. (2 marks)
Your total dollar return on the bond over the past year:During 2021, you earned $60 in interest (6% of $1,000), and since you bought the bond for $910, your total return was $970. Now that the bond is selling for $980, your capital gain was $70 ($980 - $910).
Your total dollar return was $970 + $70 = $1,040.Nominal Return = Total Dollar Return / Investment = $1,040 / $910 = 1.14 or 114%.If the inflation rate last year was 4 %, what was your total real rate of return on the bond?Real rate of return = (1 + nominal rate of return) / (1 + inflation rate) - 1= (1 + 1.14) / (1 + 0.04) - 1= 1.09 - 1= 0.09 or 9%.Compute the total percentage return on the ABC share.You bought a share of ABC Inc for $85, and the stock is now worth $90, giving you a capital gain of $5. You also received a dividend of $2.35. Your total return on the ABC share was $7.35 ($5 + $2.35).Your total percentage return on the ABC share = Total Return / Investment * 100% = $7.35 / $85 * 100% = 8.65%.Dividend yield = Annual Dividend / Investment * 100%= $2.35 / $85 * 100% = 2.76%.Capital gain yield = Capital Gain / Investment * 100% = $5 / $85 * 100% = 5.88%.
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A building is acquired on January 1 at a cost of $870,000 with an estimated useful life of eight years and salvage value of $78,300 Compute depreciation expense for the first three years using the double-declining-balance method. (Round your answers to the nearest doller.)
Double-declining balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation that recognizes higher amounts of depreciation in the early years and lower amounts of depreciation in the later years of the useful life of the asset. It is a method of depreciation that allows for the recovery of cost at twice the rate of straight-line depreciation.
Depreciation expense for the first three years using the double-declining-balance method for a building that was acquired on January 1 at a cost of $870,000 with an estimated useful life of eight years and salvage value of $78,300 is shown below:
Given that the cost of the building is $870,000 and its salvage value is $78,300, we can calculate its depreciable cost as follows: Depreciable cost = cost - salvage value= $870,000 - $78,300= $791,700For double-declining balance method, the depreciation rate is calculated as follows:
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Performance management aligns human capital with organizational strategies. True False
The statement Performance management aligns human capital with organizational strategies is: True .
What is Performance management?Performance management is a methodical procedure that assists in coordinating employee efforts and performance with the objectives and plans of an organization.
It entails establishing precise performance expectations, offering coaching and feedback, assessing performance, and rewarding or recognising accomplishments.
Therefore the statement is true.
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Your company has been awarded a contract to clean the shoulder and verge of a provincial road stretching 325 km. The estimated cost of the entire project is R812 500 . The project has to be delivered within 65 work days. On day 42,190 km has been completed at a total cost of R380000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: A. Determine the Planned Value on day 42 ; B. Determine the Earned Value on day 42 ; C. Determine and interpret the Schedule Variance (in Rand) on day 42 ; D. Determine and interpret the Time Variance in (in days) on day 42 ; E. Determine and interpret the Cost Variance (in Rand) on day
A. Planned value is also called the budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS).In this project, the total distance is 325km. So the PV at day 42 can be calculated as follows:PV= (total budgeted cost/total distance) x distance completedPV= (R812 500 /325 km) x 190 kmPV= R474 038.46
B. Determine the Earned Value on day 42;EV (Earned Value) refers to the budgeted cost of the project work that has been completed. The amount of the total project budget that is allocated to the work that is actually done.EV is also called the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP). In this project, the total budgeted cost is R812 500 and the total distance is 325 km. The EV at day 42 can be calculated as follows:EV= (total budgeted cost/total distance) x distance completedEV= (R812 500 /325 km) x 190 kmEV= R470 000
C. Determine and interpret the Schedule Variance (in Rand) on day 42;SV (Schedule Variance) represents the variance between the budgeted cost of the work that is scheduled to be completed and the budgeted cost of the work that is actually completed. SV can be calculated as follows:SV = EV - PVSV = R470 000 - R474 038.46SV = -R4038.46This means that the project is behind schedule because the earned value is less than the planned value. The negative schedule variance means that it is taking more than the planned time to complete the project and hence the cost is increasing.
D. Determine and interpret the Time Variance in (in days) on day 42;TV (Time Variance) represents the variance between the budgeted time of the work that is scheduled to be completed and the budgeted time of the work that is actually completed. The TV can be calculated as follows:TV= (EV/PV) x duration of the projectTV= (R470 000/R474 038.46) x 65 daysTV= 0.98 x 65 daysTV= 63.7 daysThe result shows that the project is behind schedule by 1.3 days since the original planned time was 65 days, but by day 42, 63.7 days had already elapsed.
E. Determine and interpret the Cost Variance (in Rand) on day 42;CV (Cost Variance) represents the variance between the budgeted cost of the work that is scheduled to be completed and the budgeted cost of the work that is actually completed. CV can be calculated as follows:CV= EV - ACSV= R470 000 - R380 000CV= R90 000. The positive cost variance implies that the project is under budget. The actual cost of the project is less than the planned cost of the project.
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True or False: Credit default swaps are good substitutes for corporate bonds because CDS react to both interest rate risk and credit risk in the same way as traditional bonds of the same issuer or index.
False. Credit default swaps (CDS) are not good substitutes for corporate bonds as they do not react to interest rate risk and credit risk in the same way as traditional bonds of the same issuer or index.
Credit default swaps (CDS) are financial derivatives that provide protection against the default risk of a particular debt issuer. While they are related to credit risk, they are not necessarily good substitutes for corporate bonds. CDS and corporate bonds have different characteristics and functions. Corporate bonds represent direct ownership in debt issued by a company and provide fixed interest payments over a specific period. On the other hand, CDS are contracts between two parties where one party makes periodic payments to the other in exchange for protection against a credit event, such as default. CDS do not involve direct ownership of the underlying debt. Additionally, CDS and corporate bonds may not react to interest rate risk in the same way, as CDS primarily focus on credit risk mitigation rather than interest rate fluctuations. Therefore, the statement that CDS are good substitutes for corporate bonds because they react to both interest rate risk and credit risk in the same way is false.
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Cara’s Wedding Designs makes and sells bridal dresses, bridesmaids’ dresses, tuxedos, and suits. The company plans to produce 60 dresses during the next month and will require 390 yards of fabric for production. The total fabric required for the month is 429 yards. What are the direct materials per dress?
A) 0.65 yard
B) 6.5 yards
C) 1.1 yards
D) 7.15 yards
The correct option is (B). 6.5 yards.
The company plans to produce 60 dresses during the next month and will require 390 yards of fabric for production. The total fabric required for the month is 429 yards. What are the direct materials per dress?
The direct material cost per dress refers to the cost of materials that are used to produce one unit of the finished product. This cost includes all the necessary materials used to make one dress.
Direct materials are defined as those materials that can be conveniently traced into the finished product.
Let's find the direct material per dress. Direct material cost per dress= Total material cost / Number of dresses produced
Total fabric required for 60 dresses= 390 yards Total fabric required for one dress= 390 / 60 = 6.5 yards
The direct material cost per dress for Cara's Wedding Designs is 6.5 yards.
Hence, the correct option is (B). 6.5 yards.
Note: To calculate the total material cost, we need to know the price of each yard of fabric.
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Project Z has an initial investment of $95,987.00. The project is expected to have cash inflows of $20,895.00 at the end of each year for the next 10.0 years. The corporation has a WACC of 14.16%. Calculate the NPV for project Z.
The NPV of Project Z is $12,009.28.
The cash flows for Project Z are given as follows;
Year 1 - $20,895
Year 2 - $20,895
Year 3 - $20,895
Year 4 - $20,895
Year 5 - $20,895
Year 6 - $20,895
Year 7 - $20,895
Year 8 - $20,895
Year 9 - $20,895
Year 10 - $20,895
The present value factor of annuity formula will be used to calculate the NPV of the cash flows.
The formula is given below; PV of Annuity = PMT * [1 - 1 / (1 + r)ⁿ ] / r PMT = Payment = $20,895r = Discount Rate = 14.16% / 100 = 0.1416n = Number of Periods = 10 years PV of Annuity =[tex]$20,895 * [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.1416)¹⁰] / 0.1416= $20,895 * [1 - 1 / (1.1416)¹⁰] / 0.1416= $20,895 * [1 - 0.30033] / 0.1416= $20,895 * 5.165= $107,996.28[/tex]
The NPV of Project Z is calculated as follows; NPV = PV of Cash Flows - Initial Investment= $107,996.28 - $95,987.00= $12,009.28
Therefore, the NPV of Project Z is $12,009.28.
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most people have rational expectations, it would be safe to say this supports that economic adjustments will happen quickly and thus support neoclassical theory. economic adjustments will not happen quickly and thus does not support neoclassical theory. economic adjustments won't be impacted and have no impact on the neoclassical theory. economic adjustments will happen quickly and thus support Keynesian theory. 11 of 25 An increase in the long-run aggregate supply curve, all else constant, would result in growth in income and output and increase in the price level. decline in income and output and increase in the price level. growth in income and output and decrease in price level. no change in income and output. 12 of 25 The neoclassical long-run aggregate supply curve implies the Phillips curve is a vertical shape indicating there is no long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Phillips curve is a vertical shape indicating there is a long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Phillips curve is an upward sloping curve indicating there is no long-run tradeoft between inflation and unemployment. Phillips curve is a downward sloping curve indicating there is a iong-run tradeoff between intlation and unemployment:
The term "rational expectations" refers to an economic theory in which people base their expectations about future events on all available information, including past events, current information, and the expected effects of future events.
Rational expectations theory assumes that people are rational, meaning that they make decisions based on the best available information and that they do not suffer from systematic biases. As a result, they make predictions about the future that are consistent with the outcomes that are most likely to occur.
Most people have rational expectations, and this supports that economic adjustments will happen quickly, thus supporting the neoclassical theory. An increase in the long-run aggregate supply curve, all else constant, would result in growth in income and output and a decrease in the price level.
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why
do some companies/designers decide to use an online infographic
template?
Companies and designers may choose to use online infographic templates for several reasons:
Time Efficiency: Online infographic templates provide a ready-made design structure that can be easily customized with specific content and data. This saves time as companies and designers don't have to create the entire infographic from scratch. Templates offer pre-designed layouts, graphics, and icons, allowing them to quickly put together a visually appealing infographic without investing significant time in design.
Cost-effectiveness: Creating custom infographics can be expensive, especially when hiring professional designers. Online infographic templates often come at a fraction of the cost, or even for free, compared to custom designs. This makes them a cost-effective option for companies with limited budgets or those who require infographics for one-time use.
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Occam industrial machines issued 160,000 zero coupon bonds 5 years ago. The bonds originally had 30 years to maturity with a yield to maturity of 6. 3 percent. Interest rates have recently decreased, and the bonds now have a yield to maturity of 5. 4 percent. The bonds have a par value of $2,000 and semiannual compounding. If the company has a $83. 4 million market value of equity, what weight should it use for debt when calculating the cost of capital?
The bonds have a par value of $2,000 and semiannual compounding. If the company has an $83. 4 million market value of equity, 0.163, weight should it use for debt when calculating the cost of capital.
Given information:
PV = FV / (1 + r)nWhere:PV = present valueFV = future value (par value of the bond)r = interest raten = number of periodsPV = FV / (1 + r)n
PV = $2,000 / [tex](1 + 0.054/2)^{50}[/tex]
PV = $637.79
Debt market value is equal to $160,000 divided by $102,046.40.
Debt market value as a whole is $16,327,424
Total market debt value divided by (Total market debt value plus Market value of equity) yields the weight of debt.
Debt burden equals $16,327,424 divided by ($16,327,424 plus $83,400,000).
16.3% of the debt's weight, or 0.163,
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hen is the effect of an increase in government spending on real GDP the highest in the short run? a. Steep SRAS, small expenditure multiplier b. Flat SRAS, small expenditure multiplier c. Steep SRAS, large expenditure multiplier d. Flat SRAS, large expenditure multiplier
The answer is the option c. Steep SRAS, large expenditure multiplier. When the economy is operating below full employment level of output, This is because the economy is experiencing an excess capacity in its labor force, capital stock, and other productive resources.
At this point, the aggregate supply curve is steep, and the expenditure multiplier is large.On the other hand, when the economy is operating at full employment level of output,
Therefore, the effect of an increase in government spending on the real GDP is the highest in the short run when the aggregate supply curve is steep, and the expenditure multiplier is large.The aggregate supply curve (SRAS) is the relationship between the price level and the level of output supplied by firms. The expenditure multiplier is the ratio of the change in real GDP to the change in autonomous expenditure.
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Anyone who owns bonds is subject to interest rate risk because interest rates are always changing in financial markets. The prices of bonds fluctuate with changes in interest rates, giving rise to interest rate risk. A number of relations exist between bond prices and changes in interest rates. These relations are often called the bond theorems. All of the following theorems correctly explain the relationship between interest rates and bond prices except:
Group of answer choices
The lower the coupon of a bond, the greater its interest rate risk.
The longer the maturity of a bond, the greater its interest rate risk.
If the bond yield is greater than the coupon rate, the bond sells at a premium.
When bond yields rise, bond prices fall.
Theorems correctly explain the relationship between interest rates and bond prices except "If the bond yield is greater than the coupon rate, the bond sells at a premium.
"The relationship between interest rates and bond prices is an inverse one. When interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and when interest rates fall, bond prices rise. These movements happen because higher interest rates make the bond less attractive to investors who can get higher returns on their investment elsewhere.
Similarly, if the interest rates are expected to fall, people will buy more bonds that offer a fixed rate, driving up the bond prices and lowering yields. Following are the bond theorems that explain this relationship correctly.The lower the coupon of a bond, the greater its interest rate risk.
This theorem states that the interest rate risk of a bond is inversely proportional to its coupon rate. The lower the coupon rate of the bond, the more susceptible it is to fluctuations in interest rates. Conversely, the higher the coupon rate of a bond, the lower its interest rate risk.
The longer the maturity of a bond, the greater its interest rate risk. The interest rate risk of a bond is also affected by its maturity date. Bonds that have a long maturity period, such as 30 years, are at higher risk than those that have a short maturity period, such as 5 years.When bond yields rise, bond prices fall. When the bond yields increase, the bond prices decrease. This relationship is explained by the inverse relationship between bond prices and yields. When yields go up, bond prices go down because new bonds issued by the government or corporations offer a higher yield rate and are therefore more attractive to investors.
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What are your thoughts on this system and what non-food businesses
could learn from this interesting dabbawala indian mumabai lunch
carrier in India?
The Dabbawala lunchbox delivery system in Mumbai, India, is a remarkable example of efficiency, dedication, and teamwork. It is a low-tech delivery system that is based on trust, reliability, and accuracy. Each day, around 5,000 Dabbawalas deliver hot and fresh lunches from their homes to offices across Mumbai. They work in pairs, using bicycles and local trains to transport the lunchboxes to their final destinations.
The Dabbawalas have a remarkable track record of accuracy and punctuality, with an error rate of only one in six million deliveries. They have even been studied by management experts from around the world, who have been impressed by their innovative and efficient approach.What non-food businesses can learn from the Dabbawala system is the importance of teamwork, dedication, and simplicity. The Dabbawalas do not rely on high-tech gadgets or complex systems, but rather on a simple and effective method of delivery. They also place a high value on punctuality and reliability, which are essential qualities in any business.
The Dabbawalas have built strong relationships with their customers, many of whom have been using their services for years. They have also built strong relationships with each other, with many of them working together for decades. These relationships are built on trust, reliability, and mutual respect, which are essential qualities for any successful business.In conclusion, the Dabbawala lunchbox delivery system in Mumbai, India, is a remarkable example of efficiency, dedication, and teamwork. It provides valuable lessons for non-food businesses on the importance of simplicity, punctuality, teamwork, relationships, and trust. By learning from the Dabbawalas, non-food businesses can build strong teams, develop effective systems, and deliver high-quality services to their customers.
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Companies that use a _____ have typically been those with mature product lines and stable technologies.
a. global dynamic structure
b. global geographic structure
c. global matrix structure
d. global product structure
Global product structure The concept of global emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations, cultures, and economies.
Global refers to something that encompasses or relates to the entire world or a significant portion of it. It signifies a broad and interconnected perspective that transcends geographical boundaries. In the context of business, global represents the expansion, reach, and impact of companies beyond their domestic markets, operating on an international scale. Globalization has facilitated the growth of global trade, investments, and cultural exchange, leading to an interconnected global economy. It has given rise to multinational corporations, global supply chains, and increased competition. Global initiatives and collaborations address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and human rights. The concept of global emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations, cultures, and economies.
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In 2015, private industry paid leave benefit costs were highest for management, professional, and related occupations, accounting for 8.4% of total compensation.
In 2015, private industry paid leave benefit costs were highest for management, professional, and related occupations, accounting for 8.4% of total compensation.
In 2015, the category of management, professional, and related occupations in the private industry had the highest paid leave benefit costs compared to other occupations. These costs accounted for 8.4% of the total compensation provided to employees in that category. Paid leave benefit costs include expenses related to various types of leave, such as vacation, sick leave, holidays, and other paid time off that employers provide to their employees. These benefits are considered a component of the overall compensation package and are intended to support work-life balance, employee well-being, and job satisfaction. The higher percentage of paid leave benefit costs for management, professional, and related occupations indicates that employers in these sectors place a significant emphasis on providing comprehensive leave benefits to attract and retain talent.
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Among the effects of a country devaluating its currency is that there will probably be:
I. a credit to that nation's trade account balance.
II. a debit to that nation's trade account balance.
III. an increase in that nation's exports.
IV. an increase in that nation's imports.
A) I and IV.
B) II and III.
C) II and IV.
D) I and III.
Devaluation of currency is usually done to boost exports and reduce imports of a country. It happens when a nation reduces the value of its currency relative to foreign currencies.
This currency exchange action influences the balance of trade by promoting export and decreasing import. This, in turn, causes a country's trade account balance to change in one of two ways - a credit or a debit to the account balance.
There are both negative and positive impacts of currency devaluation on a country's economy. However, the option (D) is the correct answer.The effects of a country devaluating its currency is that there will probably be:a credit to that nation's trade account balance.an increase in that nation's exports.Explanation:Devaluation of currency is one of the economic policies that influence the balance of trade, affecting a country's economy.
When a country devalues its currency, the products become cheaper, and hence there is an increase in exports and a decrease in imports. This promotes the competitiveness of a country's products in the international market. For example, if one US dollar is equivalent to 110 Japanese yen, and the government reduces it to 100 Japanese yen, it is a devaluation.
It means that Japan's products will become cheaper, and the US products will be more expensive. Therefore, there will be an increase in the number of Japanese products imported into the US and a decrease in US products exported to Japan.A credit to that nation's trade account balance: It happens when the exports are greater than imports.
A nation's trade account balance refers to the difference between exports and imports. When exports are more than imports, the country's trade account balance is positive. Therefore, when a country devalues its currency, it increases its exports, making the balance of trade to shift to credit.
An increase in that nation's exports: It happens because devaluation makes exports cheaper. Cheaper exports promote the competitiveness of a country's products in the international market, increasing its exports. Therefore, the correct answer is I and III.
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You purchased a $1,000 bond with a coupon rate of 8 % on January 1, 2021 for $910. On the same date you also purchased a share of ABC Inc for $81. During 2021 you received a dividend of $2.50 on the ABC share. It is now January 1, 2022 and the bond is selling for $950 and the ABC share is worth $89.
Required, round all answers to two decimal points. For full marks you must either show all your calculations in the space provided below or submit them to the drop box provided in the Assignments area:
What was your total dollar return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks)
What was your total nominal return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks)
If the inflation rate last year was 5%, what was your total real rate of return on the bond? (2 marks)
Compute the total percentage return on the ABC share. (2 marks)
What was the dividend yield on the ABC share. (2 marks)
What was the capital gain yield on the ABC share. (2 marks
Solution:Given data:Face value of bond = $1,000Coupon rate = 8%Price of bond at the time of purchase = $910Price of bond at the end of year = $950Price of ABC share at the time of purchase = $81Price of ABC share after one year = $89Dividend on ABC share = $2.50. the answers are:A) Total dollar return on the bond over the past year = $122.50B) Total nominal return on the bond over the past year = 13.46%C) Total real rate of return on the bond = 7.77%D) Total percentage return on the ABC share = 12.35%E) Dividend yield on the ABC share = 3.09%F) Capital gain yield on the ABC share = 9.88%.
A) Total dollar return on the bond over the past year Coupon rate on bond = 8%Face value of bond = $1,000Coupon payment on bond = 8% of $1,000 = $80Price of bond at the time of purchase = $910Price of bond at the end of year = $950Total interest earned on bond over the year = Coupon payment + Capital gain = $80 + ($950 - $910) = $120Total dollar return on bond over the past year = Total interest earned + Dividend earned on ABC share = $120 + $2.5 = $122.50
B) Total nominal return on the bond over the past year Nominal rate of return on bond = Total dollar return / Price of bond at the beginning of the year = $122.50 / $910 = 0.1346 or 13.46%
C) Total real rate of return on the bond Real rate of return on bond = (1 + Nominal rate of return) / (1 + Inflation rate) - 1Nominal rate of return on bond = 13.46%Inflation rate = 5%Real rate of return on bond = (1 + 13.46%) / (1 + 5%) - 1 = 7.77%
D) Total percentage return on the ABC share Percentage return on ABC share = (Price at the end of year - Price at the beginning of the year + Dividend) / Price at the beginning of the year * 100= ($89 - $81 + $2.5) / $81 * 100 = 12.35%
E) Dividend yield on the ABC share Dividend yield on ABC share = Dividend / Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year * 100= $2.5 / $81 * 100 = 3.09%
F) Capital gain yield on the ABC share Capital gain yield on ABC share = (Price of ABC share at the end of year - Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year) / Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year * 100= ($89 - $81) / $81 * 100 = 9.88%.
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Why is control thought of as a "causal" variable in organizations?
Group of answer choices
The results of control efforts can improve planning.
Poorly administered controls can cause additional problems.
The analysis of control efforts help managers adapt to changes.
Control precedes the managerial functions of planning, organizing, and leading.
In an organization, control is regarded as a "causal" variable because it precedes the managerial activities of planning, organizing, and leading.
The process of making sure that company operations are carried out according to plan is known as control.
This involves defining criteria for efficiency, identifying areas where results aren't satisfactory, and taking remedial action to correct discrepancies.
Control's causal roleIn organizations, control is considered a "causal" variable because it precedes the managerial functions of planning, organizing, and leading.
Management personnel establish control processes in order to establish standards, assess actual performance, and take corrective actions.
Furthermore, control aids in the integration of organizational systems and the maintenance of equilibrium.
Overall, management employs control systems to monitor and adjust organizational processes, policies, and practices to ensure that the company's objectives are met.
This is why control is a "causal" variable in an organization.
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Robinson Crusoe lives alone on an island. He has some resources at his disposal:
1. Land: Some of the land is rocky and better suited for raising sheep. Other parts of the land are better suited for growing wheat.
2. Sheep
3. 10 hours of daylight for working
Assume that the wheat is for Robinson’s consumption. He uses it to make bread. Do not assume that it is necessary to use the wheat to feed the sheep. Robinson produces cloth (from his sheep) and loaves of bread (from his wheat.) If Robinson uses all of his resources he has the following production possibilities:
Possibility Bread
(Loaves per Month) Cloth
(Yards per Month)
A 20 0
B 18 1
C 15 2
D 11 3
E 6 4
F 0 5
a. Draw Robinson’s production possibility curve, (PPF.) Put bread on the vertical axis (Y-axis), and cloth on the horizontal axis (X-axis.)
Bread
b. Find one point on the graph that is unattainable given Robinson’s resources and technology and label it x. This illustrates scarcity.
c. Find one point on the graph that is attainable given Robinson’s resources and technology, but is inefficient in the sense that it does not fully utilize all resources. Label this point y.
d. Find one point that is attainable given Robinson’s resources and technology, and is also efficient in the sense that it does fully utilize all resources. Label this point z.
e. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 0 to 1 yards of cloth?
f. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 1 to 2 yards of cloth?
g. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 2 to 3 yards of cloth?
h. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 3 to 4 yards of cloth?
i. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 4 to 5 yards of cloth?
j. What is the opportunity cost of moving from the production of 0 to 6 loaves of bread?
k. Within the 0 to 6 range for bread production, what is the opportunity cost of producing one loaf of bread?
l. Would you say that the opportunity costs depicted in this PPF are constant or increasing? Explain
m. If you find that the opportunity costs are increasing or constant for your PPF, provide an explanation of why this is the case.
Now Crusoe is joined by Friday on his island. Friday also produces bread and cloth. His production possibilities, along with Robinson’s, are shown in the table below:
(For Robinson, you’ve already calculated part of his opportunity costs above.)
Robinson Friday
Bundle Bread
(Loaves per Month) OC of one loaf of bread Cloth
(Yards per Month) OC of one yard of cloth
Bundle Bread
(Loaves per Month) OC of one loaf of bread Cloth
(Yards per Month) OC of one yard of cloth
A 20 0 a 8 - 0 -
B 18 1 b 7 2
C 15 2 c 6 4
D 11 3 d 5 6
E 6 4 e 0 9
F 0 5
n. Graph the PPFs for both Robinson and Friday on the same graph below
(Robinson’s hasn’t changed)
Bread
(You should be able to answer parts o through s both by looking at the graph and by looking at the numbers in the chart)
o. Who has the absolute advantage at cloth production? Explain
p. Who has the absolute advantage at bread production? Explain
q. Who has the comparative advantage at cloth production? Explain
r. Who has the comparative advantage at bread production? Explain
s. Does either one have absolute advantage in both goods?
t. If Robinson originally has bundle D and Friday bundle b before trading, what are the total quantities of each good produced? Graphically depict the point showing total combined output before specialization on your graph in part n. Label this point "t".
u. If Robinson and Friday specialize, each will produce only the good for which they have the comparative advantage. If they do specialize, how much of each product will be produced in total? Graphically depict the point showing total output after specialization on your graph in part n. Label this point "u".
v. When Robinson and Friday specialize they must trade to experience the benefit of their specialization and to be able to consume both goods. Compare your answers in parts t and u to determine what the overall gains are from specializing and trading.
Part a) Robinson’s production possibilities are plotted in the graph as shown below.BreadPart b) The point that is unattainable given Robinson’s resources and technology is point F (0,5) which lies on the vertical axis of the graph. This point represents producing 5 units of cloth and no bread.
Bread Part c) The point that is attainable given Robinson’s resources and technology, but is inefficient in the sense that it does not fully utilize all resources is point Y (16,1) which lies between points B and C. This point represents producing 16 units of bread and 1 unit of cloth.
Bread Part d) The point that is attainable given Robinson’s resources and technology, and is also efficient in the sense that it does fully utilize all resources is point Z (10,3) which lies between points C and D.
This point represents producing 10 units of bread and 3 units of cloth.
Bread Part e) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 0 to 1 yards of cloth is 2/20 = 1/10 loaves of bread.
Bread Part f) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 1 to 2 yards of cloth is 3/18 = 1/6 loaves of bread.
Bread Part g) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 2 to 3 yards of cloth is 3/15 = 1/5 loaves of bread.
Bread Part h) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 3 to 4 yards of cloth is 3/11 ≈ 0.27 loaves of bread.
Bread Part i) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 4 to 5 yards of cloth is 1/6 loaves of bread.
Bread Part j) The opportunity cost of moving from the production of 0 to 6 loaves of bread is 5/20 = 1/4 yards of cloth.
Bread Part k) Within the 0 to 6 range for bread production, the opportunity cost of producing one loaf of bread is 2.5 yards of cloth.
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On March 1, 2018, Fresh Corp. declared a dividend of $3,000. The record date is March 20, 2018, and the payment date is April 1, 2018. The journal entry required on April 1, 2018, will include which of the following entries? (Select all that apply.) Check all that apply. Credit cash $3,000. Debit retained earnings $3,000. Debit dividends payable $3,000. Credit dividends payable $3,000. Debit cash $3,000.
The correct entries for the journal entry on April 1, 2018, are:
- Credit cash $3,000
- Debit retained earnings $3,000
- Credit dividends payable $3,000
The journal entry required on April 1, 2018, will include the following entries:
1. Credit cash $3,000: This entry reflects the payment of the declared dividend. The company is reducing its cash balance by $3,000.
2. Debit retained earnings $3,000: This entry decreases the retained earnings account by $3,000. Retained earnings represent the accumulated profits of the company that have not been distributed as dividends.
3. Credit dividends payable $3,000: This entry reduces the dividends payable account by $3,000. Dividends payable is a liability account that represents the amount of dividends declared by the company but not yet paid to the shareholders.
Therefore, the correct entries for the journal entry on April 1, 2018, are:
- Credit cash $3,000
- Debit retained earnings $3,000
- Credit dividends payable $3,000
The other options (debit dividends payable $3,000 and debit cash $3,000) are not included in the correct journal entry for April 1, 2018. The debit dividends payable entry would be recorded on the declaration date, and the debit cash entry would be recorded on the payment date.
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Bauer and Nike are planning their product positioning as they enter the hockey stick market. They can each target either lightweight sticks or better grip technology, but not both. Their profits (in millions) of the four possible strategy combinations are indicated in the payoff matrix below.
Nike
Bauer Lightweight Grip
Light weight Bauer makes $3/Nike Makes $2 Bauer makes $10/ Nike makes $3
Grip Bauer Makes $4 / Nike Makes $4 Bauer makes $11 / Nike Makes 2$
Nike LIGHTWEIGHT GRIP Bauer LIGHTWEIGHT Bauer makes $3 BRU makes $2 Bauer makes $10 BRU makes $3 GRIP Bauer makes $4 BRU makes $4 Bauer makes $11 BRU makes $2
a. Assume the companies make simultaneous positioning decisions. Find the Nash equilibrium or equilibria, if any. Explain carefully
. b. Now suppose Bauer can move first, choosing its positioning before Nike does. Use a tree diagram to show the strategies and payoffs. Find the Sequential Nash equilibrium (or equilibria) in this sequential game. Explain
. c. What does Bauer gain or lose (if anything) by moving first? Explain.
d. Does Bauer have a dominant strategy? Explain. e. Does Nike have a dominant strategy? Explain.
a. The Nash equilibrium is a pair of strategy decisions where each player's strategy is best given the other player's strategy. In the above pay off matrix of Nike and Bauer, both of them can increase their profits by targeting grip. Hence, both Nike and Bauer will choose the grip strategy which will result in a Nash equilibrium.
In the grip strategy, Bauer makes $4 and Nike makes $4.b. If Bauer moves first, there are two possibilities of it selecting lightweight or grip technology. After Bauer, Nike gets its turn to decide on the technology to target. The following tree diagram depicts the strategies and payoffs in sequential order.
c. If Bauer moves first, it gains the advantage of selecting the grip technology strategy before Nike and getting the maximum profit of $11. Bauer loses the advantage of choosing the lightweight technology strategy which will give it a profit of $10 if Nike decides to target the grip technology strategy. Therefore, Bauer gains $1 by moving first and choosing the grip technology strategy. d. Bauer does not have a dominant strategy as the best strategy of Bauer is determined by the strategy of Nike.e. Nike does not have a dominant strategy as the best strategy of Nike is determined by the strategy of Bauer.
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Looking at the table below for Round 1, the 'Low End' segment center has a Performance (Pfmn) specification of 3 and a Size specification of 17 Now we look at the bottom of the table to see how much the ideal spot is offset from the center of the segment, and we see that the Low End ideal spot is offset by −0.8 for Pimn and +0.8 for size So, we can calculate that the Round 1 ideal spot for my product in the Low End segment is Use the segment centers in the table above to calculate the new ideal spots for the segments. Once you have successfuly entered the correct ideat spots for Rounds 0 and 1 (open fields), the rest of the table will fil in automatically. If you have entered any answers incorrectly, a ine should appear through your answer and a pop bubble will appear.
In order to calculate the ideal spot for Round 1 for a product in the Low End segment, we need to use the segment centers in the given table.
The table shows that the Low End segment center has a Performance (Pfmn) specification of 3 and a Size specification of 17. From the table, we also know that the Low End ideal spot is offset by −0.8 for Pimn and +0.8 for size.
Therefore, we can calculate the Round 1 ideal spot for the product in the Low End segment as follows:
Ideal spot for Pfmn = Low End segment center + offset for Pfmn
[tex]= 3 - 0.8= 2.2[/tex]
Ideal spot for Size = Low End segment center + offset for Size
= [tex]17 + 0.8= 17.8[/tex]
Therefore, the Round 1 ideal spot for the product in the Low End segment is Pfmn = 2.2 and Size = 17.8.
Once the correct ideal spots for Rounds 0 and 1 are entered, the rest of the table will automatically fill in. If any answers are entered incorrectly, a line will appear through the answer along with a pop-up bubble.
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50. Odina signs a covenant not to compete with her employer, Penultimate Sales Corporation. A court decides that the covenant is overly restrictive. Depending on the jurisdiction, the court will likely a. enforce it as written so as not to undercut the freedom of contract. b. reform the covenant to make it less restrictive for Odina. c. grant Odina punitive damages. d. rescind the agreement entirely and cancel Penultimate Sales Corps. Certificate of incorporation.
Odina signs a covenant not to compete with her employer, Penultimate Sales Corporation. A court decides that the covenant is overly restrictive. Depending on the jurisdiction, the court will likely a. enforce it as written so as not to undercut the freedom of contract.
b. reform the covenant to make it less restrictive for Odina.
Odina signs a covenant not to compete with her employer, Penultimate Sales Corporation. A court decides that the covenant is overly restrictive. Depending on the jurisdiction, the court will likely reform the covenant to make it less restrictive for Odina.
A covenant not to compete refers to an agreement between an employee and an employer that restricts the employee's capability to compete against the employer's business. The agreement states that, after the employee leaves the employer, the employee would not be allowed to join a competing company or begin a competing business within a certain period and geographical region. The aim of this covenant is to protect the employer's trade secrets, customer base, and confidential information. It also allows the employer to limit its competition in the marketplace. The legal implications of a covenant not to compete When enforcing a covenant not to compete, the law strikes a balance between the employer's right to safeguard their business and the employee's right to earn a living. The law varies by state, but it generally requires that the agreement be fair and reasonable in terms of time, geographic scope, and the scope of the activity restricted. The court may declare that the covenant is overly restrictive and, depending on the jurisdiction, may reform the covenant to make it less restrictive for the employee. Therefore, the answer is that depending on the jurisdiction, the court will likely reform the covenant to make it less restrictive for Odina.
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According to the Securities Act of 1933, which of the following is illegal during the waiting period? A. Soliciting buyers for a company's securities. B. Receiving offers to buy a company's securities. C. Selling security subject to the act. D. Soliciting through the use of a summary prospectus.
According to the Securities Act of 1933, during the waiting period, it is illegal to engage in certain activities related to the sale of securities. The waiting period is the time between when a company files its registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and when the SEC declares the registration statement effective. During this period, the following activities are generally prohibited:
C. Selling securities subject to the act: It is illegal to sell or offer to sell securities that are subject to the Securities Act of 1933 during the waiting period. This is to ensure that investors have access to all the necessary information and disclosures before making investment decisions.
A. Soliciting buyers for a company's securities: Actively seeking or soliciting potential buyers for securities during the waiting period is also illegal. This includes any form of communication or marketing efforts to generate interest in the securities.
D. Soliciting through the use of a summary prospectus: Using a summary prospectus or any other document that summarizes the key information of the securities offering to solicit buyers is prohibited during the waiting period. Investors should have access to the full prospectus with detailed information before making investment decisions.
B. Receiving offers to buy a company's securities: Although it is not explicitly stated as illegal during the waiting period, receiving offers to buy a company's securities without an effective registration statement can be problematic. It is generally advisable to wait until the registration statement is declared effective before accepting offers to ensure compliance with the law.
Overall, during the waiting period, it is crucial to adhere to the regulations set forth by the Securities Act of 1933 to protect investors and ensure a fair and transparent securities market.
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British government 4% perpetuities pay £4 interest each year forever. Another bond, 6.5% perpetuities, pays £6.5 a year forever. a. What is the value of 4% perpetuities if the long-term interest rate is 10.0% ? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) b. What is the value of 6.5% perpetuities? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
a. The value of 4% perpetuities can be computed as follows:Formula for the present value of a perpetuity = [tex] \frac{A}{i} [/tex].
where A is the periodic payment and i is the interest rate.Using the above formula,Present value of 4% perpetuities = [tex] \frac{4}{0.10} [/tex] = £40.00Therefore, the value of 4% perpetuities if the long-term interest rate is 10.0% is £40.00.b.
The value of 6.5% perpetuities can be computed as follows:Formula for the present value of a perpetuity = [tex] \frac{A}{i} [/tex], where A is the periodic payment and i is the interest rate.
Using the above formula,Present value of 6.5% perpetuities = [tex] \frac{6.5}{0.10} [/tex] = £65.00Therefore, the value of 6.5% perpetuities is £65.00.
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In a market, the private supply curve is given by P=2+3.1Q and the private demand curve is given by P=71−4.8Q. The socially optimal quantity is 6 . What is the value of the marginal external benefit / cost? In case of a marginal external cost, report a negative number.
The value of the marginal external benefit / cost is -21.6. Since it is a marginal external cost, the value is negative.
In a market, the private supply curve is given by
P = 2 + 3.1Q
and the private demand curve is given by
P = 71 − 4.8Q.
The socially optimal quantity is 6. Let’s find out the value of the marginal external benefit / cost.
First, we need to calculate the marginal social cost (MSC) and marginal private cost (MPC).
We know that
MSC = MPC + Marginal External Cost (MEC)
Let’s calculate the value of MSC:
MSC = 2 + 3.1Q + MEC
Also, the marginal social benefit (MSB) is given by
MSB = 71 − 4.8Q
The socially optimal quantity is 6,
so substitute Q = 6 in MSB to find out the value of MSB when Q = 6:
MSB = 71 − 4.8(6)
MSB = 71 − 28.8
MSB = 42.2
Now, we need to find the value of Q where
MSB = MSC.
42.2 = 2 + 3.1Q + MEC
40.2 = 3.1Q + MEC
Now, we need to find the value of MEC when
Q = 6.40.2 = 3.1(6) + MEC
40.2 = 18.6 + MEC
MEC = 21.6
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: An insurance company sells policies in New York and New Jersey. It is incorporated in New York. In New Jersey, this insurance company is a(n): Domestic Insurer Neighboring Insurer Foreign Insurer Alien Insurer
An insurance company is the business of providing coverage to customers for various risks such as life insurance, auto insurance, and health insurance, among others.
The policies and regulations that govern an insurance company are different in each state in the United States of America (USA).
The regulatory framework in each state defines various categories of insurance companies.
These categories include domestic insurers, foreign insurers, alien insurers, and neighboring insurers.
A domestic insurer is a company incorporated in a particular state and is authorized to sell policies in that state.
In contrast, foreign insurers are companies incorporated in a different state and are authorized to sell policies in the state they are registered.
Neighboring insurers are insurers registered and incorporated in the adjoining states.
Alien insurers are the ones that are not incorporated or registered in the USA but are authorized to do business within the country with proper legal permission and licensure.
given the insurance company is incorporated in New York and sells policies in New Jersey,
in New Jersey, this insurance company is a foreign insurer.
A foreign insurer is a company that is incorporated in another state and is authorized to sell policies in another state.
Such an insurance company must be registered with the Department of Financial Services in the state it seeks to do business in.
a foreign insurer can offer insurance products and services in other states apart from the one it is incorporated in,
as long as it adheres to the regulatory frameworks set by the Department of Financial Services.
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Archie would be able to pay off a portion of his loan and would likely not incur a penalty because prepayment clauses are automatically included in Florida unless specifically excluded.
Archie wanted to pay off a portion of his mortgage loan. However, he was worried that he would be stuck with a penalty. What is likely the outcome?
Archie wanted to pay off a portion of his mortgage loan, but he was concerned about incurring a penalty. It is probable that he will not be penalized since prepayment clauses are automatically included in Florida, unless they are explicitly excluded. Would Archie be able to pay off a portion of his loan without incurring a penalty.
Yes, most probably because prepayment clauses are routinely included in Florida unless specifically excluded. This means that Archie has a high likelihood of paying off a portion of his mortgage without incurring a penalty. What is a prepayment penalty.
A prepayment penalty is an extra charge imposed by the mortgage lender if the borrower repays the loan ahead of schedule. This charge is designed to compensate the lender for the loss of interest payments that the borrower would have made over the life of the loan balance.
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Facts you have discovered: Debits to the Cash account were $2,640; credits to the Cash account were $2,150. Amy Hall (customer) paid $15, but this was not updated in Accounts Receivable. A purchase of office equipment for $105 on account was never recorded in the ledger. Professional Fees (revenue) was understated in the ledger by $180. Show how the trial balance will indeed balance once these items are corrected. Tell Ranch Company how it can avoid this problem in the future.
To ensure that the trial balance balances after correcting the discovered facts, the following adjustments need to be made:
1. Adjust Accounts Receivable for the payment made by Amy Hall:
Debit: Accounts Receivable ($15)Credit: Cash ($15)
2. Record the purchase of office equipment on account:Debit: Office Equipment ($105)Credit: Accounts Payable ($105)
3. Adjust Professional Fees to reflect the correct revenue amount:Debit: Professional Fees ($180)Credit: Revenue ($180)After making these adjustments, the trial balance will balance because the debits and credits will be equal. The corrected amounts will be reflected in the appropriate accounts, ensuring accuracy.
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