The amount of heat loss to the inner 2.35g styrofoam cup is 19.6 joules.
Given in question that;
The calorimeter made of Styrofoam loses heat. Styrofoam's specific heat is 1.34 j/g*c, assuming a temperature change of 6.22 c for the reaction between hcl (aq) and naoh (aq).
Change in temperature; ∆T = 6.22°c
weight of substance; W = 2.35 g
Specific heat of styrofoam; Cp = 1.34 j/g°c
To find heat loss;
Q = w x Cp x ∆T
where, change in temperature; ∆T
Weight of substance; W
Specific heat of 2.35g of material; Cp
Thus, Q = 2.35 g × 6.22°c × 1.34 j/g°c
Q = 19.58 joules
So, 19.6 joules heat is lost
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a galvanic (voltaic) cell consists of an electrode composed of iron in a 1.0 m iron(ii) ion solution and another electrode composed of silver in a 1.0 m silver ion solution, connected by a salt bridge. calculate the standard potential for this cell at 25 °c. refer to the list of standard reduction potentials.
The galvanic or voltaic cell has a cell potential of 1.1 V.
Using the Nernst equation: Under unusual circumstances, the cell potential of an electrochemical cell can be determined using the Nernst equation.
Now that we are aware of that;
E= 0.0592/nlog - E° Q E° = 1.1 - 0.0592/2 log(1/1)
E° = 1.1 V
Consequently, the voltaic or galvanic cell's cell potential is 1.1 V.
electrode: the metal strip on which the reaction occurs.
An electrode where oxidation takes place is an anode.
an electrode where reduction takes place is a cathode.
A voltaic cell's salt bridge is the chamber of electrolytes required to complete the circuit.
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how would the retention times of the compounds change if the solvent composition was changed from 55 vol% acetone and 45 vol% water to 85 vol% acetone and 15 vol% water?
The retention times of the compounds change if the solvent composition was changed from 55 vol% acetone and 45 vol% water to 85 vol% acetone and 15 vol% water is decreases..
The acetone and the water mixture is polar . this makes the example of reversed phase reaction. Acetone is the polar molecule and the water is also o polar molecule and there mixture is polar mixture.
For the polar solutes which are separated by the hydrophilic interaction chromatography. the the solvent composition changed from the 55 vol% of the acetone and the 45 vol% of the water to the 85 vol% of the acetone and the 15 vol% of the water , the retention times decreases.
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a sample of saline solution has a mass of 165.0 g. it is placed in a 54.3-g evaporating dish. after evaporation, the dish and its contents have a mass of 56.7 g. what is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution?
Mass percentage is a term that represents the concentration, basically mass by mass percentage. It tells about the percentage of a component in a whole component. Therefore, 25.85% is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution.
What is percentage by mass?Mass percentage represents the the percentage of each element that is making a particular compound. Mass percentage does not have any unit as numerator and denominator contains the same unit.
Mathematically,
Percentage of mass = (component’s mass ÷ total mass) x 100%
Total mass = 165.0g+ 54.3g
= 219.3g
mass of sodium =56.7 g
Percentage by mass = (56.7 g/ 219.3g )×100
= 25.85%
Therefore, 25.85% is the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the solution.
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suppose rory applies a current to an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. which species is produced at the cathode? o2(g)o2(g) na(s)na(s) h2(g)h2(g) br2(l)br2(l) which species is produced at the anode?
The species is produced at the cathode
2Na + 2e⁻ → 2Na followed by 2Na + H₂O → Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂
The species is produced at the anode
2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
What do anode and cathode mean?The negative or reducing electrode, known as the anode, undergoes electrochemical reaction when it oxidizes and releases electrons to the external circuit. During the electrochemical reaction, the cathode, also referred to as the positive or oxidizing electrode, is reduced after receiving electrons from the external circuit.
Balanced reaction:
2Na + 2Br → Br₂ + Na₂⁺ + 2OH⁻
At cathode:
2Na + 2e⁻ → 2Na followed by 2Na + H₂O → Na⁺ + OH⁻ + H₂
At anode:
2 Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
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Using VSEPR theory, predict the electron group geometry, molecular shape, and the bond angles in a molecule that contains 6 electron groups (5 bonds and 1 lone pair electrons).
a. octahedral, octahedral, 90°
b. octahedral, square planar, 90°
c. octahedral, square pyramidal, 90°
A six-electron group molecule's molecular structure, bond angles, and electron group geometry are trigonal pyramidal, stetrahedral, and 109.5°, respectively.
An electron's compositionIt is possible for an electron to be free or linked to an atom. There are three main types of particles in an atom: protons, neutrons, and an electron that is bonded to an atom.
What purposes serve electrons?To create cross-platform desktop apps using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, GitHub created the open source package called Electron. By fusing Node and Chromium, Electron achieves this. Apps may be bundled for Linux, Windows, and Mac using a single runtime that supports JavaScript.
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A single replacement reaction is a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element within a compound.
A single replacement reaction, also known as a single displacement reaction, occurs when one element in a molecule is swapped out for another.
In a single replacement reaction, what replaces what?When one element replaces another in a compound, it is known as a single replacement reaction. A + BC → B + AC is a good representation of this kind of reaction. When two ionic compounds exchange ions and create two new ionic compounds, this is known as a double replacement reaction.
What reaction occurs when one element in a compound substitutes another?Replacement is the reaction that occurs when one element swaps places with another in a compound or when two components in two separate compounds switch places.
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explain why solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added
Solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added because the hydroxide salts formed have different solubility in water.
What is a precipitation reaction?
The definition of "precipitation reaction" is "a chemical process occurring in an aqueous solution where two ionic bonds join, producing an insoluble salt." Precipitates are insoluble salts that are the result of precipitation processes.
Ammonium hydroxide, a chemical that can react with ionic compounds, is created when aqueous ammonia is present. Ammonium hydroxide reactivity with the other compounds behave differently due to their precipitation rate.
Therefore solutions of these two compounds, nano3 and co(no3)2, behave differently when aqueous ammonia is added because the hydroxide salts formed have different solubility in water.
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if your titration results in a magenta color, what is the limiting reactant and what is the excess reactant at that point?
As more ions are added, which decreases reading accuracy, if the titrated solution is dark in color at the conclusion of the titration, the molar concentration or molarity of HCl will be higher than the true value.
What does the term "titration" mean?
Chemical qualitative analysis employs the titration method, commonly referred to as titrimetry, to determine the concentration of a particular analyte in a mixture. Titration is a crucial analytical chemistry technique also referred to as volumetric analysis.
The titration principle is what?
The basic concept of the titration is as follows: The next step is to provide a titrant or standard solution to the sample to be tested.
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how much heat is evolved when 1 mole of benzene is burned in excess oxygen under standard thermodynamic conditions
When 1 mole of benzene burns in abundant oxygen under typical thermodynamic circumstances, heat is released that is equal to -781.0 Kcal mol^-1.
A subfield of physics known as thermodynamics studies the relationship between energy, entropy, the physical characteristics of matter and radiation, as well as heat, work, and temperature. With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. It belongs to the chalcogen group in the periodic table, is a very reactive nonmetal, and is an oxidizing agent that easily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds like benzene. With an atomic number of 8 and the chemical symbol O, oxygen is the eighth chemical element. The periodic table classifies it as a part of the chalcogen group.
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During the biodiesel synthesis, a mixture will be added to a separatory funnel and two layers will form. Identify the components of each layer.
Top:
Bottom:
In Top layer biodiesel and in bottom layer glycerin with methanol, water, and other salts.
What is biodiesel ?A domestically generated, clean-burning, and renewable alternative to petroleum diesel is biodiesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits.Biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel, which means it is compatible with existing diesel engines and distribution infrastructure, in contrast to the vegetable and waste oils used to power converted diesel engines. However, as most engines cannot run on pure Biodiesel without modification, it is typically combined with petroleum-based diesel. Blends of biodiesel can be used as heating oil as well.Recycled greases that have not been converted into biodiesel, raw or refined plant oil, or refined plant oil are not biodiesel and should not be used as fuel for vehicles. In comparison to biodiesel, fats and oils have a much higher viscosity, and low-level vegetable oil blends can result in long-term engine deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling, and other maintenance issues that can shorten engine life.To learn more about biodiesel refer :
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a solution is prepared by dissolving 40.0 g of sucrose, c12h22o11, in 250. g of water at 25°c. what is the vapor pressure of the solution if the vapor pressure of water at 25°c is 23.76 mm hg?
The vapour pressure of mentioned solution of sucrose and water is 23.5 mm Hg.
The formula to be used for the calculation is from Raoult's law -
vapour pressure = vapour pressure of water × mole fraction
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Molar mass water = 18 g/mol
Molar mass sucrose = 342.3 g/mol
Moles of water = 250/18
Moles of water = 13.9
Moles of sucrose = 40/342.3
Moles of sucrose = 0.12
Mole fraction of water = 13.9/(0.12 + 13.9)
Mole fraction of water = 13.9/(14.02)
Mole fraction of water = 0.99
Vapour pressure = 23.76 × 0.99
Vapour pressure = 23.5 mm Hg
The vapor pressure of the solution is 23.5 mm Hg.
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Can a pure element be a compound? Why or why not?
Yes, compounds are pure substances as they are made of molecules that are formed by the union of atoms of different elements through chemical bonding. Hence, molecules are the fundamental unit of compounds. Each compound is made of only one type of molecule.
Question 1 (5 points)
Balance the following equation. Remember to put 1 in spaces that you would normally leave blank.
Answer:
Coefficient of 1 for all except Cl2, which has a coefficient of 3.
Explanation:
The left side of the equation has 6 chlorine atoms, so the right side also needs 6 chlorine atoms.
a 95-g aluminum spoon (specific heat 0.88 j/g °c) at 74 °c is placed in 280 g of water at 25 °c and the temperature of the two become equal. specific heat of water is 4.184 j/g °c. what is the final temperature when the two become equal?
The final temperature of the solution is 81.95 degree c.
What degree of temperature is too much for people?
People frequently cite a 2010 study that established the maximum limit of safety to be a moisture temperature of 35 C, or 95 F at 100% humidity or 115 F at 50% humidity. At this temperature, the human body can no longer cool itself by evaporating sweat from the skin.
Briefing:
The final temperature is:
To calculate the amount of heat released or absorbed, we use the equation: We use the equation: to calculate the amount of heat released or absorbed.
(95g)(0.885J per gm degree c) = (180)(4.184 per gm degree c)
Since T2a1=T2copper,
We can describe them as x and find x by solving for x.
T2 = 81.95 degree c.
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gallium is produced by the electrolysis of a solution made by dissolving gallium oxide in concentrated naoh(aq).naoh(aq). calculate the amount of ga(s)ga(s) that can be deposited from a ga(iii)ga(iii) solution using a current of 0.390 a0.390 a that flows for 80.0 min.
The amount of Gallium that can be deposited is 0.450 g.
Obtain the equation of gallium (III) to gallium that occurs in the electrolysis.
Ga³⁺ + 3 e⁻ → Ga
The relations important for the calculations are:
1 minute = 60 second
1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb / second
The charge of 1 mole of electrons is 96,468 Coulomb (Faraday's constant)
1 mole of gallium is deposited when 3 moles of electrons circulate.
The molar mass of gallium = 69.72 g/mol
Obtain the mass of gallium deposited from a Ga(III) solution using a current of 0.390 A that flows for 80.0 min
80 min × 60s/1min × 0.390c/s × 1 mole⁻/96,468c × 1 mol Ga/3 mole⁻ × 69.72g/1mol Ga = 0.450 g
Hence the mass of the Ga deposited is 0.450 g.
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describe what difference, if any, there would be between the boiling point of alcohol measured in houston and in denver
The boiling point of alcohol will vary between Texas and Denver due to differences in air pressure.
What four different types of alcohol exist?The four types of alcohol are rubbing, isopropyl, denatured, and ethyl. The most popular and well-known variety is ethanol, also referred to as grain alcohol or ethanol. Since it is created by the fermentation of glucose and yeast, it is present in beer, wine, and liquor.
Do you know what alcohol is?When we talk about alcohol, we most often mean the alcohol found in beer, beer, and spirits. Due to the alcohol in such drinks, you become intoxicated. The type of alcohol contained in drinks is known as ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Yeast ferments the carbohydrates found in grains, fruit, and veggies to create
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explain why the spectra belongs with methyl butanoate. did the spectra you picked match your initial description?
Ester group presence is shown by the carbonyl stretching C=O. for ester, which is found to be about 1735 cm-1.
It is an oily layer that forms on water at normal temperature and is a colourless liquid with low solubility in water. In addition to this, the structure of methyl butanoate can also be determined using IR spectra.
What is the purpose of methyl butanoate?
A white liquid with an apple-like odour is methyl butyrate. It serves as a solvent as well as a flavouring and aroma ingredient.
Methyl butyrate is a member of the group of organic substances called fatty acid methyl esters.
"Methyl butanoate" is the name given to the ester produced by the condensation reaction between methanol and butanoic acid.
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this is the chemical formula for methyl tert-butyl ether (the clean-fuel gasoline additive mtbe):a chemical engineer has determined by measurements that there are 1.1 moles of carbon in a sample of methyl tert-butyl ether. how many moles of hydrogen are in the sample?be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
According to the chemical formula (C5H12O),0.0723 moles of hydrogen using ratio and proportion.The tert-Butyl methyl ether molecule consists of 12 H atom(s), 5 Carbon atom(s) and 1 Oxygen a total of 18 atom(s).
What is the purpose of tert-butyl methyl ether?Since the 1980s, flammable methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been added as a fuel additive to unleaded gasoline. The pollution-reducing compound MTBE raises the octane and oxygen content of gasoline.
What class of substance is an MTBE?Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), also called tert-butyl methyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether, is an organic molecule having the chemical formula (CH3)3COCH3. MTBE is a colorless, combustible liquid that is only sporadically soluble in water.
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the decay rate for a radioactive isotope is 3.3 percent per year. find the half-life of the isotope. round to the nearest tenth of a year.
The half-life of the isotope is 21 years when the decay rate for a radioactive isotope is 3.3 percent per year.
It is given that in the isotope the decay rate for a radioactive isotope is 3.3 percent per year, then the half-life of the isotope can be computed by the following formula,
Half-Life formula:
N(t) = No e^-λt............(1)
Where,
N(t) is the amount of isotope at time 't'
No is the Initial Amount of isotope.
λ is the decay constant
t is time in years. (here).
Then, N(t) = No/2 at half-life.......(2)
λ = 3.3/100
λ = 0.033
Substituting (2) in (1) we get,
No/2 = No e^-0.0033t
1/2 = No e^-0.0033t
By taking ln on either sides, we get
ln (1/2) = ln(e^-0.0033t)
ln(1/2) = -0.033t ln(e)
ln(1/2) = -0.033t
t = -1/0.033 ln(1/2)
t = +0.693147181/0.033
t = 21.0125672
t = 21 years
The half-life of the isotope is 21 years.
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if the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid proceeds purely by the expected anti addition the product will be
If the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid proceeds purely by the expected anti addition the product will be erythro racemic mixture of the 2R,3S/2S,3R enantiomers.
What is the meaning of racemic mixture?
A mixture is known as racemic mixture, when that mixture contains equal quantities of two enantiomers, or substances that have dissymmetric molecular structures that are mirror images of one another. A racemic mixture is also known as racemate.
Hence, addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid results in the formation of racemic mixture with two enantiomers.
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A solution containing 1.00 mg of iron (III) (as the thiocyanate complex) in 100 mL was observed to transmit 60.0 % of the incident light compared to an appropriate blank
Molar mass of Iron (III) thiocyanate= 230.0922 g/mol
a) What is the absorbance of the solution at this wavelength?
b) What is the transmittance of a solution of iron four times as concentrated?
Thiocyanate is a frequently utilized ligand because it offers valuable precursors for a variety of coordination complexes and has multiple bonding mechanisms to one or more transition metal ions.
What is thiocyanate complex ?Thiocyanate typically forms terminal bonds with first row transition metals via the nitrogen.
Thiocyanates have a variety of uses in the construction business, agriculture, metal and steel industry, textile and fiber industry, and so forth.The thiol group of thiocyanic acid is deprotonated to produce thiocyanate, a pseudohalide anion. It serves as a metabolite for humans. It is a sulfur molecular compound and a pseudohalide anion. It is an isothiocyanic acid and thiocyanic acid conjugate base.To know more about Thiocyanate complex please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/14970414
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when 50.0 g block of a metal at 500 oc is plunged into 50.0 g of water (specific heat capacity 4.2 j/g.oc) at 20 oc, the final temperature of both the metal and the water is 60 oc. if no heat is lost to the surroundings, what is the specific heat capacity of the metal in j/g.oc? give your answer to 2 significant figures.
The specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.3818.
Heat (released) = Heat (absorbed)
As we know,
Q = mcΔT = m × c × [T (final) - T (initial)]
∴ -[m₁ × c₁ × {T (final) - T₁}] = [m₂ × c₂ × {T (final) - T₂}]
Where,
q = heat absorbed or released
m₁ = mass of metal = 50.0 g
m₂ = mass of water = 50.0 g
T (final) = final temperature = 60° C
T₁ = temperature of metal = 500° C
T₂ = temperature of water = 20° C
c₁ = specific heat of metal = ?
c₂ = specific heat of water = 4.2 j/g°c
Now substitute the values in eq (1) and solve for c₁,
-[50 × c₁ × {60 - 500}] = [50 × 4.2 × {60 - 20}]
⇒ -[50 × c₁ × -440] = [50 × 4.2 × 40]
⇒ 22000 c₁ = 8400
⇒ c₁ = 8400/22000
⇒ c₁ = 0.3818
Hence, specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.3818.
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If the half-life of a radioactive element is 8 years, what percentage of the original sample would be left after 32 years?.
If the half-life of a radioactive element is 8 years, 6.25% of the original sample would be left after 32 years.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the amount of time it takes for half of the original sample of the element to decay. After 8 years, half of the original sample would have decayed, leaving 50% of the original sample. After 16 years, half of that remaining sample would have decayed, leaving 25% of the original sample.
After 24 years, half of the remaining sample would have decayed, leaving 12.5% of the original sample. After 32 years, half of the remaining sample would have decayed, leaving 6.25% of the original sample.In conclusion, after 32 years, only 6.25% of the original sample would be left.
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the rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial .
The rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial grooves.
What is glaciers ?
The word "glacial" is also applied to chemical compounds that have a propensity to crystallize into ice at temperatures just below room temperature. Pure organic acids that are present in their pure and anhydrous form are where this type of phenomenon that results in the formation of ice-like crystals occurs.
What is glacial grooves?
Rock and sediment fragments are mixed into the ice as glaciers flow over land. The sole of the glacier, which is where the inclusions are, resembles a rough sandpaper that can scratch bedrock as a result of these inclusions.
Therefore, rocks that glaciers transport at their base scratch the underlying surface and create striations and deeper gouge marks that we call glacial grooves.
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Students are comparing the functions of carbohydrates and lipids. Which cellular function would be shared between carbohydrates and lipids?.
The function which carbohydrates and lipids shared with each other is energy storage. So the option a is correct.
Complex carbohydrates (e.g. polysaccharides) and lipids both contain a lot of chemical energy and can be used for energy storage.Complex carbohydrates and lipids are both insoluble in water - they are not easily transported.Carbohydrates and lipids both burn cleaner than proteins (they do not yield nitrogenous wastes).Lipid molecules contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates (about twice as much)Carbohydrates are more readily digested than lipids and release their energy more rapidlyAnimals tend to use carbohydrates primarily for short-term energy storage, while lipids are used more for long-term energy storageCarbohydrates offer a ready source of fuel to your cells, while lipids can store energy in your fat tissue for later use.. Carbohydrates and lipids both contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Carbohydrates are animals main source of energy.
The most common lipids in animals are fats that are present in specific cells as an essential cell part and supply energy for cellular activities. The cell membranes hormones and vitamins are made up of lipids.
Your question is incomplete most probably your full question was
Students are comparing the functions of carbohydrates and lipids. Which cellular function would be shared between carbohydrates and lipids?
a) energy storage
b) protein formation
c) energy consumption
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if a radioactive substance has a half-life of one year how much of it will be unchanged after four years
After four years, only one-sixteenth (1/16) of the original radioactive substance will remain unchanged.
What is an atom?
A chemical element is uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.The fundamental building components of matter are atoms. Atoms make up anything that has mass and occupies space.The atomic mass, also known as the atomic weight, is the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. In atomic mass units, the weight or mass of an atom is expressed.This is because each half-life period causes the amount of the substance to decrease by half. After one year, half of the substance will remain, and after two years, one quarter (1/4) of the original substance will remain. After three years, one eighth (1/8) of the original substance will remain, and after four years, one sixteenth (1/16) of the original substance will remain unchanged.
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37.25 g of a hydrate was heated until all of the water in the hydrate evaporated. The mass of the anhydrous compound remaining was 26.81 g. What is the percent by mass of water in the hydrate?
Mass percentage is a term that represents the concentration, basically mass by mass percentage. It tells about the percentage of a component in a whole component. Thus, the mass percentage of water in given compound is 27.9%.
What is percentage by mass?
Mass percentage represents the the percentage of each element that is making a particular compound. Mass percentage does not have any unit as numerator and denominator contains the same unit.
Hydrated compound + Δ[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] anhydrate compound +water
mass of hydrate compound =mass of anhydrate compound + mass of water
mass of hydrate compound=37.25 g
mass of anhydrate compound=26.81 g
37.25 g =26.81 g+ mass of water
mass of water=10.4g
Percentage of mass of water = (component’s mass ÷ total mass) x 100%
Percentage of mass of water = (10.4g ÷37.25 g) x 100%
=27.9%
Thus, the mass percentage of water in given compound is 27.9%.
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NaHCO3 + HCI → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
NaHCO3: 82.99 g/mol
You previously determined that a
particular sealed container holds
0.261 mol CO2 gas. What mass of
NaHCO3 is needed to generate the CO2?
Hint: Use stoichiometry
Answer: 14.34
Explanation:
what kind of intermolecular forces act between a hydrogen chloride molecule and a chloromethane molecule?
The type of intermolecular forces act between a hydrogen chloride molecule and a chloromethane molecule is dipole dipole interaction.
Since we know that chloromethane and hydrogen chloride both the molecules are polar in natures.They are attracted by the dipole-dipole interaction between them.So they have dipole dipole interaction between them.Dipole–dipole interactions are weak interactions brought forth by the near proximity of induced or permanent dipoles. Van der Waals interactions are the name given to these forces taken as a whole. These interactions are widespread in proteins and range widely in strength. Examples of polar compounds that interact dipole-dipole include hydrogen chloride (HCl), carboxylic acids (such as acetic acid), and amino acids. A polar molecule's positive end will pull another molecule's negative end and change the other molecule's position.To learn more about dipole- dipole interaction visit:
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5. given the ratio of reactants, what is the possibility of obtaining di- and polychlorinated product? explain.
The ratio of reactants is chlorination of 2,3 dimethyl butane the possibility of obtaining do and the polychlorinated product is not seen.
When a mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light a substitution reaction occurs and the organic product is chloromethane. Because there are various hydrogen atoms that can be extracted in the first propagation step.
Abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the middle carbon of propane results in 2-chloropropane. In the presence of sunlight, methane reacts with chlorine to form chloromethane. The chlorination of methane is a free radical substitution reaction. Chlorine cannot turn into free radicals in the dark, so no reaction takes place. Therefore, the presence of sunlight is essential for the reaction to proceed.
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