g draw a picture showing your hypothesis about how they do this. the following items should be included in the picture: protons, atp synthase, electron carriers/transport proteins and molecules, inorganic electron donor, inorganic electron acceptor
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An assumption based on some evidence is known as a hypothesis. This is the starting step of any investigation that converts the research questions into hypotheses, such as protons and electron carriers.
Additionally, transport molecules and proteins as well as inorganic electron acceptor and donor are used in hypothesis. Variables, the population, and how the variables relate to one another are all included. The association between two or more variables is tested using a research hypothesis. An atom's stable negatively charged element is called an electron. The atom's nucleus is surrounded by and has electrons outside of it. When compared to a neutron or proton, an electron's mass is very little and it contains one unit of negative charge (1.602 x 10 -19 coulomb).
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Related Questions
a 10.0 ml of 0.121 m h2so4 is neutralized by 17.1 ml of koh solution. the molarity of the koh solution is
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10.0 ml of 0.121 m h2so4 is neutralized by 17.1 ml of Koh solution. the molarity of the Koh solution is: A balanced chemical equation is: H2SO4 + 2 KOH ---> K2SO4 + 2 H2O
Molar concentration is the degree of the concentration of a chemical species, especially of a solute in a solution, in phrases of amount of substance according to the unit extent of answer. In chemistry, the most generally used unit for molarity is the variety of moles in step with liter, having the unit image mol/L or mol/dm³ in SI unit.
Solution:-
H2SO4 + 2 KOH ---> K2SO4 + 2 H2O
Here:
M(H2SO4)=0.121 M
V(H2SO4)=10.0 mL
V(KOH)=17.1 mL
According to the balanced reaction:
2*number of mol of H2SO4 =1*number of mol of KOH
2*M(H2SO4)*V(H2SO4) =1*M(KOH)*V(KOH)
2*0.121*10.0 = 1*M(KOH)*17.1
M(KOH) = 0.1415 M
Answer: 0.1415 M
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consider the ester (group a) molecules. describe the effect on carbonyl bond strength of adding one, and then two. oxygens.
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The effects on carbonyl bond strength of adding one, and then two. oxygens: Both carboxylic acids and esters contain a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group by a single bond.
The Nucleophile (Nu) attacks the positively charged carbon and pushes one of the double-bond electrons onto oxygen to give it a negative charge.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl bond is a functional institution composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. it's far commonplace to several instructions of natural compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl institution is often called a carbonyl compound.
A carbonyl organization consists of a double bond linking a carbonyl carbon atom and a carbonyl oxygen atom. The carbonyl oxygen atom shares its six valence electrons with the carbonyl carbon atom. Its last 4 valence electrons remain as two sets of electron lone pairs.
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in terms of bonding, simply explain why silicate materials have relatively low densities. (0.5 points)
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Silicate material have relatively low densities because of the covalent character in the bonds.
The silicate material have relatively low densities because of the presence of the covalent character between the interatomic bonding of Si and O.
This covalent character decreases the packing efficiency of the lattice of the silicates.
Also, because of the presence of the Frenkle effect in the lattice of silicate materials. It is easily founded in the silicates which result in the relatively low densities.
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convert the following potentials. the ag | agcl and calomel reference electrodes are saturated with kcl. (a) 0.523 v versus s.h.e. ? ? versus ag | agcl (b) ?0.111 v versus ag | agcl ? ? versus s.h.e. (c) ?0.222 v versus s.c.e. ? ? versus s.h.e. (d) 0.023 v versus ag | agcl ? ? versus s.c.e. (e) ?0.023 v versus s.c.e. ? ? versus ag | agcl
Answers
The ag | agcl and calomel reference electrodes are saturated with kcl. The answers should be as follows : (a) 0.326 v, (b) 0.086 v, (c) 0.019 v, (d) -0.021 v, (e) 0.021 v.
Chemical reaction known as oxidation. As a result of atoms as well as groups of atoms losing electrons, it is described as a process. The addition or loss of oxygen as well as hydrogen in such a chemical species would be another method to describe oxidation.
(a) 0.523 v versus S.H.E. = ? versus Ag | AgCl
E(measured) = E(ind) - E(red)
= 0.523 - 0.197
= 0.326 v
(b) - 0.111 v versus Ag | AgCl = ? versus S.H.E.
E(measured) = E(ind) - E(red)
0.197 = E(ind) - (-0.111)
E(ind) = 0.197 - 0.111
E(ind) = 0.086 v
(c) -0.222 v versus S.C.E. = ? versus S.H.E.
E(measured) = E(ind) - E(red)
0.241 = E(ind) - (-0.222)
E(ind) = 0.241 - 0.222
E(ind) = 0.0019 v
d) 0.023 v versus Ag | AgCl = ? versus S.C.E.
E(red) = 0.241 - 0.197 = 0.044
E(measured) = E(ind) - E(red)
= 0.023 - 0.044
= -0.021 v
(e) - 0.023 v versus S.C.E. = ? versus Ag | AgCl
E(measured) = E(ind) - E(red)
0.044 = E(ind) - (-0.023)
E(ind) = 0.044 - 0.023
E(ind) = 0.021 v
Hence, The responses are (a) 0.326 v, (b) 0.086 v, (c) 0.019 v, (d) -0.021 v, and (e) 0.021 v.
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which elements can have expanded octets? which elements can have expanded octets? elements in the second row of the periodic table and beyond often exhibit expanded octets. elements in the third row of the periodic table and beyond often exhibit expanded octets. elements in the fourth row of the periodic table and beyond often exhibit expanded octets. elements in the fifth row of the periodic table and beyond often exhibit expanded octets.
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Elements in 3rd row of periodic table and beyond often exhibit expanded octets.
From one side of the periodic table to the next, properties of elements within a period change in a predictable way. Each period is represented by a horizontal row in the periodic table. The number of electron shells is the same for each atom in a line. As an element progresses through a period, it loses metallicity as a result of gaining electrons and protons. For elements in the same period, the number of electron shells is the same.
This arrangement takes into account the fact that as atomic number rises, similar features occur more frequently. From one side of the periodic table to the other, an element's properties shift in a predictable manner. Those who satisfy certain requirements are shown in a column.
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Complete the mechanism for the given reaction by adding the missing bonds, charges, nonbonding electrons, and curved arrows. Do not delete any pre-drawn bonds, charges, or lone pairs. If you accidentally delete a vital part of the structure, use the undo button on the lower left of the drawing canvas.
Answers
The mechanism for the given reaction is illustrated in the attached picture by adding the missing bonds, charges, nonbonding electrons, and curved arrows.
Organic Reaction Mechanism
An organic reaction mechanism is typically represented by the designation of the overall reaction type (which may be substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation, reduction, or rearrangement), the presence of any reactive intermediates, the nature of the reagent that initiates the reaction, the presence of any catalysis facilitated by a catalyst, and, finally, its stereochemistry.
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a calorimeter is used to measure the combustion of 5.00 grams of h2 gas under 62.0 grams of water. the energy measured using the water was 4,432 j. what is the heat lost or gained by the total reaction?
Answers
The Negative sign indicate the loss of heat - 1.772 kJ / mol.
What is a calorimeter ?
A calorimeter is a tool used to gauge how much heat is generated during a chemical or physical process. For instance, when an exothermic reaction takes place in solution in a calorimeter, the heat generated by the reaction is absorbed by the solution, raising its temperature.
What is a moles?
The mole, which is denoted by the symbol "mol," is the volume of a system that includes as many elementary particles as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon 12.
The energy measured using the water, Q = 4432 J The molar mass of H2 = 2 g/mol
The no. of moles in 5 g of H2, nH2 = mass / molar mass
nH2 = 5 / 2 nH2
= 2.5 mol
For 1 mol = 4432 J / 2.5 mol
= 1772.8 J /mol
= 1.772 kJ / mol
= - 1.772 kJ / mol.
Therefore, Negative sign indicate the loss of heat
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a diatomic element has six bonding electrons, six non-bonding electrons, and 2 anti-bonding electrons. what is the bond order?
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a diatomic element has six bonding electrons, six non-bonding electrons, and 2 anti-bonding electrons. the bond order is the pairing of two atoms with those atoms.
This is an atomic-level phenomenon in which elements share electrons to fill their valence shells.
You can also combine two or more substances into a compound.
According to molecular orbital theory, the bond order is half the difference between the bonding and antibonding electrons.
Mathematically, bond order = 0.5 (number of bond electrons – number of antibond electrons)
element bond electrons = 6
element antibonding electrons = 2
difference = bond electron - antibond electron
= 6 - 2
= 4
bond order = (0.5)*(difference)
bond order = (0.5)*(4)
bond order = 2
The bonding order of diatomic elements is 2, with 6 bonding electrons, 6 non-bonding electrons, and 2 anti-bonding electrons.
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which is generally stronger, intermolecular interactions or intramolecular interactions?
which is generally stronger, intermolecular interactions or intramolecular interactions?
intermolecular interactions are generally stronger.
intramolecular interactions are generally stronger.
these interactions are equally strong.
Answers
Intramolecular interactions are more stronger than intermolecular interactions.
The two types of forces that hold separate molecules and atoms together are intramolecular and intermolecular forces. The motion of atoms and molecules is governed by these forces. Intramolecular forces are those that hold the atoms together within a molecule. Chemical bonds are created as a result of these factors. Intermolecular forces are therefore substantially weaker than intramolecular forces.
When two atoms share electrons or give/take electrons from/to another atom, this is known as an intramolecular interaction. A covalent bond is referred to as when two atoms share electrons. Ionic bonds are created when one atom loses or gains an electron.
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how many equivalent resonance forms can be drawn for so2 without expanding octet on the sulfur atom (sulfur is the central atom)? question 8 options: a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3 e) 4
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b) 2 is the equivalent resonance forms can be drawn for so2 without expanding octet on the sulfur atom.
When the bonding between two polyatomic ions or certain molecules cannot be described by a single Lewis formula, resonance is a means to describe the delocalized electrons inside those molecules or ions. Several resonance structures can be used to depict a molecule or an ion with such delocalized electrons.
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Add curved arrows to the reactant side of the following SN2 reaction to indicate the flow of electrons. Dravw the product species to show the balanced equation, including nonbonding electrons and formal charges Do draw in the leaving group as well as the main organic product, adn show the lone pairs and formal charge on the leaving group.
Answers
A graphic showing curved arrows pointing to the catalyst surface of the provided SN2 reaction to represent the passage of electrons cannot be produced since the statement is not complete.
When drawing in the leaving group and the major organic product, as well as showing the lone pairs with formal charges on the leaving group, the product species should be used to demonstrate the balanced equation, nonbonding electrons, and formal charges.
What do lone pairs mean?Lone pairs are those valence electrons in a covalent connection that are not shared with another atom.
One bond is ruptured and another is completed in one step in a chemical reaction known as an SN2 reaction.
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a gas mixture composed of helium and argon has a density of 0.660 g/l at a 755 mmhg and 298 k. part a what is the composition of the mixture by volume?
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The composition of the mixture by volume 62.1% He and 37.9% Ar.
PV = nRT
n = mass / mw
substitute and rearrange...
PV = (mass / mw) RT
mw = (mass / V) RT/P
and since density = mass / V
mw = (0.660g /L) x (0.08206 Latm/moleK) x (298K) / (755mmHg x 1atm/760mmHg)
mw = 17.61 g/mole
mole fraction He x molar mass He + mole fraction Ar x molar mass Ar = 17.61
and if we let χHe = mole fraction He.. then (1-χHe) = mole fraction Ar.. ie.
χHe x 4.003 + (1-χHe) x 39.95 = 17.61
-35.95 χHe = - 22.34
χHe = 0.621
χAr = 1-0.621 = 0.379
now.. what about volume well... if both gases are ideal, then PV= nRT ---> V/n = RT/P.. so at the constant T and P.. V/n = a constant.. ie.. V1/n1 = V2/n2.. ie.. V1/V2 = n1/n2..meaning this...
"volume ratio = mole ratio"
so. VHe / VAr = m0les H2 / m0les Ar.
and since mole fraction He = moles He / moles total and mole fraction Ar = moles Ar / moles total...
therefore..
mole fraction He / mole fraction Ar = [moles He / (moles total)] / [ moles Ar / (moles total)] = nHe / nAr
VHe / VAr = χHe / χAr = 0.621 / 0.379...
or if you prefer...
62.1% He and 37.9% Ar
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a student wants to make a 0.250 m aqueous solution of silver nitrate, agno3, and has a bottle containing 15.89 g of silver nitrate. what should be the final volume of the solution?
Answers
The final volume of the solution is 0.21 L.
Given mass divided by molecular mass is used to represent moles.
Hence ,
n = w / m
moles = n
given mass = w
the molecular mass, or m.
Considering the query,
w = 15.89 g
AgNO3's mass value is 169.87 g/mol.
Consequently, the moles can be determined as -
n = w / m
n = 15.89 g / 169.87 g/mol
n = 0.094 mol
Molarity :
The number of moles in a liter of solution is the molarity of a substance.
M = n / V
M = molarity
V i= the solution's volume in liters.
Considering the query,
M = 0.250 M
n = 0.066 mol ( estimated above )
Using the above equation, one may determine the final volume of the solution.
M = n / V
0.250 M = 0.094 mol / V
V = 0.21 L
So, a student wants to make a 0.250 m aqueous solution of silver nitrate, agno3, and has a bottle containing 15.89 g of silver nitrate. The final volume of the solution should be 0.21 L.
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what is the difference in the d-electron coonfiguration of the metal ion that distinguishes the two sets
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Answer:
Many transition metals will have electron configurations slightly different than those predicted by using the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule.
For example, using these rules would produce an electron configuration for copper of [Ar] 4s2 3d9. The actual electron configuration for copper will move one electron from the 4s sublevel into the 3d sublevel resulting in [Ar] 4s1 3d10. The copper 1+ ion will have an electron configuration of [Ar] 4s0 3d10 and the copper 2+ ion will have an electron configuration of [Ar] 4s0 3d9. Many other transition elements will show movement of electrons from the highest energy s sublevel into the d sublevel one energy below.
Explanation: here cutie hope it helps ;)
Using VSEPR theory, predict the electron group geometry, molecular shape, and the bond angles in a molecule that contains 6 electron groups (5 bonds and 1 lone pair electrons).
a. octahedral, octahedral, 90°
b. octahedral, square planar, 90°
c. octahedral, square pyramidal, 90°
Answers
The electron group geometry is octahedral, the molecular shape is square pyramidal while the bond angles in the molecule 90°.
What VSEPR theory?We know that the VSEPR theory is the acronym that stands for the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. This is the theory that states that the number of electron pairs that we have on the outermost shell of the central atom is what would tell us the electron group geometry of the compound.
On the other hand, when we are looking at the molecular geometry, we are going to put up our attention on the number of bonding groups that do surround the central atom of the molecule.
For the compound as we know it from the question that we have above, it is said that the molecule that contains 6 electron groups (5 bonds and 1 lone pair electrons). This implies that the molecular geometry would be different from the electron group geometry.
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What is the major organic product obtained from the following sequence of reactions? OH TSCI NaOCH, pyridine 2 1. Identify the order of the alcohol (1, 2, 3) 2. Name the reactant. S-2-pentanol 3. Name the product(s). pent-2-ene 4. Draw the product(s) of the reaction on your file to upload.
Answers
1- and 2-pentene are produced via the reaction of pentanol with tscl and pyridine. It's not the booze that matters. Pent-2-chloride (C5H9Cl) is produced by the reactions of pentanol (C5H11OH) with thionyl chloride (TSCA).
What purposes does pentanol serve?Pentanol burns readily and smells like fusel when it is at room temperature. In the production of goods for the home and industry, such as paint, lubricants, fuels, and resins, pentanol is frequently employed as a solvent.
Can pentanol be toxic?Eyes, skin, and respiratory systems are all irritated by the chemical. The material may make you throw up and result in aspiration pneumonitis if you accidentally consume it. On the central nervous system, the chemical could have an impact. Unconsciousness may set in after prolonged high-level exposure.
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An aqueous solution of an unknown solute is tested with litmus paper and found to be basic. The solution is weakly conducting compared with a solution of NaCl of the same concentration. Which of the following substances could the unknown be:NaOHCH3COCH3NH3H3PO3HNO3
Answers
H₃PO₃ could be the unknown substance.
NaOH and NH₃are all basic so they must not be the unknown solute since the solution is acidic.
CH₃COCH₃ is a nonelectrolyte, which means it does not dissociate into ions when it dissolves in water. Acetone must not be the unknown since the solution is weakly conducted.
The two remaining candidates, HNO₃ and H₃PO₃ are both acids. The unknown solution does not conduct electricity as well as a solution of NaCl of the same concentration, which means that the unknown acid must not dissociate to the same extent as NaCl. Both NaCl and HNO₃ (a strong acid) dissociate 100%. Thus, the unknown solute must be H₃PO₃, which is known to be a weak acid (doesn't dissociate 100%).
What is the H3PO3 name?
Phosphorous acid (or phosphonic acid (singular)) is the compound described by the formula H3PO3. This acid is diprotic (readily ionizes two protons), not tricrotic as might be suggested by this formula.
What are the two colors of litmus paper?
Litmus paper is a strip of paper extracted from lichens, which is dipped into a solution to determine if it is an acid or base. Litmus papers are available in two colors, red and blue. Acidic solutions will change the color of the blue litmus to red strips.
Thus, the unknown substance is H3PO3.
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When the halohydrin is treated with nah, a product of molecular formula c4h8o is formed. Draw the structure of the product and indicate its stereochemistry.
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To make the leaving group and the nucleophile anti-periplanar to one another, the carbon-carbon bond is rotated. The epoxide is created by intramolecular SN2.
Examples of stereochemistry and what it is.The study of a molecule's three-dimensional structure is known as stereochemistry. The sole structural difference between the cis and trans isomers, which are types of stereoisomers, is where the atoms of the molecule are situated in three dimensions. These stereoisomers may differ in their chemical and physical characteristics.
What is stereochemistry in R and S?Stereocenters have a R or S designation: The enantiomers of a chiral substance are referred to by the terms "right hand" and "left hand" in naming.
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a polymerization reaction is a process that joins together monomers to create very long polymer chains, which can be thought of as:
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a polymerization reaction is a process that joins together monomers to create very long polymer chains, which can be thought of as chain reaction.
What is polymerization?
Polymerization is any chemical process in which relatively small molecules, known as monomers, combine to form a very big chainlike or network molecule known as a polymer. Monomer molecules might be identical or represent two, three, or more distinct chemicals.
What is chain reaction?
A chain reaction in which a polymer chain grows. progresses solely by reaction(s) between monomer(s) and active site(s) on the polymer chain, with active site(s) regeneration at the end of each growth step.
A typical polymerization reaction consists of three steps: chain start, chain propagation, and chain termination.
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how would you be able to distinguish an alcohol from a ketone when looking at the structure of these compounds? select all that apply.
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The options, "1). The carbon signal from the carbon-oxygen bond in alcohol would have a low ppm value for its carbon- 13 NMR shift while the ketone carbon-oxygen signal would be at a much higher ppm value and 5) An alcohol would show hydrogen signals from its OH bond in the NMR spectrum while the ketone would not" are correct.
The carbon signal from the carbon-oxygen bond in alcohol is deshielded by the electron-withdrawing effect of the oxygen atom. This causes the signal to appear at a lower ppm value than the signal of carbon-oxygen bonds in ketones.
This is because the oxygen atom in ketones is slightly more electron-donating due to the inductive effect of the carbonyl group, thus resulting in a higher ppm value. In an NMR spectrum, alcohol will show a strong hydrogen signal from its OH bond due to the presence of hydrogen that can be easily shifted by an external magnetic field.
This signal will appear as a peak at a chemical shift of around 3.5 ppm. On the other hand, a ketone will not show a hydrogen signal from its OH bond in the NMR spectrum because it does not contain hydrogen that can be shifted by an external magnetic field.
Instead, the ketone will show signals from the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon, as well as from the carbonyl carbon itself. These signals will appear as peaks at chemical shifts ranging from 0-12ppm.
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use the ionic bonding model to determine which has the higher melting point, nacl or mgo . explain your answer.
Answers
By using the ionic bonding model, the highest melting point has MgO, due to presence to more ionic charge than NaCl.
Ions having opposing charges electrostatically attract one another to form ionic bonds, sometimes referred to as electrovalent bonds, in a chemical molecule. When the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are irreversibly transferred to another atom, a bond of this sort is created. If an atom receives electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion (cation), and if it loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion (cation) (anion). Following is a quick discussion on ionic bonds. For further information, go visit Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bonding Process. The greatest examples of this kind of chemical are those that result from the combination of nonmetals with alkali and alkaline-earth metals. Ionic bonding results in the formation of electrovalent or ionic molecules. genuine polar covalent bond
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For each of the following reactions, indicate if the equilibrium mixture contains mostly products, mostly reactants, or both reactants and products:
A. H2(g)+Cl2(g)⇄2HCl(g) Kc=1.3×1034
B. 2NOBr(g)⇄2NO(g)+Br2(g) Kc=2.0
C. 2H2S(g)+CH4(g)⇄CS2(g)+4H2(g) Kc=5.3×10−8
Answers
Indicate if the equilibrium mixture for each of the following reactions contains predominantly products, mostly reactants, or both reactants and products are reactants are dominating and lie to the left because Kc=1.
What are the basic reactions?Combination or synthesis, breakdown, single displacement, double displacement, or combustion are the five different types of generic chemical reactions.
What are 10 reactions examples?Oxidation, which results from a reaction caused by oxygen, is the process that causes rusting.Digestion. Acid-Base Reactions, Photosynthesis, Detergent and Soap Reactions, Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Reactions is a quarterly online publication from MDPI that is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering reaction chemistry and engineering.
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During the transamination process, the enzyme transaminases uses ________ as a cofactor.
A) Tetrahydrofolate
B) Folate
C) Pyridoxal pyrophosphate
D) Phylloquinone
Answers
During the transamination process, the enzyme transaminases use Pyridoxal pyrophosphate as a cofactor.
All transamination reactions, as well as several amino acid oxylation and deamination processes, involve the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The aminotransferase enzyme's epsilon-amino group of a particular lysine group forms a Schiff-base bond with the aldehyde group of pyridoxal phosphate.
The epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue in the active site is replaced by the alpha-amino group of the amino acid substrate. The ensuing intermediate, a quinoid, undergoes deprotonation to become an aldimine, which is then protonated to become a ketimine by accepting a proton in a different position. Ketamine undergoes hydrolysis, leaving the amino group on the protein complex intact.
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The H?X bond length is 105 pm and the H?Y bond length is 119 pm. What is true about the bonding in H?X and H?Y? Select the correct answer below:Question 18 options:There is greater orbital overlap between H and Y than between H and XThere is greater orbital overlap between H and X than between H and YH?Y is a stronger bond than H?XThe H?Y bond energy is greater than the H?X bond energy.
Answers
The correct statement here is There is greater orbital overlap between H and X than between H and Y
The atoms combine by colliding with each other. But what does this mean on the atomic level. This situation refers to the process in which the two atoms comes so close to each other that they penetrate each other’s orbital and form a new hybridized orbital where the bonding pair of electrons reside. This hybridized orbital has lower energy than the atomic orbital and hence are stable. It is in the minimum energy state. This partial penetration of the orbital is known as orbital overlap.
The extent of overlap generally depends on the two participating atoms, their size and the valence electrons. In general, the greater the overlap, the stronger the bond formed between the two atoms. Thus, according to the orbital overlap concept, atoms combine by overlapping their orbital and thus forming a lower energy state where their valence electrons with opposite spin, pair up to form covalent bonds.
In the above given case there is greater orbital overlap between H and X than between H and Y. This is because, more the bond length, more the distance between two nuclei and hence lesser the overlap.
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alpha polonium crystallizes in a simple cubic unit cell with an edge length of 336 pm. what is the density of alpha polonium (in g/cm^3)?
Answers
Simple cubic structure there is only one lattice point at each corner of the cube-shaped unit cell. Here, particles are present at the corners of the cube and not on the body center or face center.
Alpha polonium is a high radioactive heavy metal.
How to calculate density in simple cubic cell?
We will use the equation,
ρ=Z×Ma/a³×Na
where,
Z = number of atoms in a unit cell (Z = 1 for a simple cubic unit cell)
a = edge length= 336 pm
Na=6.022×1023particles/mol
Ma = 209
ρ=Z×Ma/a³×Na
= 1× 209 / (336) ³× 6.023
= 3.31 ^-5
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Which of the following ionic compounds would be expected to have the highest lattice energy? A) KI B) KBr C) KCl D) KF
Answers
The ionic compounds that would be expected to have the highest lattice energy is KF>KCl>KBr>KI.
Lattice energy can be defined as the energy required to convert one mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ionic constituents. Alternatively, it can be defined as the energy that must be supplied to one mole of an ionic crystal in order to separate it into gaseous ions in a vacuum via an endothermic process.
As we increase the ion charge variable, lattice energy generally increases. This means that ions with larger charge values will produce ionic compounds with greater lattice energies. In turn, the ions that are possessing weaker charges decrease the lattice energies of their compounds.
Lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely proportional to the size of the ions. Thus lattice energy increases as the size of anion decreases.
Therefore the order here would be KF>KCl>KBr>KI.
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the first excited state of an atom of a gas is 1.85 ev above the ground state. what is the wavelength of radiation for resonance absorption? give your answer in nm.
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The wavelength of radiation of resonance absorption is 3.55 x 10⁻⁷ nm. If the first excited state of an atom of a gas is 1.85ev above the ground state.
First, we need to Calculate the frequency of the radiation.
Since the energy of the first excited state is 1.85 eV, we can calculate the frequency of the radiation (ν) using the equation
ν = E/h,
where E is the energy in Joules and h is the Planck's constant (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ Js).
Therefore,
ν = 1.85 x 1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹J/ (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ Js)
ν = 2.81 x 10¹⁵ Hz
Next we need to Calculate the wavelength of the radiation.
The wavelength of radiation (λ) is the inverse of the frequency (ν), so
λ = 1/ν.
Therefore,
λ = 1/ (2.81 x 10¹⁵ Hz)
λ = 3.55 x 10⁻¹⁶ m
Lastly, Convert the wavelength from meters to nanometers.
1 m = 10⁹ nm
Therefore, 3.55 x 10^-16 m = 3.55 x 10⁻⁷ nm
The wavelength of radiation for resonance absorption is 3.55 x 10⁻⁷ nm
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calculate the percentage of pyridine, c5h5n, that forms pyridinium ion, c5h5nh , in a 0.10 m aqueous pyridine solution.
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find the proportion or pyridine, c5h5n, that produces the pyridinium ion [H₃O⁺] = 1.99×10¯¹⁴ M
What is the purpose of pyridine?In addition to being utilized as a solvent, pyridine is also used to create a wide range of goods, including insecticides, paints, synthetic fibres, adhesives, as waterproofing for clothing. In the environment, several natural materials can break down and produce pyridine.
Briefing
We'll begin by writing the balanced dissociation equation of pyridine. This is illustrated below:
C₅H₅N + H₂O <=> C₅H₆N⁺ + OH¯
From the balanced equation above,
1 mole of C₅H₅N produced 1 mole of OH¯.
Therefore, 0.502 M C₅H₅N will also produce 0.502 M OH¯.
Fnally, we shall determine the concentration of hydronium ion, H₃O⁺ inthe solution. This can be obtained as follow:
Concentration of Hydroxide ion [OH¯] = 0.502 M
Concentration of hydronium ion [H₃O⁺] =?
[H₃O⁺] [OH¯] = 1×10¯¹⁴
[H₃O⁺] × 0.502 = 1×10¯¹⁴
Divide both side by 0.502
[H₃O⁺] = 1×10¯¹⁴ / 0.502
[H₃O⁺] = 1.99×10¯¹⁴ M
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what are the spectator ions int he solution after the complete neutralizaastion reaction occurs when mixing the weak acid h2so34 and the strong base naoh
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The neutralization reaction between the weak acid H2S(aq)and the strong base KOH(aq) can be represented using the following total ionic equation.
2H2S+K^+ + 20H^- → 2H2O +2S^2- + K^+
From this equation, we can see that the spectator ion would be the K+ion since it is present in both sides.
Spectator ions exist on both sides of the equation in the same state because they are present during the reaction but are unaffected by it. Every neutralization reaction involves this shift.
Ions present in a reaction solution but not participating in the reaction are known as "spectator ions." As ions, they persist in solution. In this instance, both the hydride H+ and hydroxide OH1 ions from the LiOH and HBr remain in solution.
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Combustion of hydrocarbons such as hexane () produces carbon dioxide, a "greenhouse gas. " greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere can trap the sun's heat, raising the average temperature of the earth. For this reason there has been a great deal of international discussion about whether to regulate the production of carbon dioxide.
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In this reaction we getting carbon dioxide and water as products.
What is combustion?
Fuel (hydrocarbon) and oxygen react chemically during combustion to produce heat. The release of heat and light energy occurs when fuel and oxygen react. Afterward, the flame is produced by heat and light energy.
What is temperature?
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a given substance, which is used to determine its temperature. A substance's particle's kinetic energy varies among its constituent parts. The distribution of the particles' kinetic energy can be used to depict it at any given moment.
Burning of hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen is called combustion reaction. In this reaction we getting carbon dioxide and water as products.
Therefore, In this reaction we getting carbon dioxide and water as products.
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